Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.) is a tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae grows in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The present study was performed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of E. mallotiformis the powdered leaf materials was subjected to soxhlet extraction successively by using low polar to high polar solvents. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was performed by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroidsand tannins. Among the extracts methanol extract shows the significant activity when compare to all the solvent extracts. The maximum inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhifungi shows greater inhibition was found in Microsporumgypseum, Trichophytonrubrum, Chrysosporiummerdarium. The leaves of E. mallotiformiscould be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections; the presence of various phytochemicals might be the responsible for these activities of the extract. Further studies on isolation of constituents from the extract and their biological activities are under investigation.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
ABSTRACT- Medinilla septentrionalis is shrub, wildly distributed in Nui Ba National park, Lam Dong, Vietnam.
Although there is no scientific publication about the Medinilla septentrionalis as medicinal plant, the plant has been used
for diarrhea treatment by ethnic minorities there. In this study M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract was used to evaluate
antibacterial activity, toxicity and anti-diarrheal activity. The results showed that M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract had
highly antibacterial activity, particularly to diarrhea relating bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp.
and Escherichia coli. The M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract also effectively prevented enteropooling, reduced either
time of charcoal transit in small intestine or defecation in castor oil-induced mice at 63 mg kg–1 body weight. In addition,
no significant toxicity signs and mortality were observed on mice after treating the plant extract up to doses of 10000 mg
kg–1 body weight. The preliminary phytochemical screening of M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract showed the presence
of carbohydrates, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins and steroids. These results
strongly demonstrated that M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract possessed highly anti-bacterial and anti-diarrheal
properties. The results in this study contributed a validation data for the use of M. septentrionalis in diarrheal treatment.
Key-words- Medinilla septentrionalis, Antibacterial activity, Anti-diarrheal activity, Ethanolic extract
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
Essential oils derived from many aromatic plants are well known to possess cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thuja orientalis (family: Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant. It possesses anti-plasmodial, antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of hydro distillate from Thuja orientalis are reported in this study. Fresh fruits were subjected to conventional hydrodistillation. Antioxidant activity was assessed as free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals and antibacterial activity was evaluated against six test bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Thuja orientalis hydrodistillate by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of nineteen constituents, representing 94.6% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed appreciable antibacterial effect against all Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria tested with MIC values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. Therefore this oil could be used in the formulation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
Synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial activity of copolymer (n vinylp...eSAT Journals
Abstract A copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with maleic anhydride (MA) is synthesized by radical copolymerization with 2,2-Azo-bisisobutyronitrile(AIBN) as initiator at 650C in dioxane solution, under nitrogen atmosphere. The copolymer obtained is characterized by FTIR and NMR. The copolymer is made to interact with N,N-Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) in different ratios. The susceptibility of some Gram - negative bacteria like Klebsiella aerogenes NCIM-2098, Escherichia coli NCIM-5051, Pseudomonasaeruginosa NCIM2242, Pseudomonas desmolyticum NCIM-2028 and a Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus NCIM-5022, to the copolymer and its compound with N,N-Diethylaminoethanol of different compositions in microbiological medium is studied by Agar well diffusion method. The resulting polymeric antibacterial material is useful in a number of medicines and food industry. Keywords: N-vinylpyrrolidone, Maleic anhydride, Copolymerization, N, N-diethylaminoethanol, FTIR, NMR, Antibacterial activity.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
ABSTRACT- Medinilla septentrionalis is shrub, wildly distributed in Nui Ba National park, Lam Dong, Vietnam.
Although there is no scientific publication about the Medinilla septentrionalis as medicinal plant, the plant has been used
for diarrhea treatment by ethnic minorities there. In this study M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract was used to evaluate
antibacterial activity, toxicity and anti-diarrheal activity. The results showed that M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract had
highly antibacterial activity, particularly to diarrhea relating bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp.
and Escherichia coli. The M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract also effectively prevented enteropooling, reduced either
time of charcoal transit in small intestine or defecation in castor oil-induced mice at 63 mg kg–1 body weight. In addition,
no significant toxicity signs and mortality were observed on mice after treating the plant extract up to doses of 10000 mg
kg–1 body weight. The preliminary phytochemical screening of M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract showed the presence
of carbohydrates, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins and steroids. These results
strongly demonstrated that M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract possessed highly anti-bacterial and anti-diarrheal
properties. The results in this study contributed a validation data for the use of M. septentrionalis in diarrheal treatment.
Key-words- Medinilla septentrionalis, Antibacterial activity, Anti-diarrheal activity, Ethanolic extract
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
Essential oils derived from many aromatic plants are well known to possess cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thuja orientalis (family: Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant. It possesses anti-plasmodial, antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of hydro distillate from Thuja orientalis are reported in this study. Fresh fruits were subjected to conventional hydrodistillation. Antioxidant activity was assessed as free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals and antibacterial activity was evaluated against six test bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Thuja orientalis hydrodistillate by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of nineteen constituents, representing 94.6% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed appreciable antibacterial effect against all Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria tested with MIC values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. Therefore this oil could be used in the formulation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
Synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial activity of copolymer (n vinylp...eSAT Journals
Abstract A copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with maleic anhydride (MA) is synthesized by radical copolymerization with 2,2-Azo-bisisobutyronitrile(AIBN) as initiator at 650C in dioxane solution, under nitrogen atmosphere. The copolymer obtained is characterized by FTIR and NMR. The copolymer is made to interact with N,N-Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) in different ratios. The susceptibility of some Gram - negative bacteria like Klebsiella aerogenes NCIM-2098, Escherichia coli NCIM-5051, Pseudomonasaeruginosa NCIM2242, Pseudomonas desmolyticum NCIM-2028 and a Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus NCIM-5022, to the copolymer and its compound with N,N-Diethylaminoethanol of different compositions in microbiological medium is studied by Agar well diffusion method. The resulting polymeric antibacterial material is useful in a number of medicines and food industry. Keywords: N-vinylpyrrolidone, Maleic anhydride, Copolymerization, N, N-diethylaminoethanol, FTIR, NMR, Antibacterial activity.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Synergistic antibacterial effects of three edible plants extract against anti...Open Access Research Paper
In vitro synergistic antibacterial effects among Alocasia macrorrhizos rhizome, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius corm and Colocasia esculenta corm extracts were tested against six resistant bacteria viz., Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone was compared with the commercially available antibiotic (tetracycline). High inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (12.67±0.33 mm) and S. aureus (12.50±0.29 mm) for methanol extract at 800 mgml-1 of concentration. MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 200-580 mgml-1 and 250-650 mgml-1 respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC of the extracts were measured against E. coli.
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Similar to Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of leaf extract of Epiprinusmallotiformis (20)
Molecular docking studies of abelmoschus esculentus for anti diabetics and a...Jing Zang
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) or bhendi also known as ladies finger is an important vegetable crop in India, and African regions. Abelmoscus esculentus having the medicinal property of anti inflammatory , anti diabetics, anti oxidant activities . In this studies we are going to analysis the anti diabetics and anti inflammatory property of Abelmoscus esculentus by using molecular docking studies. Diabetics is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with Diabetics, is expanding continuously. Now a days It is one of the most common diseases in the worldwide .Foot ulceration remains a major health problem for diabetic patients and has a major impact on the cost of diabetes treatment. One major complication of diabetes is foot ulceration, which occurs in as many as 15–25% of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients over their lifetimes. The phytochemicals of Abelmoscus esculentus are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the Mafa and Mmp9. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound . [E,E] Farenesal with Mafa protein and gossypol with Mmp9 protein show best ligand energy -10.55 and -8.88 Kcal/mol with 1 and 1 hydrogen bond of distance is 3.0 and 2.3 respectively .
Molecular docking studies of gloriosa superba for anti cancer and anti tuberc...Jing Zang
Gloriosa superba is a medicinal plant generally found in western parts of Tamilnadu and kerala in India. Gloriosa superba having the medicinal property of anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti Tuberculosis and mutagenic activities. In this studies we are going to analysis the anti cancer and anti tuberculosis property of Gloriosa superba by using molecular docking studies. Cancer is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with cancer, is expanding continuously. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide . Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria , usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. The phytochemicals of Gloriosa superba are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the E7 and DAHP. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound .Chrysophanic acid with E7 protein and Colchicine with DAHP protein show best ligand energy -9.52049 and -7.47679Kcal/mol with 1 and 3 hydrogen bond of distance is 2.3 and 2.2,2.9 and 3.2 respectively .
A systemic review on antibiotic use evaluation in paediatricsJing Zang
Drug utilization is the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of drug in a society, with special emphasis on the resulting medical, social and economic consequences. Antibiotics are valuable discoveries of modern medicine and their definitive and or appropriate use has led to a decline in the morbidity and mortality associated with various infectious diseaseswhile inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial agents are among the most commonly prescribed drug in Paediatrics. Because of an overall rise in health care costs, lack of uniformity in drug prescribing and the emergence of antibiotic resistance, monitoring and control of antibiotic use are of growing concern and strict antibiotic policies should be warranted. The caution use for antimicrobial agents is very important as their unavailability or resistance can be life threatening. Irrational drug use is a common practice in developing countries. In India, clinician often prescribe three or four drugs to treat the most trivial conditions for the sake of satisfying the patients need to receive drugs or the drug sellers need for profit. Thus drug use evaluation studies are required for all drugs in general and particularly for antibiotics.
A review on medicinal properties of Camel milkJing Zang
Many research findings proved that Camel milk is closer to human milk than any other milk. It is often easily digested by lactose-intolerant individuals. It is rich in healthy vitamins and minerals, especially B vitamins, vitamin C and iron. The lactoferrin in camel milk has antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. It contains disease-fighting immunoglobulins which are small in size, allowing penetration of antigens and boosting the effectiveness of the immune system. It is a rich source of insulin and also it containing approximately 52 units of insulin in each liter of camel milk, making it a great treatment option for Type 1 or Type 2 diabetics as well as Gestational Diabetes. This review focused on the medicinal properties of camel milk which will be more useful to generate value added products formation from camel milk.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker antihypertensive drug, is a poorly water soluble drug and belongs to BCS class II. The objective of the research work was to formulate and optimize solid dispersions (SDs) of a poorly water soluble drug, nifedipine, with sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation techniques in different weight ratios of polymers. The results indicated that homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions during the preparation methods employed governed the internal structures of the polymer matrices while retaining the drug in an amorphous form. The physical mixtures and solid dispersions were subjected to drug content and dissolution test. The best formulation, nifedipine with croscarmellose sodium in 1:7 ratio, among all was further adsorbed on neusilin US2 to form ternary mixture. The increased dissolution was achieved by more than 70percent and 30percent comparatively to the nifedipine API and marketed product respectively. The tablet dosage form prepared from ternary mixture was stable at stressed conditions 40±2°C and 75±5% RH. The release kinetics of drug from formulation and marketed product follows peppas model. The similar factor f2 was within limit for the product at stressed conditions with the product at room temperature at the same time.
Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of RauwolfiaJing Zang
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemistry, acute toxicity and glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic roots extract (HMREt) of Rauwolfia serpentina. The qualitative analysis of HMREt showed the presence of many important phyto-constituents except anthraquinones, carbohydrates and saponins whereas quantitatively it found rich in total phenols. In acute toxicity study, orally administrated HMREt from 5-250 mg/ kg was observed safe and non-sedative while its doses from 500-2500 mg/kg were found sedative and induced mortalities (17-100%) within 4 hours of administration. The median lethal dose (LD50) of same extract was calculated as 1412.54 mg / kg (log LD50 = 3.15 mg/ kg) from log doses verses probit graph. The HMREt in doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg induced significant percent decrease in blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 minutes in normo-hyperglycemic test mice as compared to control and negative control groups (p<0.05). The results concluded that HMREt has glucose lowering potential either by developing glucose tolerance or by pancreatic action in normo-hyperglycemic mice.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive composition of Wild grown Canavalia gladiata seedsJing Zang
The wild Canavalia gladiata seeds were widely distributed in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. It was obtained and processed by decoating, sun drying and grinding into powder. Using petroleum ether (40-60oC), the fats was extracted, the protein content, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate with respective values of 3.60±0.14, 11.1±0.83, 4.25±0.11, 3.39±0.27, 5.85±0.47 and 72.3±0.08 % as well as the mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The mineral composition determined from the C. gladiata seeds shows higher values of potassium, zinc, iron and calcium 25.15±0.03, 25.89±0.27, 18.3±0.14 and 17.25±0.49 mg/100 g respectively. This seed analyzed contains low yield of anti-nutritional contents which suggested that, it could be safe for human consumption since it fell below the lethal dose limit. The sample contains reasonable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids with yield varying between 48 and 52%. The presence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the C. gladiata was 96 and 4% respectively. The higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acid present makes this seed desirable for consumption by the person with heart diseases. In addition, from the data obtained this oil becomes attractive options for commercial purposes since it is suitable for the manufacture of soaps, lubricating oil, candles as well as pharmaceutical industries.
Pharmacovigilance in South Africa: Undocumented undergraduate training and pr...Jing Zang
Pharmacovigilance is a clinical discipline that is gaining more and more attention worldwide and in Africa. The rolling out of large scale programs on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria has heightened the need to step up efforts to have pharmacovigilance concepts to be operationalized in clinical practice. A quick search in PubMed and Google Scholar and a review of available literature was conducted in order to establish whether medical, nursing and pharmacy undergraduate students are taught pharmacovigilance concepts and skills for effective practice. It seems that there is a paucity of data on the undergraduate training in pharmacovigilance in South Africa. It may be that there might be inadequate training on pharmacovigilance during undergraduate training of medical, nursing and pharmacy students in South Africa. More studies are needed to document the views and experiences of South African students and healthcare professionals on training and practice of pharmacovigilance.
Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Possess Bioactive Compounds Act as Anti-Helicobac...Jing Zang
ABSTRACT
Gastrointestinal associated problems are physiological processes effects almost every individual at some stage of their life. Among the various plants studied previously Nigella sativa possess numerous therapeutic properties including its anti-ulcer potential. This seed carries significant anti-ulcer properties arbitrated by antimicrobial activities specifically against gastric damage induced by Helicobacter pylori. Evidence is available supporting the utilization of NS and its bioactive components in a daily diet for health improvement. This review is envisioned to emphasis on the curative role of NS and to provide an evidence for being a functional food to protect from a range of malaises. An attempt is also made to emphasize aspects that need further investigations for it to be use in clinics in future.
In vitro enzyme inhibition studies on new sulfonamide derivatives of 4-tosyl ...Jing Zang
Sulfonamides are considered to be pharmaceutically important class of compounds. In the present work, N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide (3) was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4-dimethylaniline (1) and 4-tosyl chloride (2; 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride) using 10% aqueous Na2CO3 solution as reaction medium. At the second step, the synthesized molecule 3 was made to react with different alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-o) to yield the target compounds, 5a-o, using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as reaction medium and lithium hydride as an activator. The synthesis of all the compounds was verified by spectral techniques using IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS; and further examined for their anti-enzymatic activities. The synthesized compound 5f represented a suitable inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
In vitro sun screening activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia Si...Jing Zang
Currently, there is demand for the development of herbal sunscreen formulations to suppress harmful effects of UV rays. In this regard, this study, was conducted to investigate the sun screen potential of Sri Lankan Orthodox black tea (made from buds and top most leaves of Camellia sinensis L plant) using three grades (Dust No:1, Broken Orange Pekoe and Orange Pekoe) using UV spectroscopic technique and Mansur equation. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was determined using 20% aqueous extracts (Black tea brews). The results revealed that all three tea samples had markedly high absorbance values (1.4 to 4.2) at 290-320 nm range and SPF values above 15 which are considered as the threshold value for good sunscreen. The SPF value of Dust No:1, B.O.P.F and O.P were respectively 36, 23 and 22. This is a novel finding for Sri Lankan black tea. It is concluded that Sri Lankan black tea, especially, Dust No: 1 can function as an efficient sunscreen agent and has great promise to be developed as cheap, safe and effective topical botanical sunscreen acting via multiple mechanisms (considering its other reported bioactivities).
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
PREVAILENCE OF MIGRIANE IN A LOW INCOME COMMUNITY OF KARACHIJing Zang
Migraine is the most common problem affecting large population, with prevalence frequency 10-12 %. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of migraine in a low income community in Karachi from June-Oct, 2013. Three hundred and seven participants were involved in this study. For this purpose cross-sectional community based questionnaire was designed in accordance with the diagnostic criteria given by International Headache Society. Data collection was carried out by personal visit to patients and through clinics. It was observed that females (65.5%) are more affected from migraine then male. 32.9% housewives reported that they are suffering from migraine. This medical problem is common among youngsters (38.1%) than old citizens. Employees working in different organizations (39.7%), were found to be mostly affected from migraine then self employed persons. Majority of the migraine patients (41%) reported that they are suffering from common symptoms including: photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting etc. Dietary habits of individuals were found to be closely associated with migraine such as use of caffeine, chocolate are prominent; and their use is common among 75% patients cumulatively. It was evaluated that certain disease conditions i.e. stress (33.6%), depression (22.1%) and anxiety (18.9%) are more common among sufferers of migraine.
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEMECYLON TERMINALE DALZ EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN INDUCE...Jing Zang
Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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2. Chandrashekar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 95-100
EpiprinusmallotiformisMuell.belongs to the family
Euphorbiaceae, it is distributed throughout
Western Ghats and semi evergreen forests of
Karnataka[7,8]. The plant is traditionally used to
treat the diuretic, digestive problems, dysentery,
external wounds, antimicrobial, laxative, remedy
for vesical calculi, ulcers, gonorrhea etc.The
present study is to carried out the Preliminary
phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity
of leaf extract ofE.mallotiformis.
2829),Chrysosporiumkeratinophilum(MTCC
1367),Chrysosporiummerdarium(MTCC 4608) and
Epidermophytonfloccosum
(MTCC
613)were
procured from microbial type culture collection and
gene bank, Chandigarh, India. The bacteria were
maintained on nutrient broth (NB) at 37 0C and
fungi were maintained on SabouraudDextrose agar
(SDA) at 280C.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Antibacterial activity: The efficacy of the leaf
extracts of E. mallotiformis was tested against
some gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Antibacterial activity was performed through agar
well diffusion method by standard protocol. In this
method, 24 hours old nutrient broth(HiMedia,
Mumbai) cultures of the test bacteria was swabbed
uniformly on solidified sterile nutrient agar
(HiMedia, Mumbai) plate using a sterile cotton
swab. Then, aseptically, wells of 6mm diameter
were bored in the inoculation plates with the help
of gel puncher.100µl of leaf extracts (100,50,25and
12.5 mg/ml of 10% DMSO), standard
Ciprofloxacin, 1mg/ml and control 10%DMSO
were added separately into the respective labelled
wells. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 24
hours in an upright position and the zone of
inhibition formed around the well was recorded.
The experiments were carried out in triplicates to
get the average readings [11].
Antimicrobial activities
Collection of plant materials: The leaves Sample
of Epiprinus mallotiformis were collected from the
Agumbe (13° 30′ N 75° 05′ E, 2154 Ft), Shimoga
district of Karnataka. The region comes under
malnad region, receives the maximum rain during
the South West Monsoon. The samples were
authenticated and herbarium was kept in the
Department of Applied Botany, Kuvempu
University Shankaraghatta, Shimoga district of
Karnataka. Samples were cleaned and air dried,
then powdered for future work.
Preparation of plant extracts: The powdered
plant materials were subjected to the successive
Soxhlet extraction method using pet-ether,
chloroform, methanol and aqueous for a period of
24 hours. The extract obtained were concentrated to
dryness is a rotary flash evaporator under reduced
pressure and controlled temperature and stored at
40C in the refrigerator until further use.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis: Phyto
chemical analysis of petroleum ether, chloroform,
and methanol extract of the screened plants were
done for the presence or absence of active
secondary metabolites or different constituents
such as tannins, alkaloids, flavanoids, terpenoids,
steroids, glycosides and saponins. Thedried extract
was reconstituted in methanol and subjected to
standard phytochemical analysis following the
procedures of[9, 10].
Antifungal activity: The efficacy of the leaf
extracts of E. mallotiformis was tested against
some human pathogenic fungi. Antifungal activity
was performed through agar well diffusion method
by standard protocol. In this method fungi were
inoculated into sterile Sabouraud dextrose broth
(HiMedia, Mumbai) incubated for 48 hours at
28°C. The fungi were aseptically swabbed on
sterile Sabouraud dextrose agar (HiMedia,
Mumbai) respectively using sterile cotton swabs
followed by punching wells of 6mm diameter using
sterile cork borer.100µl of leaf extracts (100,50, 25
and 12.5 mg/ml of 10% DMSO), standard
fluconazole1mg/ml and control 10% DMSO were
transferred into respectively labeled wells. The
plates were incubated 48 hours inan upright
position and the zone of inhibition formed around
the well was recorded. The experiments were
carried out in triplicates to get the average readings
[12].
Source of microorganisms:The extracts were
individually tested against a set of microorganisms
causing infectious diseases to humans and
plantsXanthomonascampestris(MTCC-2286),
Pseudomonassyringae(MTCC-1604),
Agrobacteirumtumefaciens
(MTCC431),Klebsiellapneumonia(MTCC-7028),
Escherichiacoli (MTCC 1559),Salmonellatyphi
(MTCC734),Pseudomonasaeruginosa(MTCC1934),Staphylococcusaureus(MTCC-902).
The
tested fungi were Candidaalbicans (MTCC
1637),Chrysosporiumindicum
(MTCC
2831),Trichophytonrubrum (MTCC 3272)and
Microsporumgypseum
(MTCC
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts
of E.mallotiformisshowed the presence of
Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and
96
3. Chandrashekar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 95-100
tannins. Whereas, alkaloids was found to be absent.
The results were recorded as presence and absence
of zone of inhibition around the well. In this study
the extract shown inhibition of antimicrobial
activity is dose dependent manner. Methanol
extract showed greater inhibition zone fallowed by
aqueous, chloroform and pet. ether. The results of
antibacterial activity of leaf extracts were
summarized in the Table 2. The maximum
inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella
typhi. Whereas least minimum zone of inhibition
was found in Agrobacteirumtumefaciens fallowed
by Pseudomonas syringae. The standard antibiotic
showed the greater inhibition activity when
compare to all the four different solvent extracts.
No inhibition zone was observed in tested bacteria
in case of control. The inhibitory activity of the leaf
extracts of E.mallotiformis against tested fungi was
revealed by the presence of zone of inhibition
around the well and is depicted in Table no 3.
Among the all the extracts, greater antifungal
activity was found in methanol fallowed by
Aquious pet. Ether and chloroform. Among the
tested fungi greater inhibition was found in
Microsporumgypseum,
Trichophytonrubrum,
Chrysosporiummerdarium. Whereasleast zone of
inhibition was found in Candida albicans,
Chrysosporiumkeratinophilum,
Epidermophytonfloccosum. The standard antifungal
shows the greater inhibitory activity when compare
to all the four solvent extracts. No inhibition was
observed in the control against tested fungi.
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi,
viruses and parasites remain a major threat to
public health despite tremendous progress in
human medicine. Their impact is particularly great
in developing countries because of the relative
unavailability of medicine and the emergence of
widespread drug resistance[13]. Medicinal plants
have been used for centuries as remedies for
diseases.Antimicrobials of plant origin have
enormous therapeutic potential which are due to the
presence ofcertain metabolites. During the 2 nd half
of the 20th century, the acceptance of traditional
medicine as an alternate form of primary healthcare
and the drug resistance problems faced by the
therapy using classical antibiotics led the
researchers to investigate antimicrobial efficacy of
several plants. The medicinal value of plants lies in
some chemical substances that produce a definite
physiological action on the human body. The most
important of these bioactive constitutes of plants
are alkaloids,tannins,flavonoids and phenolic
compounds [14].Plants-derivedproductions have
received attention in recent years due to their
diverse pharmacological activities [15]. The
antimicrobial activities of and alkaloids[16],
terpenoids[17], flavonoids [18], saponins[19],
terpenoids[17] have been documented.In the
present
study,
phyto-constituentsnamely
flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids and
tannins were detected in the extracts, which may
account for the antibacterial and antifungal
activities. Dermatomycosesare the superficial
fungal infections in humans and are caused by
dermatophytes, a group of filamentous fungi. These
fungi invade and draw nutrients from
thekeratinized tissues such as skin, hair and nails.
Among the dermatophyte genera, Trichophyton,
Microsporumand Epidermophyton are most
important. As the dermatophytes have developed
resistance to antimycoticdrugs, there is an urgent
need for non-toxic, safe and cost-effective
antifungal agents [20,21].In view of this, the
present study highlights the possible use of plants
in the treatment of fungal infections like
Aspergillosis, Candidiasis and Dermatomycoses, as
the test fungi were found to exhibit susceptibility
to the extract.
CONCLUSION
Plants represent an unlimited source of
phytochemicals. The phytochemicals present in
plants consist of primary and secondary
metabolites. The higher plants collectively
accumulated many secondary metabolites that can
be mainly classified into alkaloids, steroids,
flavonoids, saponins,tanins etc., there have been
widespread studies on the biological activities of
higher plants relatively few studies are reported
regarding
isolation,
purification
and
characterization of active compounds. In the
present study an attempt has been made to study
the phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial
activity on leaf extract of E. mallotiformis. The
extracts E. mallotiformisstrong antimicrobial
activity against bacteriaand fungi. Methanol extract
ofE. mallotiformis shows significant activity
against gram negative bacteria and fungal activity
againstMicrosporumgypseum,
Trichophytonrubrum. Further isolation and
purification of the extracts are required to
determine the active components responsible for
their activity. Although our results support the idea
that E. mallotiformis extracts are candidate for
treatment of infectious diseases, clinical trials will
be required to confirm its antimicrobial action and
general safety.
97
4. Chandrashekar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 95-100
Table 1: showing the phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of EpiprinusmallotiformisMuell.
Petroleum
Chloroform
Methanol
Water
Sl no
Test extract
extract
extracts
extract
extract
1
Alkaloids
a
Mayer’s test
b
Wagner’s test
2
Flavonoides
a
Ferric chlorides test
+
+
b
Alkaline reagent test
+
+
3
Glycosides
a
Keller-killiani test
+
+
b
Bromine water test
+
+
4
Saponins
a
Foam test
+
+
+
5
Steroides
a
Salkowaski test
+
+
+
b
Lieberman-burchard test
+
+
+
6
Tannins
a
Ferric chloride test
+
+
b
Gelatin test
+
+
Note: ‘+’- Present; ‘-’- Absent.
98
5. Chandrashekar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 95-100
Table 2: Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of E. mallotiformis
MO
KP
EC
PA
ST
SA
XC
PS
AT
100%
9±0.76
9±0.76
10±1.04
10±1.60
9±0.76
8±0.86
9±1.52
7±0.57
Pet ether
50%
25%
8±0.57
8±0.5
8±0.50
8±0.57
7±0.57
-
12.5%
-
100%
10±0.86
8±0.57
10±1.25
9±0.86
10±1.04
9±0.76
8±1.15
8±1.52
Chloroform
50%
25%
8±1.0
8±0.50
7±0.86
7±0.28
7±0.86
8±1.15
7±1.32
-
12.5%
-
Zone of inhibition (mm)
Methanol
100%
50%
25%
12±1.25
8±0.50
12±1.04
8±0.86
7±1.15
12±0.76
8±0.50
7±0.57
10±1.04
8±1.25
7±1.15
10±0.76
9±0.57
10±1.04
9±0.76
7±0.57
9±1.52
8±1.15
7±0.76
12±1.0
10±1.52
7±1.15
12.5%
-
100%
8±0.76
7±0.86
9±0.50
9±1.80
8±1.25
8±0.50
8±1.73
8±1.52
Water
50%
25%
7±1.5
7±0.86
8±0.50
7±0.28
7±0.86
7±1.15
7±0.76
-
12.5%
-
Control
Std.
-
29±0.5
15±1.04
23±0.76
14±1.25
17±1.25
27±0.76
30±1.50
26±1.41
Note: ‘-’- No activity
Table 3: Antifungal activity of leaf extract of E. mallotiformis
MO
CA
CM
CL
TR
MG
CK
EF
100%
8±1.04
12±0.76
9±0.28
10±0.86
9±0.50
8±0.50
10±1.0
Pet ether
50%
25%
7±1.0
9±0.50
7±0.86
7±0.57
8±0.76
7±0.57
7±0.86
7±0.28
-
12.5%
-
100%
9±0.76
8±0.50
10±1.0
8±0.50
10±0.76
9±0.76
8±0.76
Chloroform
50%
25%
8±0.50
7±1.0
8±0.76
8±0.50
7±0.57
-
12.5%
-
Zone of inhibition (mm)
Methanol
100%
50%
25%
10±1.50
8±0.50
11±0.50
9±0.76
8±1.04
8±1.04
7±0.28
12±0.57
10±1.25
9±0.76
14±0.76
12±1.0
8±0.50
12±0.76
10±1.0
8±1.25
10±1.0
9±0.50
7±0.28
Note: ‘-’- No activity
99
12.5%
8±0.57
-
100%
9±0.76
12±1.60
10±0.76
9±0.50
9±050.
9±0.50
9±0.76
Water
50%
25%
7±0.57
11±0.86
9±0.50
9±0.50
8±0.57
8±0.76
7±0.86
8±0.50
-
12.5%
8±0.57
-
Control
Std.
-
30±1.25
20±1.25
25±0.50
22±0.50
28±0.76
26±1.25
28±1.25
6. Chandrashekar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 95-100
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