Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The current study sought to investigate the capacities of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Emilia coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis to
reverse hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Phytochemical composition
of the herbal extracts, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPGC), and serum lipid profile (SLP) of
the rats were measured by standard methods. The relative abundance of phytochemicals in the four
experimental leaf extracts was in the following order: flavonoids > alkaloids > saponins > tannins.
Hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence
of reduced FPGC compared with the untreated HyGR and were normoglycemic (FPGC < 110.0 mg/dL).
Similarly, HyGR treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of readjustments
in their SLPs. Generally, HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THfs) exhibited the
highest atherogenic index compared with HyGR treated with single herbal formulations (SHfs), double
herbal formulations (DHfs), and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The display of synergy or antagonism
by the composite herbal extracts in ameliorating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia depended on the
type and number of individual herbal extract used in constituting the experimental herbal formulations.
Furthermore, the capacities of the herbal formulations (SHfs, DHfs, THfs, and QHf) to exert glycemic
control and reverse dyslipidemia did not follow predictable patterns in the animal models.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The current study sought to investigate the capacities of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Emilia coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis to
reverse hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Phytochemical composition
of the herbal extracts, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPGC), and serum lipid profile (SLP) of
the rats were measured by standard methods. The relative abundance of phytochemicals in the four
experimental leaf extracts was in the following order: flavonoids > alkaloids > saponins > tannins.
Hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence
of reduced FPGC compared with the untreated HyGR and were normoglycemic (FPGC < 110.0 mg/dL).
Similarly, HyGR treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of readjustments
in their SLPs. Generally, HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THfs) exhibited the
highest atherogenic index compared with HyGR treated with single herbal formulations (SHfs), double
herbal formulations (DHfs), and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The display of synergy or antagonism
by the composite herbal extracts in ameliorating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia depended on the
type and number of individual herbal extract used in constituting the experimental herbal formulations.
Furthermore, the capacities of the herbal formulations (SHfs, DHfs, THfs, and QHf) to exert glycemic
control and reverse dyslipidemia did not follow predictable patterns in the animal models.
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
Background and aim: Diabetes Mellitus [DM] is a metabolic disorder characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism and by complications like micro vascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and macro vascular (heart attack,stroke and peripheral vascular disease) complications. Coriandrum sativum Linn has been claimed to possess antidiabetic properties in Traditional System of Medicine. This study aimed to evaluate molecular interaction of linalool in C.sativum and targeted protein related to Type 2 DM.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal and a peer-reviewed journal. Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology is the all-encompassing and becoming an increasingly important discipline for the identification of disease targets and drug designing with their toxicological effects and means to eradicate diseases.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal, which aims to develop coherent means to modify drug therapy, with respect to the patient's genotype, and to ensure maximum efficiency with minimal contrary effects.
Comparative evaluation of Hepatoprotective activity in male albinoratsijperSS
ABSTRACT
Phyllanthus amarus, Picrorrhiza kurroa and Andrographis paniculata have prominent place in the management of liver diseases. Effects of aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus, Picrorrhizha kurroa and ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata on the liver of paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxic rats were studied. High levels of liver enzymes, MDA and reduced levels of glutathione were observed in paracetamol and CCl4 induced rats which were significantly reduced after administration of Phyllanthus, Picrorrhiza and Andrographis extracts at the concentration of 250mg/kg b.w. Of the three plants studied in two different experimental models Picrorrhiza kurroa exhibited prominent activity than the other two plants.
Key words: Phyllanthus amarus, Andrographis paniculata, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Hepatotoxicity, paracetamol, carbon tetrachloride.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mimusops elengi on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of M. elengi leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The activity levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic animals when compared to that of normal animals. After supplemented with aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi, animals group recorded significant lower blood glucose level. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi has been potent antidiabetic effect in male albino rat.
Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of RauwolfiaJing Zang
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemistry, acute toxicity and glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic roots extract (HMREt) of Rauwolfia serpentina. The qualitative analysis of HMREt showed the presence of many important phyto-constituents except anthraquinones, carbohydrates and saponins whereas quantitatively it found rich in total phenols. In acute toxicity study, orally administrated HMREt from 5-250 mg/ kg was observed safe and non-sedative while its doses from 500-2500 mg/kg were found sedative and induced mortalities (17-100%) within 4 hours of administration. The median lethal dose (LD50) of same extract was calculated as 1412.54 mg / kg (log LD50 = 3.15 mg/ kg) from log doses verses probit graph. The HMREt in doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg induced significant percent decrease in blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 minutes in normo-hyperglycemic test mice as compared to control and negative control groups (p<0.05). The results concluded that HMREt has glucose lowering potential either by developing glucose tolerance or by pancreatic action in normo-hyperglycemic mice.
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
PUTATIVE DRUG TARGET IDENTIFICATION FOR SEPTIC ARTHRITIS THROUGH DATA MINING ...Jing Zang
Septic arthritis is the purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent which produces arthritis. The main organisms having great potential to infect human beings as well as other mammals are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniaeand Streptococcus pyrogens. In Silico comparative analysis ofall the pathways of host Homo sapiens and pathogens was performed by using KEGG and Protein BLAST. 25, 20 and 16 unique pathways were identified for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogensand Streptococcus pneumonia respectively. Out of these we identified 3 enzymes for Staphylococcus aureus, 4 for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 for Streptococcus pyrogens, which are non-homologous to Homo sapiens proteins. The enzymes essential for survival of the pathogens were found out by DEG database. Further CELLO analysis results showed that 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 25% to be cytoplasmic and 25% to be membranous for Staphylococcus aureus. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 12% cytoplasmic, 13% membranous and 25% as cell wall proteins. 100% enzymes were found to be membranous for Streptococcus pyrogens. Finally the enzymes from DEG were submitted in Drug Bank database to identify approve drug targets. This Data Mining approach found that mostly the enzymes which can act as targets belong to extracellular level in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and membranous in Streptococcus pyrogens. This findings gives an understanding of these enzymes interaction with human protein protein interaction at extracellular and membrane level.
ANTICLOTTING PROPERTIES OF SRI LANKAN LOW GROWN ORTHODOX ORANGE PEKOE GRADE B...Jing Zang
A previous investigation has shown that, Sri Lankan high grown orthodox broken leaf grade black tea (Dust No.1, Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings and Broken Orange Pekoe) possesses in vitro blood anticlotting activity. However, anticlotting activity of whole leaf grade black teas is, as yet, unknown although, bioactivity of tea is known to vary with several factors including grade of tea and agroclimatic elevation. The present study evaluates anticlotting activity properties of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox Orange Pekoe (O.P.) grade black tea (whole leaf grade type) both in vitro (using goat blood) and in vivo (using rats). In in vitro study, different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/ml) of black tea brew (BTB) was made using freeze dried sample and calcium induced clotting time was determined (N=42-64/group). In in vivo studies, different doses of (223, 446 and 1339 mg/kg) doses of BTB was orally administered daily to separate groups of rats (N=6/group) and their clotting time was assessed on days 1(1,2 and 3h post treatment), 8 (1h post treatment) and 16 (1h post treatment) of the treatment. BTB showed strong and long lasting anticlotting activity, up to 24 h with an all or none type of dose relationship in in vitro study. In contrast, a mild anticlotting activity was evident in in vivo study with a curvilinear dose response in the acute study and linear relationship in the subchronic study. It is concluded that, regular consumption of moderately strong Sri Lankan O.P. grade black tea has a potential as dietary therapeutic for the betterment of cardiovascular health.
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
Background and aim: Diabetes Mellitus [DM] is a metabolic disorder characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism and by complications like micro vascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and macro vascular (heart attack,stroke and peripheral vascular disease) complications. Coriandrum sativum Linn has been claimed to possess antidiabetic properties in Traditional System of Medicine. This study aimed to evaluate molecular interaction of linalool in C.sativum and targeted protein related to Type 2 DM.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal and a peer-reviewed journal. Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology is the all-encompassing and becoming an increasingly important discipline for the identification of disease targets and drug designing with their toxicological effects and means to eradicate diseases.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal, which aims to develop coherent means to modify drug therapy, with respect to the patient's genotype, and to ensure maximum efficiency with minimal contrary effects.
Comparative evaluation of Hepatoprotective activity in male albinoratsijperSS
ABSTRACT
Phyllanthus amarus, Picrorrhiza kurroa and Andrographis paniculata have prominent place in the management of liver diseases. Effects of aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus, Picrorrhizha kurroa and ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata on the liver of paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxic rats were studied. High levels of liver enzymes, MDA and reduced levels of glutathione were observed in paracetamol and CCl4 induced rats which were significantly reduced after administration of Phyllanthus, Picrorrhiza and Andrographis extracts at the concentration of 250mg/kg b.w. Of the three plants studied in two different experimental models Picrorrhiza kurroa exhibited prominent activity than the other two plants.
Key words: Phyllanthus amarus, Andrographis paniculata, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Hepatotoxicity, paracetamol, carbon tetrachloride.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mimusops elengi on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of M. elengi leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The activity levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic animals when compared to that of normal animals. After supplemented with aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi, animals group recorded significant lower blood glucose level. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi has been potent antidiabetic effect in male albino rat.
Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of RauwolfiaJing Zang
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemistry, acute toxicity and glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic roots extract (HMREt) of Rauwolfia serpentina. The qualitative analysis of HMREt showed the presence of many important phyto-constituents except anthraquinones, carbohydrates and saponins whereas quantitatively it found rich in total phenols. In acute toxicity study, orally administrated HMREt from 5-250 mg/ kg was observed safe and non-sedative while its doses from 500-2500 mg/kg were found sedative and induced mortalities (17-100%) within 4 hours of administration. The median lethal dose (LD50) of same extract was calculated as 1412.54 mg / kg (log LD50 = 3.15 mg/ kg) from log doses verses probit graph. The HMREt in doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg induced significant percent decrease in blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 minutes in normo-hyperglycemic test mice as compared to control and negative control groups (p<0.05). The results concluded that HMREt has glucose lowering potential either by developing glucose tolerance or by pancreatic action in normo-hyperglycemic mice.
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
PUTATIVE DRUG TARGET IDENTIFICATION FOR SEPTIC ARTHRITIS THROUGH DATA MINING ...Jing Zang
Septic arthritis is the purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent which produces arthritis. The main organisms having great potential to infect human beings as well as other mammals are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniaeand Streptococcus pyrogens. In Silico comparative analysis ofall the pathways of host Homo sapiens and pathogens was performed by using KEGG and Protein BLAST. 25, 20 and 16 unique pathways were identified for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogensand Streptococcus pneumonia respectively. Out of these we identified 3 enzymes for Staphylococcus aureus, 4 for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 for Streptococcus pyrogens, which are non-homologous to Homo sapiens proteins. The enzymes essential for survival of the pathogens were found out by DEG database. Further CELLO analysis results showed that 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 25% to be cytoplasmic and 25% to be membranous for Staphylococcus aureus. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 12% cytoplasmic, 13% membranous and 25% as cell wall proteins. 100% enzymes were found to be membranous for Streptococcus pyrogens. Finally the enzymes from DEG were submitted in Drug Bank database to identify approve drug targets. This Data Mining approach found that mostly the enzymes which can act as targets belong to extracellular level in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and membranous in Streptococcus pyrogens. This findings gives an understanding of these enzymes interaction with human protein protein interaction at extracellular and membrane level.
ANTICLOTTING PROPERTIES OF SRI LANKAN LOW GROWN ORTHODOX ORANGE PEKOE GRADE B...Jing Zang
A previous investigation has shown that, Sri Lankan high grown orthodox broken leaf grade black tea (Dust No.1, Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings and Broken Orange Pekoe) possesses in vitro blood anticlotting activity. However, anticlotting activity of whole leaf grade black teas is, as yet, unknown although, bioactivity of tea is known to vary with several factors including grade of tea and agroclimatic elevation. The present study evaluates anticlotting activity properties of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox Orange Pekoe (O.P.) grade black tea (whole leaf grade type) both in vitro (using goat blood) and in vivo (using rats). In in vitro study, different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/ml) of black tea brew (BTB) was made using freeze dried sample and calcium induced clotting time was determined (N=42-64/group). In in vivo studies, different doses of (223, 446 and 1339 mg/kg) doses of BTB was orally administered daily to separate groups of rats (N=6/group) and their clotting time was assessed on days 1(1,2 and 3h post treatment), 8 (1h post treatment) and 16 (1h post treatment) of the treatment. BTB showed strong and long lasting anticlotting activity, up to 24 h with an all or none type of dose relationship in in vitro study. In contrast, a mild anticlotting activity was evident in in vivo study with a curvilinear dose response in the acute study and linear relationship in the subchronic study. It is concluded that, regular consumption of moderately strong Sri Lankan O.P. grade black tea has a potential as dietary therapeutic for the betterment of cardiovascular health.
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATSJing Zang
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON PAIN KILLER USAGE AND ADDICTION SYMPTOMSJing Zang
Pain killers have been a necessity for humans since their skin has been laden with pain receptors to signal them against any invasion or unusual going on in the body.This pain when exceeds the limits of tolerance has to be alleviated to reduce suffering. Since ancient times numerous natural substances like herbs and oils have been used to relieve pain, but in modern era more refined ways to relieve pain have been discovered that exactly target the precise pain. This research identifies the factors that govern painkiller usage and addiction and the people who, in majority fall prey to pleasures of pain killers. The research was carried out through a questionnaire and results were statistically analyzed by fishers exact test. Males, employed people, non medics and graduates are most attracted to pain killers and are susceptible to long term addiction. The reasons for these people falling prey to pain killers are work load, mental stress and physiological responses to the drug. These factors can be managed through proper intervention by health professionals. The role of friends and family too here cannot be ignored.
DESIGNING OF POTENTIAL NEW AROMATASE INHIBITOR FOR ESTROGEN DEPENDENT DISEASE...Jing Zang
Aromatase inhibitor provides the best suitable approach at present for the treatment of many estrogen dependent diseases. The estrogen dependent diseases like breast cancer and endometriosis can be treated more effectively with new third generation aromatase inhibitors. As in case of breast cancer after mastectomy (removal of breast) regression of advance breast cancer is observed and in case of endometriosis even after total hysterectomy (removal of uterus and ovary) the reoccurrence of endometriosis is observed. So estrogen deprivation remains a main key as a therapeutic approach to cure estrogen dependent diseases. The third generation aromatase inhibitors are available in the preparations like Letrozole, Anastrazole, Vorazole and some more preparations are available. Among these preparations of aromatase inhibitor Letrozole is consider to be a better therapeutic agent. As it is found that patient using Letrozole as an aromatase inhibitor are having lower plasma estrogen level as compared to another third generation aromatase inhibitor and more over calcium reabsorption in bone is also seen with Letrozole. In this study we have designed some new aromatase inhibitor and reported them as potentially new aromatase inhibitor by comparing their pharmagological properties with Letrozole and some synthesized derivatives of Letrozole (Downloaded from Zinc data base with 90% structural similarity) (http://zinc.docking.org/search/structure) by using molecular docking analysis and various free internet based Insilco tools.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Some Polyherbal Extracts against Acetic A...Jing Zang
Aloe vera contains salicylic acid which is an aspirin like compound with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti bacterial properties. Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous plant in the cannabaceae family. The aim of present study was to evaluate analgesic activity of that combination extract against acetic acid induced writhing in mice. All animals were divided into four groups of six mice each. Group I was treated as toxicant control to observe writhing and group II was pretreated with diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg, i.p.) Group III and IV were pretreated with polyherbal leaves extract of Aloe vera and Cannabis sativa at two doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg p.o. respectively. Polyherbal extract and Diclofenac sodium were given before 60 minute of acetic acid administration. The results showed that polyherbal extract significantly reduced number of writhing when compared with group I (Toxicant control) mice and the results were dose dependent. The toxicity study also revealed its safeness, thus the combination of plant extract can be hypothesized it is nontoxic. It is concluded that polyherbal extract can offer protection against acetic acid induced writhing in mice.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTION AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS O...Jing Zang
In recent studies Teucrium polium(T. polium ) was known as a hypoglycemic plants. But further research is needed to better understand the effect of Teucrium polium and biological active part of it. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the effect of different chromatographic fractions of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant on the level of insulin secretion and glucose content in hyperglycemic rat model. Also, our aim is determination of biological active fraction of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant. This study was carried out on the 36 rats. Hyperglycemia induced by administrating of 50 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally and glucose level was monitored for hyperglycemic status. Hyperglycemic was confirmed by blood glucose measurement. In each experiment 100 grams of Teucrium polium aerial parts powder were boiled with 2 Litter of distilled water for 36 h. The decoction preparation was then filtered through a gauz cloth followed by filtration through filter paper. The extract was evaporated to one-fifth of its original volume and kept at 4oC until its use. Determination of different fraction aqueous extract effect of Teucrium polium on glucose level and insulin secretion was carried out. Blood was collected from the tail of the rats. Then glucose and insulin level was evaluated. The hyperglycemic animals showed significant decrease in the blood glucose level in rats administered with fourth fraction compared with other factions. Administration of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract cause increase in insulin levels in alloxan-treated rats. Results suggest that treatment of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract may be useful in preventing the increase of glucose level in hyperglycemic rats. The interesting phenomenon of our results has shown that fourth fraction given parenterally possesses a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan hyperglycemic rats. Fourth fraction was found biological active and to be responsive to glucose challenge as evidenced by increase in insulin secretion.
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
Essential oils derived from many aromatic plants are well known to possess cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thuja orientalis (family: Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant. It possesses anti-plasmodial, antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of hydro distillate from Thuja orientalis are reported in this study. Fresh fruits were subjected to conventional hydrodistillation. Antioxidant activity was assessed as free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals and antibacterial activity was evaluated against six test bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Thuja orientalis hydrodistillate by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of nineteen constituents, representing 94.6% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed appreciable antibacterial effect against all Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria tested with MIC values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. Therefore this oil could be used in the formulation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
Molecular docking studies of abelmoschus esculentus for anti diabetics and a...Jing Zang
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) or bhendi also known as ladies finger is an important vegetable crop in India, and African regions. Abelmoscus esculentus having the medicinal property of anti inflammatory , anti diabetics, anti oxidant activities . In this studies we are going to analysis the anti diabetics and anti inflammatory property of Abelmoscus esculentus by using molecular docking studies. Diabetics is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with Diabetics, is expanding continuously. Now a days It is one of the most common diseases in the worldwide .Foot ulceration remains a major health problem for diabetic patients and has a major impact on the cost of diabetes treatment. One major complication of diabetes is foot ulceration, which occurs in as many as 15–25% of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients over their lifetimes. The phytochemicals of Abelmoscus esculentus are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the Mafa and Mmp9. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound . [E,E] Farenesal with Mafa protein and gossypol with Mmp9 protein show best ligand energy -10.55 and -8.88 Kcal/mol with 1 and 1 hydrogen bond of distance is 3.0 and 2.3 respectively .
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Prenatal nutrition; nutrient recommendations before, during & after pregnancypharmaindexing
Nutrition before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy fetal development as infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrient for optimal growth and health outcome later in life. Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Birth weight of the newborn at delivery reflects the sufficiency and the quality of maternal nutrient for the fetus during pregnancy. Prenatal nutrition has a strong influence on birth weight and further development of the infant.The present paper reviews the role of prenatal nutrition in pregnancy.
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Evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae), also known as sacred lotus, is a well known medicinal plant. Nelumbo nucifera (family Nymphaeaceae) are free floating plants.The methanolic extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaves was obtained by soxhlet extraction apparatus. The extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by using standard procedures.The toxicity studies and dose fixation were carried out by using OECD 425 guideline. According to OECD 425 guideline toxicity study no toxic symptoms were observed up to dose 2000 mg/kg.The anti diabetic effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaf methanolic extract given in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of methanolic extract for 15 days in diabetic mice exhibits highly significant (P < 0.01) antidiabetic activity and also alters the body weight significantly . The data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test.The observations confirm that methanolic extract of NELUMBO NUCIFERA leaf and stem has antidiabetic activity due to presence of alkaloids,aminoacids, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoid, vitamins etc There is a need of further investigation to isolate and identify the principle chemical constituents for its anti diabetic property.
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hyperc...SriramNagarajan18
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Effect of Ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of str...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Poor control of diabetes mellitus can result to impairment in lipid profile culminating to dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease and stroke. Measurement of triglyceride (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are recommended in cardiovascular screening. Herbal and natural products have been used in folk medicine for centuries throughout the world. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All the chemicals and reagents used in this research were of analytical grade. A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8): diabetic rats in group 1 were not treated, rather received only 0.5ml normal saline; 0.5mg glibenclamide was given to diabetic rats in group 2; non-diabetic rats in group 3 received 0.5ml normal saline only, diabetic rats that were treated with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, were labeled groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. At the end of the 21 days study period, the rats were fasted overnight and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. Lipid profile was assayed using standard biochemical methods. Injection of streptozotocin led to a significant (p<0.05) decline in HDL-C while the levels of TAG, TC, and LDL-C increased significantly. Remarkably, treatment with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata led to reversal of the altered lipid profile. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when the Chromolaena odorata extract-treated groups were compared to group 2 rats (treated with glibenclamide), a known standard antidiabetic drug. In conclusion, results from this research indicated that the ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata possess hypo-cholesterolaemic and hypo-triacylglycerolaemic effects as the extract decreased the LDL-cholesterol and increased the HDL-cholesterol levels.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, cholesterol, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, dyslipidemia
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in s...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Chromolaena odorata is one of the medicinal plants that have served all through the ages as the mainstay in the treatment and preservation of human health. This research was designed to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers (ALT, ALP, AST, GGT and bilirubin) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) single dose of 70mg/kg body weight (b.w). Forty eight (48) rats were randomly distributed into six (6) groups of 8 rats each as follows: Group 1 were diabetic rats that were given 0.5ml normal saline, rats in group 2 were diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg glibenclamide, rats in group 3 were neither induced nor treated while rats in groups 4-6 were diabetic rats treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, respectively. Blood glucose level and hepatic markers were assayed using standard biochemical methods. The study lasted for 21 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were collected from the animals after anaesthesia via cardiac puncture. STZ injection led to increase in glucose and bilirubin levels as well as the activities of ALT, ALP, AST and GGT. Interestingly, rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata recorded significant (p<0.05) decrease in the activities of these enzymes and level of bilirubin when compared with the positive control rats (group 1). Also, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when group 3 rats (normal rats) and group 2 (treated with glibenclamide) were compared with groups 4-6 rats treated with graded doses of ethanol extract extracts group. In conclusion, the results from this research indicated that ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata lowered the activities of liver enzymes and level of bilirubin in STZ-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. The findings in this study suggest that Chromolaena odorata ethanol root extract possess hepatoprotective potentials and hence can be used to ameliorate hepatic dysfunction-associated diseases. Further study is however advocated to unravel the mechanism of action of this plant.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, medicinal plants, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, hepatic markers.
Molecular docking studies of gloriosa superba for anti cancer and anti tuberc...Jing Zang
Gloriosa superba is a medicinal plant generally found in western parts of Tamilnadu and kerala in India. Gloriosa superba having the medicinal property of anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti Tuberculosis and mutagenic activities. In this studies we are going to analysis the anti cancer and anti tuberculosis property of Gloriosa superba by using molecular docking studies. Cancer is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with cancer, is expanding continuously. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide . Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria , usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. The phytochemicals of Gloriosa superba are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the E7 and DAHP. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound .Chrysophanic acid with E7 protein and Colchicine with DAHP protein show best ligand energy -9.52049 and -7.47679Kcal/mol with 1 and 3 hydrogen bond of distance is 2.3 and 2.2,2.9 and 3.2 respectively .
A systemic review on antibiotic use evaluation in paediatricsJing Zang
Drug utilization is the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of drug in a society, with special emphasis on the resulting medical, social and economic consequences. Antibiotics are valuable discoveries of modern medicine and their definitive and or appropriate use has led to a decline in the morbidity and mortality associated with various infectious diseaseswhile inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial agents are among the most commonly prescribed drug in Paediatrics. Because of an overall rise in health care costs, lack of uniformity in drug prescribing and the emergence of antibiotic resistance, monitoring and control of antibiotic use are of growing concern and strict antibiotic policies should be warranted. The caution use for antimicrobial agents is very important as their unavailability or resistance can be life threatening. Irrational drug use is a common practice in developing countries. In India, clinician often prescribe three or four drugs to treat the most trivial conditions for the sake of satisfying the patients need to receive drugs or the drug sellers need for profit. Thus drug use evaluation studies are required for all drugs in general and particularly for antibiotics.
A review on medicinal properties of Camel milkJing Zang
Many research findings proved that Camel milk is closer to human milk than any other milk. It is often easily digested by lactose-intolerant individuals. It is rich in healthy vitamins and minerals, especially B vitamins, vitamin C and iron. The lactoferrin in camel milk has antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. It contains disease-fighting immunoglobulins which are small in size, allowing penetration of antigens and boosting the effectiveness of the immune system. It is a rich source of insulin and also it containing approximately 52 units of insulin in each liter of camel milk, making it a great treatment option for Type 1 or Type 2 diabetics as well as Gestational Diabetes. This review focused on the medicinal properties of camel milk which will be more useful to generate value added products formation from camel milk.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker antihypertensive drug, is a poorly water soluble drug and belongs to BCS class II. The objective of the research work was to formulate and optimize solid dispersions (SDs) of a poorly water soluble drug, nifedipine, with sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation techniques in different weight ratios of polymers. The results indicated that homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions during the preparation methods employed governed the internal structures of the polymer matrices while retaining the drug in an amorphous form. The physical mixtures and solid dispersions were subjected to drug content and dissolution test. The best formulation, nifedipine with croscarmellose sodium in 1:7 ratio, among all was further adsorbed on neusilin US2 to form ternary mixture. The increased dissolution was achieved by more than 70percent and 30percent comparatively to the nifedipine API and marketed product respectively. The tablet dosage form prepared from ternary mixture was stable at stressed conditions 40±2°C and 75±5% RH. The release kinetics of drug from formulation and marketed product follows peppas model. The similar factor f2 was within limit for the product at stressed conditions with the product at room temperature at the same time.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive composition of Wild grown Canavalia gladiata seedsJing Zang
The wild Canavalia gladiata seeds were widely distributed in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. It was obtained and processed by decoating, sun drying and grinding into powder. Using petroleum ether (40-60oC), the fats was extracted, the protein content, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate with respective values of 3.60±0.14, 11.1±0.83, 4.25±0.11, 3.39±0.27, 5.85±0.47 and 72.3±0.08 % as well as the mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The mineral composition determined from the C. gladiata seeds shows higher values of potassium, zinc, iron and calcium 25.15±0.03, 25.89±0.27, 18.3±0.14 and 17.25±0.49 mg/100 g respectively. This seed analyzed contains low yield of anti-nutritional contents which suggested that, it could be safe for human consumption since it fell below the lethal dose limit. The sample contains reasonable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids with yield varying between 48 and 52%. The presence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the C. gladiata was 96 and 4% respectively. The higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acid present makes this seed desirable for consumption by the person with heart diseases. In addition, from the data obtained this oil becomes attractive options for commercial purposes since it is suitable for the manufacture of soaps, lubricating oil, candles as well as pharmaceutical industries.
Pharmacovigilance in South Africa: Undocumented undergraduate training and pr...Jing Zang
Pharmacovigilance is a clinical discipline that is gaining more and more attention worldwide and in Africa. The rolling out of large scale programs on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria has heightened the need to step up efforts to have pharmacovigilance concepts to be operationalized in clinical practice. A quick search in PubMed and Google Scholar and a review of available literature was conducted in order to establish whether medical, nursing and pharmacy undergraduate students are taught pharmacovigilance concepts and skills for effective practice. It seems that there is a paucity of data on the undergraduate training in pharmacovigilance in South Africa. It may be that there might be inadequate training on pharmacovigilance during undergraduate training of medical, nursing and pharmacy students in South Africa. More studies are needed to document the views and experiences of South African students and healthcare professionals on training and practice of pharmacovigilance.
Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Possess Bioactive Compounds Act as Anti-Helicobac...Jing Zang
ABSTRACT
Gastrointestinal associated problems are physiological processes effects almost every individual at some stage of their life. Among the various plants studied previously Nigella sativa possess numerous therapeutic properties including its anti-ulcer potential. This seed carries significant anti-ulcer properties arbitrated by antimicrobial activities specifically against gastric damage induced by Helicobacter pylori. Evidence is available supporting the utilization of NS and its bioactive components in a daily diet for health improvement. This review is envisioned to emphasis on the curative role of NS and to provide an evidence for being a functional food to protect from a range of malaises. An attempt is also made to emphasize aspects that need further investigations for it to be use in clinics in future.
In vitro enzyme inhibition studies on new sulfonamide derivatives of 4-tosyl ...Jing Zang
Sulfonamides are considered to be pharmaceutically important class of compounds. In the present work, N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide (3) was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4-dimethylaniline (1) and 4-tosyl chloride (2; 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride) using 10% aqueous Na2CO3 solution as reaction medium. At the second step, the synthesized molecule 3 was made to react with different alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-o) to yield the target compounds, 5a-o, using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as reaction medium and lithium hydride as an activator. The synthesis of all the compounds was verified by spectral techniques using IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS; and further examined for their anti-enzymatic activities. The synthesized compound 5f represented a suitable inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
In vitro sun screening activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia Si...Jing Zang
Currently, there is demand for the development of herbal sunscreen formulations to suppress harmful effects of UV rays. In this regard, this study, was conducted to investigate the sun screen potential of Sri Lankan Orthodox black tea (made from buds and top most leaves of Camellia sinensis L plant) using three grades (Dust No:1, Broken Orange Pekoe and Orange Pekoe) using UV spectroscopic technique and Mansur equation. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was determined using 20% aqueous extracts (Black tea brews). The results revealed that all three tea samples had markedly high absorbance values (1.4 to 4.2) at 290-320 nm range and SPF values above 15 which are considered as the threshold value for good sunscreen. The SPF value of Dust No:1, B.O.P.F and O.P were respectively 36, 23 and 22. This is a novel finding for Sri Lankan black tea. It is concluded that Sri Lankan black tea, especially, Dust No: 1 can function as an efficient sunscreen agent and has great promise to be developed as cheap, safe and effective topical botanical sunscreen acting via multiple mechanisms (considering its other reported bioactivities).
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
PREVAILENCE OF MIGRIANE IN A LOW INCOME COMMUNITY OF KARACHIJing Zang
Migraine is the most common problem affecting large population, with prevalence frequency 10-12 %. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of migraine in a low income community in Karachi from June-Oct, 2013. Three hundred and seven participants were involved in this study. For this purpose cross-sectional community based questionnaire was designed in accordance with the diagnostic criteria given by International Headache Society. Data collection was carried out by personal visit to patients and through clinics. It was observed that females (65.5%) are more affected from migraine then male. 32.9% housewives reported that they are suffering from migraine. This medical problem is common among youngsters (38.1%) than old citizens. Employees working in different organizations (39.7%), were found to be mostly affected from migraine then self employed persons. Majority of the migraine patients (41%) reported that they are suffering from common symptoms including: photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting etc. Dietary habits of individuals were found to be closely associated with migraine such as use of caffeine, chocolate are prominent; and their use is common among 75% patients cumulatively. It was evaluated that certain disease conditions i.e. stress (33.6%), depression (22.1%) and anxiety (18.9%) are more common among sufferers of migraine.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HEDYCHIUM CORONARIUM J. KOENI...Jing Zang
Kidney stones formation or Urolithiasis is a complex process that results from series of several physicochemical events including super – saturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation and retention within the kidneys. Among the treatments include extracorporeal shock wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and drug treatment. Even this ESWL treatment may cause acute renal injury, decrease in renal function and increase in stone recurrence. Data from in-vitro trails reveal that phytotherapeutic agents could be useful as either could be useful as either alternative or an adjunct therapy in the management of Urolithiasis. In the indigenous system of medicine, roots of Hedychium coronarium J. Koening are reported to be useful in the treatment of urinary stones. Hence, in the present study, the roots of Hedychium coronarium J. Koening have been selected for antiurolithiatic activity on experimental kidney stones. (In-vitro activity) Hedychium coronarium J. Koening is one of the ingredients of reputed herbal formulation Cystone for the treatment of kidney stones. In this study Alcoholic extract & Aqueous extract of roots part of the plant were evaluated for their potential to dissolved experimentally prepared kidney stones calcium oxalates, by an In-vitro model. Alcoholic extracts obtained from roots part demonstrated highest dissolution of Calcium oxalate (Kidney Stones) when compared to test extracts at 10 mg concentration. Reference standard formulation Cystone was found to be equally effective (39.12%) when compared to alcoholic extract of roots part.
This is a case report of a four year old female patient who was admitted to pediatrics ward at Owaisi Hospital and Research Centre with chief complaints of abdominal pain and burning sensation while micturition since 2 days, associated with frequent straw colored urination and nausea. The condition was diagnosed as Cystitis, for which antibiotics were started. Three days post administration of Metronidazole, seizures were experienced by the patient. This ADR has scored 6 on naranjo algorithm, which indicates the reaction as probable. This is a rare case of metronidazole induced seizures in a pediatric patient. The reason behind the event could be the dose of metronidazole, which was slightly higher than the calculated dose according to the weight of the patient.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Peethambar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 123-128
major types: type I and type II, type I is insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), whereas type
II is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM), the latter one is more common and more
than 90% of diabetic patients are suffering from
type II diabetes only. Diabetes also leads to
cardiovascular risks, renal failure, stroke,
cerebrovascular disease, blindness, neurological
complication and limb amputation and thus it is
now considered as a major public health challenge
[5-11]. Totally ~65% of the mortality was seen in
the diabetic patients due to cardiac problems or
stroke. The nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin
(PGL2) are the two important vasodilator
substances for normal functioning of heart, but in
the case of diabetes, biosynthesis of these two
substances is reduced and leads to endothelial
dysfunction which intern leads to critical
cardiovascular complication such as cardiac
inflammation,
thrombosis,
hypertension,
remodeling and atherosclerosis [12]. Since the
synthetic drugs have undesirable side effects or
contraindication, the WHO has recommended the
evaluation of traditional plant treatment for
diabetes [13]. Memecylon terminale Dalz,
belonging to the family Melastomataceae, is a
small erect shrub found exclusively in Western
Ghats of Karnataka, India. Nearly three hundred
Memecylon species are distributed in different
habitats like semi evergreen, evergreen, deciduous
and mountain shoals with a wide range of altitude
from the sea level [14]. All parts of this plant are
being used by traditional healers in this region for
curing various ailments such as dysentery, fever,
diabetes, diarrhea, piles and haemoptysis [14].
However, no information is available regarding the
antidiabetic activity of M. terminale Dalz. In this
regard, the present study was carried out to find out
the novelty of different extract of M. terminale
Dalz against the alloxan induced diabetes and its
related enzyme inhibition studies.
identification and authentication of the plant were
made by the Department of Botany, Kuvempu
University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, Karnataka,
India. The dried and powdered plant leaves were
subjected to Soxhlet’s extraction using three
different solvents with increase in polarity
(petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol). After
the extraction, the solvent was filtered out and
evaporated using a rotavapor. The crude extract
obtained was stored at -40° C until further use.
Animals: Wistar rats weighing 140±20 g of either
sex was procured from the S.S.I medical college,
Davangere, Karnataka, India. The animals were
housed at controlled conventional condition
(22±2ºC temperature, 50±10% relative humidity,
12 h light-dark cycle) and fed with the standard
pellet and drinking water ad libitum throughout the
experiment. The animals were kept under
starvation for 24 h before starting the experiment.
All the studies were performed in accordance with
the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory
animals, as adopted and promulgated by the
Institutional Animal Care Committee, CPCSEA,
India (Reg.no.No-628/02/c/CPCSEA).
Hypoglycemic activity: The condition of
hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal
administration of alloxan hydrate at a dose of 150
mg/kg body weight (bw) of rats in saline [15]. The
animals were kept under observation for 48 hours
and then tested for blood glucose levels using the
Accu-Check Active Kit (Roche Diagnostics,
Mannheim,
Germany)
according
to
the
manufacturer’s instructions. The rats having a
plasma glucose level above 400 mg/dl were
selected for further experiments and divided into
seven groups of six animals each and treated orally
as follows. Group 1 was the normal control, which
was given only the vehicle (1 ml of 1 %
CMC/kg/day, orally). The groups 2 and 3 were
diabetes induced control that was untreated and
treated with standard drug (100 mg/kg, orally),
respectively. The groups 4 – 7 were diabetes
induced that received chloroform extract (250 and
500 mg/kg bw) and methanolic extract (250 and
500 mg/kg bw), respectively. Blood samples were
drawn from the tail vein of the rats at 0, 2, 6, 24
and 72 hours after administration of standard drug
or plant extracts. The animals were treated for 14
days and during this period the animals was given
free access to food and water ad libitum. On 15th
day, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation
and blood was collected from the arterial jugular
and serum was separated. The serum was used for
the estimation of lipid profile.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals and Reagents: Alloxan, p-nitrophenylα-D-glucopyranoside, α-glucosidase, α-amylase
and acarbose were obtained from the Sigma
Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA).
All other
chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade
procured from Himedia labs, Mumbai.
The
solvents used were distilled prior to use.
Preparation of M. terminale Dalz extracts: Fresh
M. terminale Dalz plant leaves were collected at
the flowering stage from Hulikal region of
Hosanagara Taluk, Shimoga district, Karnataka
state, which belongs to Western Ghats (latitude of
13˚ 43' 47" to North and 75˚ 00' 38" to East,
temperature 24°C, altitude 850 meters). The
In vitro α- glucosidase inhibition assay: The αglucosidase inhibition assay was carried out
124
3. Peethambar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 123-128
according to the procedure described earlier with
suitable modifications Ohta et al [16]. Briefly, 0.1
ml of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz at
different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 250 and 500
µg/ml equivalent to GAE), 1 ml 0.1 M phosphate
buffer (pH 6.8), 0.2 ml of p-nitrophenyl-α-Dglucopyranoside (NPG: 50 mM in 0.1 M phosphate
buffer) and 0.2 ml of α-glucosidase solution (0.15
U/ml in phosphate buffer) were mixed and
incubated for 60 min at 37°C. The reaction was
terminated by adding 1.5 ml of 0.25 M sodium
carbonate solution. The supernatants were
transferred to a 96 well plate and the absorbance
was read at 405 nm. The α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity was expressed as IC50 values.
% inhibition= (ΔAControl –ΔASample)/ ΔAControl X100
Where, Asample= Absorbance of the test sample and
Acontrol= Absorbance of the control
the normal rats (104.7±5.2) (Table 1). When
compared with the diabetic control group, the
extracts of M. terminale Dalz treated rats showed
significant reduction in the blood glucose levels.
Among these, the rats receiving chloroform
extracts (103.8±4.1) showed a significantly
pronounced antidiabetic activity as compared with
rats receiving methanolic extracts (213.1± 7.1) at
500 mg/kg bw after 24 hours. On the other hand,
the blood glucose levels were 228.1±4.7 and
326.6±4.8 at 250 mg/kg bw for the chloroform and
methanolic extract, respectively, indicating the
difference in the efficacy levels of these two
extracts (Table 1). It was observed that the
standard drug at 100 mg/kg bw maintained the
glucose level at 101.7±5.9 whereas chloroform
extract (500 mg/kg bw) showed a value of
105.1±5.2 after 72 hours (Table 2).
In vitro α-amylase activity: The α-amylase
activity of plant extracts was carried out using the
procedure described earlier with little modifications
[17]. The experiment was performed by using 1 ml
of enzyme solution (1 unit/ml in 20 mM PBS, pH
6.9), 1ml of different concentration of plant
extracts (10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µg/ml equivalent
GAE) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The reaction
mixture was diluted with 9 ml of distilled water and
the absorbance of the resulting solution was
measured at 540 nm to determine the inhibition of
enzyme activity. The inhibitory effect of plant
extracts was compared with standard salivary αamylase inhibitor acarbose at the same
concentration. The percent inhibition of α-amylase
(Iα-amylase) was plotted against the sample
concentration and a logarithmic regression curve
established in order to calculate the IC50 value
(inhibitory concentration). This represents the
concentration of sample (µg/ml) required for the
inhibition of α-amylase activity by 50%.
The inhibition percentage of α-amylase was
assessed by the following formula:
I α-amylase = (ΔAcontrol-ΔAsample)/ ΔAcontrolX100
Where, Asample= Absorbance of the test sample and
Acontrol= Absorbance of the control
Modulation of serum lipid profile by M.
terminale Dalz: The effect of M. terminale Dalz
extracts in reducing the diabetes induced
hyperlipidemia was also investigated and the
results are shown in Table 3. It was observed that
due to increase in blood glucose level there was a
concomitant increase in the total cholesterol level
(186.2±2.0 mg/dl) as well as triglyceride level
(109.3±4.6) in the diabetic control group. In this
group, the HDL level was reduced (30.1±2.5) and
the LDL level was elevated (130.2±1.3), but there
were no significant variation in the VLDL level
(23.3±2.2) when compared to untreated rats (Table
3). The cholesterol and triglyceride level of
chloroform extract treated rats was 155.7±2.7 and
98.5±5.0 (mg%) which was comparable to standard
drug treated (151.3±4.2 and 95.7±3.6), and
untreated rats (140.3±1.6 and 90.3±1.4),
respectively (Table 3). Similarly, the HDL, LDL
and VLDL levels of chloroform extract treated rats
were 40.7±4.3, 94.1±4.3 and 21.5±1.2, which were
comparable to standard drug treated rats having a
value of 40.1±2.4, 81.8±5.6 and 20.4±1.1, and
untreated control rats (43.1±1.3, 78.2±2.4 and
19.6±0.7), respectively. On the other hand, the
methanolic extract failed to show lipid reducing
activity in the diabetic induced rats (Table 3).
Statistical analysis: All the experimental results
were expressed as mean ±SEM and ANOVA was
performed to determine the significant differences
between groups using IBM SPSS (version 20). All
statement of significance were based on a
probability of p<0.05.
Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by M.
terminale Dalz: The percentage inhibition of αglucosidase by different extracts of M. terminale
Dalz was determined using NPG as substrate. The
extent of enzymatic inhibition by different extracts
was determined by calculating the IC50. The IC50 of
α-glucosidase inhibition was 721µg/ml, 821µg/ml,
and 1440 µg/ml for the methanolic, chloroform,
and petroleum ether extracts, respectively (Table
4). However, the standard (acarbose) was found to
possess an IC50 value of 578 µg/ml, indicating that
RESULTS
Hypoglycemic activity of M. terminale Dalz: The
plasma glucose level of diabetic control rats
(472.1±3.4) was higher as compared with those of
125
4. Peethambar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 123-128
only methanolic extract has moderate activity
(Table 4).
The α-amylase inhibition activity of different
extracts of M. terminale Dalz was determined using
starch as substrate. The sensitivity of glycosidases
to various inhibitors depends on the concentration
of flavonoids and phenolic contents [18]. As shown
in Table 4, the methanolic extract showed potent
inhibitory activities with an IC50 value of 629
µg/ml. The chloroform extract, petroleum ether
extract, and the standard acarbose showed a value
of 738 µg/ml, 1127 µg/ml, and 533 µg/ml,
respectively.
insulin target sites and antagonism activity of
glucagon [27]. Glibenclamide is one of such
sulphonylureas drug which increases the pancreatic
insulin secretion from the existing β-cells in STZinduced diabetic rats by membrane depolarization
and stimulation of Ca+2 influx, an initial key step in
insulin secretion [28]. Several medicinal plants are
reported to possess hypoglycemic effect due to the
presence of terpenoids, iridoid glycosides,
flavonoids and other phenolic compounds [29].
These isolated bioactive compounds were reported
to modulate pancreatic beta-cells and stimulate
insulin secretion through exertion distal to K +-ATP
channels and L-type Ca2+ channels and activation
of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathways [30, 31]. A
number of other plants have also been reported to
have antihyperglycemic activity, among which
Phyllanthus niruri (contains tolbutamide) extracts
show very good activity in streptozotocin diabetic
rats [32]. The phenolic compounds in plants have
long been recognized to inhibit the activities of
digestive enzyme because of their ability to bind to
proteins [18]. Different in vitro assays have shown
that many plant phenols possess carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitory activities. The
methanolic extract of M. terminale Dalz contains
good percentage of phenols and flavonoids which
could be responsible for its potent enzyme
inhibition activity that is comparable with that of
standard acarbose. It has been reported that the
polyphenols of sweet potato, green tea and berry
have the ability to bind carbohydrate metabolizing
enzymes and inhibits their activity [33-35].
Nowadays, α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors are the
most commonly used oral drugs for improving
postprandial hyperglycemia. Normally these
inhibitors bind to different sites of enzyme and
delay carbohydrate digestion and glucose
absorption with diminution of postprandial
hyperglycemic excursions. Delay in the
carbohydrate digestion do not cause any net loss of
nutrition, instead it slows the carbohydrate
absorption by the body. The inhibitor such as
acarbose is a pseudotetrasaccharide containing a
nonhydrolyzable nitrogen linked bond which play
very important role in reducing the activity of
enzyme by competitive reversible inhibition [36].
To determine the true efficiency of plant extracts as
α-glucosidase inhibitors, studies in human subjects
are necessary.
DISCUSSION
DM is one of leading and most common chronic
diseases associated with hyperlipidemia and comorbidities such as obesity and hypertension [19].
Insulin not only maintains the proper blood glucose
level in the body but also plays very important role
in the regulation of metabolism of lipids and it is an
important inhibitor of lipolysis. Insulin prevents the
release of free fatty acids from the adipose tissue
by suppressing the hormone sensitive lipases [20].
In
diabetic
condition,
decreased
insulin
concentration leads to increased lipolysis by
enhancing the activity of enzymes and releases
more free fatty acids into the blood which results in
an increase in the concentration of acetyl CoA and
cholesterol
in
the
blood
leading
to
hypercholesterolemia [21]. The increase in blood
cholesterol level results in a relative molecular
ordering of the residual phospholipids which leads
to decrease in membrane fluidity of the cells [22].
Phospholipids are important part of cell membrane,
rich in PUFA and these lipids are susceptible
substrates for O2- and OH• free radicals [23]. This
increased triglyceride is hydrolyzed in to
triglycerides by the presence of lipoprotein lipase
enzymes in the body and it is activated in the
presence of insulin [24]. The coenzyme A oxidase
and fatty acyl coenzymes activity increases
drastically in diabetic condition resulting in βoxidation of fatty acids and leads to lipid
peroxidation [25, 26]. Lipid peroxidation strongly
destabilizes the membrane functions by decreasing
membrane fluidity and it alters the enzyme
activities which are bound to cell membrane [26].
By the administration of chloroform extract of M.
terminale Dalz plant, the cholesterol and
triglyceride levels in the test animals reduced
significantly. There are several antidiabetic drugs
in the market and their potency depends upon
multiple factors such as inhibition of carbohydratedigesting enzymes, impairment of glucose uptake
from small intestine, stimulation of insulin
secretion from beta cells of the pancreas,
insulinomimetic or insulin sensitizing activity at
CONCLUSIONS
M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant
found in the Hulikal region of Western Ghats in
Southern India. This plant is being used by the
traditional healers in this region to treat a variety of
diseases. However, in the literature, there is no
reported systematic study of this plant to correlate
126
5. Peethambar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 123-128
the structure-activity relationship. In this study, we
have analyzed the plant extracts for the in vitro and
in vivo antidiabetic activity including lipid
reduction ability. Among the two extracts,
chloroform extract showed good hypoglycemic
activity whereas methanolic extract showed highly
promising enzyme inhibition activities. These
results indicate that M. terminale Dalz has a rich
source of novel biologically active compounds that
are antidiabetic. Further detailed studies on the
isolation, purification, and characterization of these
active compounds are in progress.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Kuvempu University,
Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India for providing
facilities for conducting our research work.
Table 1: Effect of M. terminale Dalz extracts on the blood glucose levelsa
0th hour
2nd hour
6th hour
Normal control
104.3±5.2
92.1±2.5
96.7±4.6
Diabetic control
472.1±8.4
479.3±5.3
472.1±8.4
Standard
485.2±4.3
403.5±5.1**
338.7±8.0***
(100 mg/kg)
Chloroform
467.3±1.2
444.8±4.2*
371.1±4.8**
Extract
Methanolic
473.3±3.6
454.8±5.2*
400.0±3.8*
extract
24th hour
95.2±3.1
465.2±5.5
128.2±5.3**
72nd hour
89.7±6.2
395.3±3.7
101.7±5.9**
228.1±4.7**
168.0±4.3***
326.6±4.8***
231.0±3.8**
Values are mean ±S.E.M, ***P<0.001 - Highly significant when compared with diabetic control, **P<0.005 Significant when compared with diabetic control. *P<0.05 - Not significant when compared with diabetic
control.
a
Given by oral route at a dose of 250 mg/kg bw.
Table 2: Effect of M. terminale Dalz extracts on the blood glucose levelsa.
0th hour
2nd hour
6th hour
Normal control
104.3±5.2
92.1±2.5
96.7±4.6
Diabetic control
472.1±8.4
479.3±5.3
472.1±8.4
Chloroform
472.3±3.2
301.3±13.7*** 180.6±4.4**
Extract
Methanolic extract
496.5±5.8
441.1±5.1**
352.1±7.4**
24th hour
95.2±3.1
465.2±5.5
103.8±4.1***
72nd hour
89.7±6.2
395.3±3.7
105.1±5.2***
213.1±7.1***
166.5±4.3**
Values are mean ±S.E.M, ***P<0.001 - Highly significant when compared with diabetic control, **P<0.005 Significant when compared with diabetic control. *P<0.05 - Not significant when compared with diabetic
control.
a
Given by oral route at a dose of 500 mg/kg bw.
Table 3: Effect of M. terminale Dalz plant extracts on total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride
(TG), HDL, LDL and VLDL levels in rats a
Test
Normal
control
Diabetic
control
TC (mg%)
TG (mg%)
HDL (mg%)
LDL (mg%)
VLDL
(mg%)
140.3±1.6
90.3±1.4
43.1±1.3
78.2±2.4
19.6±0.7
186.2±2.0
109.3±4.6
30.1±2.5
130.2±1.3
23.3±2.2
Standard
Drug (100 mg/kg
bw)
151.3±4.0**
95.7±3.6***
40.1±2.4**
81.8±5.6**
20.4±1.1***
Chloroform
Extract
Methanol
extract
155.7±2.7**
98.5±5.0*
40.7±4.3**
94.1±4.3*
21.5±1.2***
170.3±2.3*
104.6±6.4**
35.8±0.6***
110.4±2.8*
22.6±0.8*
Values are mean ±S.E.M, ***P<0.001 - Highly significant when compared with diabetic control, **P<0.005 Significant when compared with diabetic control. *P<0.05 - Not significant when compared with diabetic
control.
a
Given by oral route at a dose of 500 mg/kg of bw.
127
6. Peethambar et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(1): 123-128
Tables 4: Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by M. terminale Dalza
Compounds
IC50 value (ug/ml)
α-glucosidase α-amylase
Acarbose
578.3±1.4
533.1±0.3
Petroleum ether extract 1440.2±2.3
1127.9±2.1
Chloroform extract
821.8±0.8
738.6±1.5
Methanolic extract
721.1±0.5
629.4±1.8
a
Values represents mean ± S.D of three parallel measurements
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