LNG Warring State Period! With the advantage of direct injection two-stroke MAN MEGI diesel engines and otto cycle duel fuel XDF engines, existing steam turbine-propelled LNG carriers are significantly less competitive and are in danger of survival. Shipowners will continue to make efforts to create new value by converting these steam turbine LNG carriers to FSRU, FLNG and FPU.

1. Prepared by Cargo Master,
Benedict Song, Ph.D.
Propulsion & BOG Handling Technology
2019-08-31 Rev01

2. INDEX
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. MEGI + GMS CONFIGURATION
Chapter 3. XDF + GMS CONFIGURATION
Chapter 4. BOG HANDLING TECHNOLOGY

3. • LNGC Market Trend
• LNG Property
• Type of LNGC Propulsion system
• Innovation & of LNG Propulsion

4. LNGC Market Trend
Active Fleet: 499(by end of 2018) Order Book: 130+(by end of 2018)

5. LNG Property
LNG Composition Range
(Mol%)
Standard
(Mol%)
Nitrogen(N2) 0.04 – 1.00 0.35
Methane(CH4) 86.70 – 90.40 88.0
Ethane(C2H8) 7.00 – 8.50 7.8
Propane(C3H6) 1.10 – 3.10 2.8
Butane(C4H10) 0.10 – 1.15 1.0
Pentanes and Heavier 0.007 – 0.10 0.05

6. LNG Property
Physical Properties
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Nitrogen
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 N2
Molecular weight - 16.042 30.068 44.094 58.120 72.150 28.016
Boiling point at 1 bar absolute (0.1 MPaA) °C -161.5 -88.6 -42.5 -5 36.1 -196°C
Liquid density at boiling Point kg/m3 426.0 544.1 580.7 601.8 610.2 808.6
Vapour SG at 15 °C and 1 bar absolute (0.1 MPaA) - 0.554 1.046 1.540 2.07 2.49 0.97
Gas volume/liquid volume ratio at boiling point and 1
bar absolute (0.1 MPaA)
- 619 413 311 311 205 649
Flammable limits in air by volume % 5.3 to 14 3 to 12.5 2.1 to 9.5 2 to 9.5 3 to 12.4 NA
Auto-Ignition temperature °C 595 510 468 365/500 - -
Gross heating value at 15 °C Normal:
Iso :
kJ/kg 55,559 51,916 50,367
49,530
49,404
49,069
48,944
-
Vaporisation heat at boiling point kJ/kg 510.4 489.9 426.2 385.2 357.5 199.3

7. Temperature – Pressure Graph
-165 -160 -155 -150 -145 -140 -135 -130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -105 -100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70-65-60-55-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 25 50 75 100
-165 -160 -155 -150 -145 -140 -135 -130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -105 -100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70-65-60-55-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 25 50 75 100
60
50
40
30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
TEMPERATURE( C)0
PRESSURE
bar(absolute)
Methane Ethylene Ethane
Propane
2mol%Ethane
Propylene Propane
Butadrene
1.3
N. Butane

8. Propulsion System of LNG Carriers
Boiler + Steam Turbine
BOG Re-liquefaction
+Slow Diesel
DFDE Generator +
Electrical Motor
~ 2006 ~ 2012 ~ 2018
MEGI engine
(2 stroke Diesel Cycle)
XDF engine
(2 stroke otto Cycle)
?
?
Operation
&
Maintenance
Fuel
Consumption
Operation
Cost
Boil Off Gas
Handling
Shipbuilding
Cost
Crew
Training
Environment
Issue

9. Thermal efficiency of propulsion system

10. Propulsion Type and Characteristics
Characteristic Boiler DFDE MEGI XDF
FG Pressure 0.7 ~1.0 barg 6 barg 300barg 15barg
FG Consumption
(tonnes/day)
175 130 110 108
Boiler + Steam Turbine DFDE + El Motor MEGI (2 stroke Diesel) XDF (2 stroke OTO)
Note: LNG fuel consumption figures In the table above are at designed service speeds. Source: HIS Markit

11. Conventional LNGC propulsion System

12. To GCU
+ 2 Stroke Diesel Engine
(Fuel ONLY)
 LNG Re-Liquefaction (N2 Compander)+ Slow Diesel
World 1st LNGC Re-Liquefaction

13.  DFDE is best solution for FSRU
DFDE Electrical Propulsion System
In-line
Mixer
After Cooler
No.1
Vent Mast
Mist
Sep.
No.3 LD Comp.
No.2 LD Comp.
No.1 LD Comp.
ForcingVaporiser
Cargo
Tank 4
Cargo
Tank 3
Cargo
Tank 2
Cargo
Tank 1
From HD Comp./
Heater
To Regas
Recondenser
GCU
DFE (P)
DFE (S)CG586
CG536
CG415
CG534
CG451
CG535
CG538
CG405
CG106
CG406
CG408
Spray Main
Vapour Main

14. MAN B&W MEGI Diesel Cycle
Auto-ignition Temperature(‘C)
DIESEL 210
METHANE(CH4) 540

15. WINGD X-DF Dual Fuel Design(OTTO Cycle)
The low-pressure X-DF technology concept
Low-pressure X-DF technology is based on the lean-burn
principle (Otto cycle), in which fuel and air are premixed and
burned at a relatively high air-to-fuel ratio – a concept already
used widely on medium-speed engines.
Such a concept on the X-DF engines provides the following
benefits:
- Low-pressure gas supply means maximum simplicity, low
investment costs and low power consumption
- Very small pilot fuel quantity, below 1% of total heat release
- X-DF engines can be operated on gas down to very low loads
- Low NOX emissions, close to zero SOX emissions, IMO Tier III
compliant without exhaust-gas after-treatment
- Particulate matter emissions significantly reduced.
The X-DF principle with gas admission (left)
and ignition (right)

16. DIESEL Cycle vs OTTO Cycle

17. Innovation of LNGC Propulsion System
Boiler
+
Steam Turbine
LD
Compressor
PropulsionCargoGMS
DFDE
+
Electric Motor
BOG(LD)
Compressor
MEGI Engine
2-Stroke
(MAN B&W)
XDF Engine
2-Stroke
(Win GD)
HP Fuel Pump
+ FG Compressor
(Re-Liquefaction) Re-Liquefaction
(PRS/FRS/C3-MR) Re-Liquefaction
(PRS/MRS/C3-MRl)
FG Compressor
Innovation of LNGC
Waste
Steam Dump GCU

18. MEGI / WINGD + BOG Control issue
Low Fuel Consumption LOW BOR BOG Control
FRS
SUBCOOL
C3-MR
HICOM
HIVAR
MRS
PRS

19. • MEGI Configuration
• MEGI + HICOM
• MEGI + HIVAR
• HICOM (Burchardt Compressor)
• HIVAR fuel pump
• GVT

20. MEGI(LNG to 2 Stroke Diesel Engine)
MEGI 2 Stroke Diesel Engine
Fuel Gas

21. HICOM & HIVAR for MEGI

22. MEGI + HICOM/HIVAR(CASE A)

23. MEGI + HICOM/HIVAR(CASE B)
No.4 Cargo Tank No.3 Cargo Tank No.2 Cargo Tank No.1 Cargo Tank
CS905 FBOG
Mist.
Sepa.
CS906
CL903
Spray Pipe Spray Pipe
CS962
LP Forcing
Vaporiser
PV-057
PV-058
No.1 HP Pump
5 Stage HP Compressor
Fuel Gas Pump Fuel Gas Pump
GW Exp.
Tank
CG985
CG986
No.2 HP Pump
FBOG
Heater
GW/Steam
Heater
No.1 GW Circ. Pump
No.2 GW Circ. Pump
CG941
PV-018 PV-038
PV-028
CG920
CG965
CG938
ESD
CG942
CG939
ESD
ME-GI GVT ME-GI Engine
GCU GVU GCU
DFG GVU DF Generator
HP Forcing
Vaporiser

24. MEGI Operation Mode
HICOM Only
HIVAR Only
• Tank Pressure Control by NBO
(Natural Boil Off) Gas
- SDF(Specified Dual Fuel) mode
- Cruise control
• Excessive BOG to FRS or GCU
• FBO(Forced Boil-off Gas) made from LNG.
Parallel Mode
• HIVAR  MEGI / HICOM  DFGEs
• HIVAR & HICOM  MEGI / HICOM  DFGE

25. HICOM (Burckhardt Compression)
 LABY-GI COMPRESSORS

26. HICOM (Burckhardt Compression)
Specification
Maker Burkhardt Compression
Model Vertical in-line reciprocating compressor (6LP190-5C_1)
Number of sets 1
Suction pressure 0.103 MPa A
Suction temperature -90 °C
Discharge pressure 30.6 MPa A
Discharge temperature 43 °C
Standard volume flow 4,880 Nm3/h
Inlet volume flow 3,233 m3/h
Shaft power (coupling) 1,190 kW
Electric motor rating 1,500 kW
Rotation speed 712 rpm
Electric Power Supply 6.6 kW / 60 Hz / 3Ph

27. BOG Compressor(Burckhardt Compression)

28. BOG High Pressure Compressing Process

29. BOG Compressor(Burckhardt Compression)
Compressor Off
No
Step 2 Auto Start Utilities
- Start Oil pump / Stop space
heater- Open Bypass valve
- Close automatic vent valve
- Open Inlet Isolation valve
of compressor package
- Set suction valve unloaders 50%
Condition
OK
And
And
1
Step 1 Ready for
Start-Sequence
Pre-Start condition
Ready for
Start-Sequence
RunStart
Command
Pre-Start
Interlock (SI)
Step 5 Main Motor Running - Main Motor Start Command to
MCC
And
Step 6 Main Motor Runinng
Step 7 Controlled Operation
And
Step 4 Cyl.
Lubricating
- Main Motor Start Command to
MCC
Compressor
Running
- Cylinder Lubricating Pump
- Open discharge isolating
valve
- Start Command to MCC-
- Cylinder lubricating pump
feedback- Cylinder
- Pre-Lubrication-
- Start Interlocks (SI)
Main Motor Feedback
Start-Up
Delay
Compressor Run
Step 3 Cylinder Lubrication
And
Ready for Cyl.
Lubrication
RunStart
Command

30. HIVAR System

31. HIVAR – Fuel Pump

32. HIVAR – Fuel Pump
HP Pump & Motor
Maker Cryostar S.A.S
Model & Type HPP3-65/90 & Reciprocating Pump
Number of Sets 2
Process Data
Fluid: LNG
Fluid temperature: -160 °C
Density (at fluid temp.): 0.5 kg/dm3
Suction pressure (max operating pressure): 0.8 MPaG
Suction pressure, design: 1.2 MPaG
Operating Data
Flow: 9.0 m3/h with SG=0.5, 4,500 kg/h
Max allow. discharge pressure: 31.5 MPaG
Discharge pressure, design: 37.0 MPaG
Shaft power: 64.0 kW
Pump speed: 230 min-1
NPSP, required (pump inlet): 1.5 to 2.5 m
Drive Data
Motor Size: 160 kW
Voltage, phase, frequency: 440 V/60 Hz/3-Phase
Motor speed: Variable speed

33. HIVAR – Vaporizer

34. HIVAR – Vaporizer
HP Vaporiser
Maker DongHwa Entec.
Type BEU
Number of Sets 1
Shell Side
Fluid: Glycol Water
Fluid Quantity: 20942 kg/hr
Design pressure: 10.0 bar(g)
Operating pressure: 8.0 bar(g)
Design temperature: 110 °C
Operating temperature(In/Out): 90/50 °C
Tube Side
Fluid: LNG
Fluid Quantity: 4740 kg/hr
Design pressure: 350.0 bar(g)
Operating pressure: 320.0 bar(g)
Design temperature(In/Out): -165/120 °C
Operating temperature(In/Out): -145/45 °C

35. Gas Valve Train GVT
• Supply gas to the ME-GI engine
• In case of normally shut down or emergency shutdown, to
stop the gas supply to engine and send gas from the pipe
systems and GVT_SL to the vent header
• Purging of the pipe system between the GVT_SL and ME-GI
• Purging of the pipe system between the GVT_SL and FGS
System
• Secure slow filling of pipes at twin engine operation

36. • XDF Configuration
• BOG Compressor
• BOG Control Mode

37. XDF Typical Configuration
LD Comp. No.1
LD Comp. No.2
Cargo
Tank 2
Cargo
Tank 1
Cargo
Tank 3
Cargo
Tank 4
No.3 DFGE
No.4 DFGE
No.1 DFGE
No.2 XDF
No.1 XDF
No.2 DFGE
No.2 Water
Rec. Cooler
Mist
Sep.
ForcingVap.
No.2 Inter
Cooler
No.2 After
Cooler
No.1 Water
Rec. Cooler
No.1 Inter
Cooler
No.1 After
Cooler
OverPressure
Valves
Free Flow Line
GCU

38. BOG Compressor(6 stage)
Performance data Unit 90 % CH4
Molecular weight Kg/kmol 17.24
Volume flow m3/h 4250
Mass flow kg/h 5000
Inlet pressure bar A 1.03
Outlet pressure bar A 17.00
Inlet temperature °C -90.0
Outlet temperature °C 45.0
Shaft speed rpm 29235
Shaft power kW 881
Coupling power kW 1049

39. BOG Compressor(6 stage)

40. FG COMPRESSOR
Specification
Maker KOBELCO
Model KS40STX
Compressor Item No:
C-101A (No.2 FG Compressor)
C-101B (No.1 FG Compressor)
Type Screw, electric motor driven
Number of Sets 2
Suction temperature at
compressor (°C)
-40 ~ 43
Design flow rate (kg/h) 4,550 8,000
Design inlet volume
(m3/h)
6,607 6,957
Discharge pressure
(MPaA)
1.7 3.2
Discharge temperature
(°C)
43 ~ 32
Pressure ratio 16.425
Total BHP (kW) 1,086 1,915
Speed (rpm) 3,550

41. Tank Pressure Control (SLNG Mode)
Pressure Setting Table in LNGC Mode
Ballast
Voyage
Laden
Voyage
25 Safety Vent Open (Local)
Vapour Header Pressure
23 Vent Valve Open (by IAS) (CG106)
22 Safety Valve Close (Local)
21 Vent Valve Close (by IAS)
20 LNG Vaporiser Trip
Forcing Vaporiser Trip
PAHH
PAH
PAL
PALL
PAVL
19120.3 kPaA
102.8 kPaA
108.3 kPaA
105.3 kPaA
Ballast
Voyage
Laden
Voyage
130.3 kPaA
126.3 kPaA
108.3 kPaA
105.3 kPaA
kPag kPag
GCU Start Request Alarm
17 LNG Vaporiser Stop Request Alarm
15
11
7
0
5 GCU Stop Request Alarm
4 LNG Vaporiser Start Request Alarm
X-DF Gas Flow Rate Limit Control (Optional)
(by IAS Cargo Tank Low Pressure Controller)
3 DFGE Sequenctial Changeover to MDO/LSMGO Mode
(5 Min Delay) (by IAS)
2 All DFGE Changerover to MDO/LSMGO Mode
(30sec. Delay)(by IAS)
X-DF Gas Flow Rate Limit to Zero (by IAS)
(Optional) No.1/No.2 FGC Stop
0.3 By ESDS (GH018)
-1 Vacuum Relief Valve Open (Local)
Pressure Setting Table in SLNG Mode
35 Safety Vent Open (Local)
Vapour Header Pressure
33 Vent Valve Open (by IAS) (CG106)
32 Safety Valve Close (Local)
31 Vent Valve Close (by IAS)
30 LNG Vaporiser Trip
Forcing Vaporiser Trip
PAHH
PAH
PAL
PALL
PAVL
29 GCU Start Request Alarm
27 LNG Vaporiser Stop Request Alarm
25
21
14
7
0
5 GCU Stop Request Alarm
4 LNG Vaporiser Start Request Alarm
X-DF Gas Flow Rate Limit Control (Optional)
(by IAS Cargo Tank Low Pressure Controller)
3 DFGE Sequenctial Changeover to MDO/LSMGO Mode
(5 Min Delay) (by IAS)
2 All DFGE Changerover to MDO/LSMGO Mode
(30sec. Delay)(by IAS)
X-DF Gas Flow Rate Limit to Zero (by IAS)
(Optional) No.1/No.2 FGC Stop
0.3 By ESDS (GH018)
-1 Vacuum Relief Valve Open (Local)

42. • PRS/FRS
• MRS
• C3MR
• ecoSMRT

43. MEGI + FRS(Full Reliequefaction System)

44. PRS/FRS(Partial/Full Re-liquefaction System)

45. FRS Heat Balance(DCHE/J-T Valve)

46. FRS Heat Balance

47. XDF + PRS(Partial Re-liquefaction System)

48. FG COMPRESSOR
Specification
Maker KOBELCO
Model KS40STX
Compressor Item No:
C-101A (No.2 FG Compressor)
C-101B (No.1 FG Compressor)
Type Screw, electric motor driven
Number of Sets 2
Suction temperature at
compressor (°C)
-40 ~ 43
Design flow rate (kg/h) 4,550 8,000
Design inlet volume
(m3/h)
6,607 6,957
Discharge pressure
(MPaA)
1.7 3.2
Discharge temperature
(°C)
43 ~ 32
Pressure ratio 16.425
Total BHP (kW) 1,086 1,915
Speed (rpm) 3,550

49. BOG BOOSTING COMPRESSOR
Specification
Maker: KOBELCO
Model KR50V-2
Type
Reciprocating, electric motor
driven
Number of Sets 1
Capacity 3,500 kg/h
Inlet temperature +43 °C
Inlet pressure 1.67 MPaA
Discharge pressure 15.1 MPaA
Discharge temperature 43 °C
Rated output 610 kW
Speed/No. of pole 440 rpm/16 pole
Power 6.6 kV, 60 Hz, 3 Phase

50. PRS(Partial Re-liquefaction System)

51. XDF + PRS/MRS

52. XDF + MRS(Methane Re-liquefaction System)

53. PRS/MRS Heat Balance

54. On-Shore LNG Plant Technology to LNGC

55. On-Shore LNG Plant Technology to LNGC
MR Compressor of Standard Oil-Injected type – Working Principle

56. C3-MR Re-Liquefaction System
25HV1001
25PV1005
40PV1365
25PV1075
25TV1035
25LV1040
40LV1607
40LV1605
40PV1608
40PV1615
25TV1030
40PV1325
40LV1320
From LD
Compressor
To Liquid Main
To Cargo Tanks
Propane
Storage Tank
Propane
Separator
MR Expansion
Drum
Economiser
Vent Gas
Separator
BOG
Recondenser
BOG
Precooler
MR
Precooler
MR Comp.
Skid
Propane
Condenser
Propane
Condenser Skid
MR Comp.
Aftercooler
Coalescer
MR
Separator
PFD Stream Number
Medium
Vapour Fraction
Molecular Weight
Temperature
Pressure
Mass Flow
Molar Flow
Mass Density
Actual Volume Flow
Mass Enthalpy
Viscosity
LNG in - Tank
C
bar
kg/h
kgmole/h
kg/m3
m3/h
kj/kg
cP
LNG
0.000
16.6
162.2
1.06
436.15
237.08
0.122
BOG
1
1.000
17.9
45.0
6.50
3066
170.9
4.45
689.10
-3481.4
0.013
BOG
2
1.000
17.9
-10.0
6.20
3066
170.9
5.17
592.80
-3589.3
0.011
LNG
3
0.000
17.9
-160.4
6.09
3066
170.9
467.88
6.55
-4280.8
0.102
BOG
4
1.000
25.3
-160.3
4.75
0.0
0.0
14.08
0.00
-903.0
0.007
LNG
5
0.000
17.9
-160.3
4.75
3066
170.9
467.62
6.56
-4280.8
0.101
LNG/BOG
6
0.040
17.9
-163.9
3.50
3066
170.9
136.19
22.51
-4280.8
0.131
MR
7
1.000
40.0
10.0
22
18230
675
25
718
-1967.0
0.012
MR
9
1.000
-23.8
-10.0
22
13316
561
27
489
-2040.2
0.011
MR
10
0.000
-43.0
-10.0
22
4914
114
527
9
-2448.5
Empty
MR
11
0.269
43.0
-39.2
3
4914
114
22
219
-2448.5
Empty
MR
12
0.000
23.8
-160.4
22
13316
561
568
23
-2697.7
0.255
MR
13
0.064
23.8
-164.9
3
13316
561
99
134
-2697.7
Empty
MR
14
1.000
27.0
-14.0
2
18230
675
3
5746
-2033.8
0.010
MR
15
1.000
27.0
-13.5
2
18230
675
3
5886
-2033.8
0.010
MR
16
1.000
27.0
95.7
22
18230
675
21
975
-1853.5
0.014
MR
17
1.000
27.0
40.0
22
18230
675
25
718
-1967.0
0.012
Propane
18
1.000
44.1
13.0
3
11029
250
7
1615
-2427.3
0.007
Propane
19
1.000
44.1
63.0
16
15239
346
31
493
-2327.2
0.010
Propane
20
0.000
44.1
44.7
15
15239
346
459
33
-2663.2
0.082
Propane
21
0.274
44.1
44.7
6
15239
346
459
33
-2663.2
Empty
Propane
22
1.000
44.1
10.2
6
4173
95
14
302
-2399.9
0.008
Propane
23
0.000
44.1
10.2
6
11066
251
515
22
-2762.5
0.115
Propane
24
0.149
44.1
-13.0
3
11066
251
43
256
-2762.5
Empty
Propane
25
0.000
44.1
-13.0
3
12209
277
546
22
-2821.0
0.145
Propane
26
0.000
44.1
-13.0
3
1202
27
546
2
-2821.0
0.145
Propane
27
0.694
44.1
-12.7
3
12209
277
10
1225
-2547.3
Empty
Propane
28
0.626
44.1
-12.7
3
1202
27
11
109
-2574.0
Empty
4
5
6
13 12
9
14
11
25
27
26
28
18 19
20
24 23
15 16 17
1
8
7
3
2

57. C3-MR Re-Liquefaction System

58. ecoSMRT(Bobcok;LGE)

59. ecoSMRT(Bobcok/LGE)

60. ecoSMRT(Bobcok/LGE)

61. ecoSMRT(Bobcok/LGE)

62. LNGC Warring State Period

63. Survive in the new era of LNG technology along with VMT