A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
This PPT describes the WHO guidelines for the Quality control of medicinal plant materials, in order to establish the quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines.
A review on waiving in vivo bioequivalence tests or Biovaiwer, with a case review on the biowaiver monograph on Ibuprofen by H. POTTHAST, J.B. DRESSMAN, H.E. JUNGINGER, K.K. MIDHA, H. OESER, V.P. SHAH,
H. VOGELPOEL, D.M. BARENDS
in J Pharm Sci 94:2121–2131, 2005
Explaining different approaches to waive different BCS class medicines based on their solubility and permeability, as is described by FDA and WHO
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
This PPT describes the WHO guidelines for the Quality control of medicinal plant materials, in order to establish the quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines.
A review on waiving in vivo bioequivalence tests or Biovaiwer, with a case review on the biowaiver monograph on Ibuprofen by H. POTTHAST, J.B. DRESSMAN, H.E. JUNGINGER, K.K. MIDHA, H. OESER, V.P. SHAH,
H. VOGELPOEL, D.M. BARENDS
in J Pharm Sci 94:2121–2131, 2005
Explaining different approaches to waive different BCS class medicines based on their solubility and permeability, as is described by FDA and WHO
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
Herbal drugs are time tested and valuable resource for healing, even today, globally.
Globally the demand is increasing for medicines, pharmaceuticals, tonics, cosmetics and other plant based products.
As the demand and commercial value of these drugs is increasing tremendously, assurance of safety, quality, and efficacy of medicinal plants and produces is becoming a crucial issue.
ITS AN IMPORTANT TOPIC OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY DEALING WITH THE COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THE BIOSYNTHESISI OF WITHANOLIDES AND UMBELLIFERONE WHICH IS VERY USEFUL FOR THE 1 SEM MPHARM STUDENTS OF THE PHARMACOGNOSY DEPARTMENT.
HOPE EVERYONE WILL MAKE USE OF IT TO LEARN WELL
Introduction.
Types of Herbal hair products.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Storage condition
Formulation and Evaluation of Different herbal hair products.
Result and Conclusion.
UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermenta...Shyam Bass
UNIT-6 6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-
Following slides include-
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
Fermentation methods and general requirements
Study of media
Equipment
Sterilization methods
Aeration process
Stirring
large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
BY- SHYAM BASS
It consists the details about the pharmaceutical formulations and development as well as new drug development.
It consists the different stages in clinical trials.
It have the details about new drug application process
ANDA
NDA
FDA APPROVAL
IND APPLICATION
CLINICAL TRIALS AND RESEARCH
New drug invention
If you seeking data about volatile oil ,this assignment will be helpful to you and provide more and more information about different oils with their sourse, constituent, uses and for easily identification figure were added . So hope that assignment willbe beneficial for everyone. Please forgive my mistake for not mentioning the proper references.
Herbal drugs are time tested and valuable resource for healing, even today, globally.
Globally the demand is increasing for medicines, pharmaceuticals, tonics, cosmetics and other plant based products.
As the demand and commercial value of these drugs is increasing tremendously, assurance of safety, quality, and efficacy of medicinal plants and produces is becoming a crucial issue.
ITS AN IMPORTANT TOPIC OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY DEALING WITH THE COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THE BIOSYNTHESISI OF WITHANOLIDES AND UMBELLIFERONE WHICH IS VERY USEFUL FOR THE 1 SEM MPHARM STUDENTS OF THE PHARMACOGNOSY DEPARTMENT.
HOPE EVERYONE WILL MAKE USE OF IT TO LEARN WELL
Introduction.
Types of Herbal hair products.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Storage condition
Formulation and Evaluation of Different herbal hair products.
Result and Conclusion.
UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermenta...Shyam Bass
UNIT-6 6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-
Following slides include-
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
Fermentation methods and general requirements
Study of media
Equipment
Sterilization methods
Aeration process
Stirring
large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
BY- SHYAM BASS
It consists the details about the pharmaceutical formulations and development as well as new drug development.
It consists the different stages in clinical trials.
It have the details about new drug application process
ANDA
NDA
FDA APPROVAL
IND APPLICATION
CLINICAL TRIALS AND RESEARCH
New drug invention
If you seeking data about volatile oil ,this assignment will be helpful to you and provide more and more information about different oils with their sourse, constituent, uses and for easily identification figure were added . So hope that assignment willbe beneficial for everyone. Please forgive my mistake for not mentioning the proper references.
Transit of Venus images reflect on how the astronomical phenomenon has intrigued the public over centuries. This collection of images were edited down for Chuck Bueter's presentation at American Astronomical Society, HAD-1 Special Session, Jan 08, 2012, Austin, TX.
file: Aas austin12-01-06
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
In the present research work, the chewable tablets of ginger were prepared by wet granulation. Compression of chewable tablets was done by Karnavati lab scale tablet compression machine. The pre-compression parameters assessed for the granules produced include angle of repose, bulk and tapped density, Carr’s index, Housner’s ratio. Compressed tablets were evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution time.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
Analgesic activities of Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ra...Uploadworld
Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ramiflora and Trichosanthes dioica are four
important medicinal plants used traditionally in various iseases. Different parts of these plants have been used in different painful conditions
Phytotherapeutics and Endodontics - A ReviewQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Over the years, Phytomedicine has been gaining attention worldwide. It has been used in dentistry as anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, analgesic, sedative and also as endodontic irrigant. The herbal alternatives for endodontic usage might prove to be advantageous. This review focuses on various natural drugs and products as well as their therapeutic applications when used as phytomedicine in endodontics.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
Evaluation of Leaf and Root Extracts of Abutilon Indicum Linn. for Antifungal...ijtsrd
Weeds are important plants and play an significant role in the field of medicine. Weeds are useless by the view of economy but many plants shows antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi. In present study the Abutilon indicum a weed plant is evaluated for its antifungal activity against some pathogenic fungi. The effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaf and root of Abutilon indicum were applied against Alternaria alternata, Trichoderma korigii, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp.The extract were applied at 100 g ml 300 g ml and 500 g ml. on the fungi and the inhibition has been recorded as the diameter of mycelial growth using well diffusion method. The ethanolic leaf extract showed excellent antimycotic activity as compared to aqueous extract. Compared with control the plant extra performed better at 300 g ml. in fungi culture plates and give promising results by significantly reducing the mycelial growth. Harjinder Singh | Shyam Singh "Evaluation of Leaf and Root Extracts of Abutilon Indicum Linn. for Antifungal Activity against Some. Pathogenic Fungi" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51839.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/51839/evaluation-of-leaf-and-root-extracts-of-abutilon-indicum-linn-for-antifungal-activity-against-some-pathogenic-fungi/harjinder-singh
Similar to Preparation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Polyherbal Ointment (20)
Objective: The purpose of the current research work was to study effect of formulation variables in a statistical way for the SR formulations of Valsartan sodium. Methods: Valsartan sodium is an antihypertensive agent angiotensin‒II receptor blocker belongs to BCS class‒III agent. SR tablet formulations of Valsartan sodium were formulated using variable quantities of HPMCK100M and Xanthan Gum by direct compression method. quantities of polymers was chosen as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required for dissolution 10%(t10%), 50%(t50%), 75%(t75%) and 90%(t90%) of drug from formulation were chosen as dependent variables. 9 formulations were prepared and evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with in the acceptable limits and release rate profiles of all formulations were fitted to kinetic models. The statistical parameters were determined. Polynomial equations were developed for dependent variables. Validity of them was checked by countercheck formulations (C1 ,C2 ). According to SUPAC guidelines, formulation (F4) containing mixture of 12% HPMCK100M and 16% Xanthan gum, was found to be identical formulation (dissimilarity factor f1 =1.763, similarity factor f2 =86.747 & No significant difference, t=0.0478) to marketed product (VALZAAR). Conclusion: Formulation F4 follows First order kinetics, Non‒Fickian Diffusion Anomalous Transport. (n=0.826).
The main aim of present research study is to formulate the floating tablets of Labetalol HCl using 32 factorial design. Labetalol HCl, non selective α, -β- adreno receptor antagonist, Indicated for treatment of Hypertension/moderate Heart Failure. The Floating tablets of Labetalol HCl were prepared employing different concentrations of HPMCK4M and sodium bicarbonate in different combinations by Direct Compression technique. The concentration of HPMCK4M and sodium bicarbonate required to achieve desired drug release was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug dissolution (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables. 9 formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, % drug content, Floating Lag time, In-vitro drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be within the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept, slope & regression coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for t10%, t50%, t75%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations. According to SUPAC guidelines the formulation (F8) containing combination of 20% HPMCK4M and 3.75% sodium bicarbonate, is the most identical formulation which meets the objective of work. The selected formulation (F8) follows Higuchi’s kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be NonFickian Diffusion (n= 1.033, Super Case-II transport).
Objective: The purpose of present research work is to develop the sustained release formulation for Telmisartan using 32 factorial design. Telmisartan an Antihypertensive agent, nonpeptide angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) antagonist and BCS class-II agent. Methods: Sustained Release tablet formulations of Telmisartan were prepared using different quantities of HPMCK100M and Xanthan Gum in combinations by direct compression technique. The concentration of Polymers, HPMCK100M and Xanthan gum required to achieve the drug release was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug release (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables. Nine formulations were prepared and are evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with in the pharmacopoeial limits and In vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were fitted in to various Kinetic models. The statistical parameters like intercept, slope & correlation coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations were checked by designing 2 check point formulations (C1, C2). Conclusion: According to SUPAC guidelines formulation (F5) containing combination of 15% HPMCK100M and 15% Xanthan gum, is the most identical formulation (similarity factor f2= 90.863, dissimilarity factor f1= 1.665 & No significant difference, t= 0.03379) to marketed product (TELVAS). Best Formulation F5 follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion Anomalous Transport. (n= 0.828).
Objective: The purpose of present research work is to develop the sustained release
formulation for Olmesartan medoxomil using 32
factorial design. Olmesartan an
Antihypertensive agent, angiotensin‒II receptor (type AT1) blocker and BCS class‒II
agent.
Methods: Sustained Release tablets of Olmesartan medoxomil were prepared using
different quantities of HPMCK4M and Xanthan Gum in combinations by direct
compression technique. The concentration of Polymers, HPMCK4M and Xanthan gum
required to achieve the drug release was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2
respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug release (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75%
(t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables.
Results: Nine formulations were prepared and are evaluated for various
pharmacopoeial tests. The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with
in the pharmacopoeial limits and In vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were
fitted in to various Kinetic models. The statistical parameters like intercept, slope
& correlation coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for
dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations were checked by
designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
).
Conclusion: According to SUPAC guidelines formulation (F5
) containing combination
of 15% HPMCK4M and 15% Xanthan gum, is the most identical formulation (similarity
factor f2
= 91.979, dissimilarity factor f1
= 1.546 & No significant difference, t=0.0338)
to marketed product (BENICAR). Best Formulation F5 follows First order, Higuchi’s
kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non‒Fickian Diffusion
Anomalous Transport. (n=0.828).
SUMMARY
The main objective of current research work was to formulate
Amisulpride fast dissolving tablets. Amisulpride, a second generation
antipsychotic agent, belongs to BCS class-II drug and used to treat psychoses, paranoid, productive schizophrenias, dysthymia. Fast dissolving tablets of amisulpride were prepared employing different concentrations of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a superdisintegrants by direct compression technique using 32 factorial design. The concentration of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, In-vitro drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) & regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check
point formulations (C1, C2). According to to SUPAC guidelines
the formulation (F1) containing combination of 9% crospovidone
and 9% croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor f2=85.384, dissimilarity factor f1= 2.098& No significant difference, t= 0.0585) to marketed product (SOLIAN-100). The selected formulation (F1) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion Super Case-II Transport (n= 1.445).
Objective: The purpose of the present research investigation was to formulate sustained release (SR) formulations for
losartan potassium using 32
factorial designs. Methods: Losartan potassium is an antihypertensive agent, non-peptide
angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) blocker, and BCS class-III agent. SR tablet formulations of losartan potassium were
formulated using variable quantities of hydroxymethyl propyl cellulose (HPMC) K100M and xanthan gum in combinations
by direct compression technique. The amount of polymers, HPMC K100M, and xanthan gum required to achieve the drug
release was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2
, respectively, whereas time required to release 10% (t10%), 50%
(t50%), 75% (t75%), and 90% (t90%) of drug from formulation was selected as dependent variables. Nine formulations were
prepared and evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveal that all formulations were found to be
with in the pharmacopoeial limits and in vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were subjected to kinetic modeling.
The statistical parameters such as intercept, slope, and correlation coefficient were determined. Polynomial equations were
developed for dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations was checked by designing two checkpoint
formulations (C1
and C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines, formulation (F4
) containing mixture of 15% HPMC K100M
and 20% xanthan gum is the most identical formulation (similarity factor f2 = 86.747, dissimilarity factor f1 = 1.760, and no
significant difference, t = 0.0477) to marketed product (LOSACAR). Conclusion: Best Formulation F4 follows the first-order,
Higuchi kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be non-Fickian diffusion anomalous transport (n = 0.825).
KEY WORDS: 32 factorial design, First-order kinetics, Hydroxymethyl propyl cellulose K100M, Losartan potassium,
Non-fickian diffusion mechanism, Sustained release tablet, Xanthan gum
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The main objective of present research investigation is to formulate the sustained release tablet of
Simvastatin using 32
factorial design. Simvastatin, an antihyperlipidemic agent, belongs BCS class-II agent.
Methods: The SR tablets of Simvastatin were prepared employing different concentrations of HPMCK4M and
SCMC in different combinations by wet granulation technique using 32
factorial design. The concentration of
Polymers , HPMCK4M and SCMC required to achieve the desired drug release was selected as independent
variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug dissolution (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%)
and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion: Totally nine formulations were
designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, % drug content, In-vitro drug release. From the
Results it was concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the Invitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters
like intercept, slope & regression coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for t10%,
t
50%, t75%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were verifiedby designing 2 check point formulations
(C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the formulation (F4
) containing combination of 17.5% HPMCK4M and
30% SCMC, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor f2
= 89.652, dissimilarity factor f1
= 1.6424 & No
significant difference, t= 0.00558) to marketed product (ZOCOR). Conclusion: The selected formulation (F4
)
follows Zero order, Higuchi’s kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion
(n= 0.963).
Keywords: Simvastatin, 32 Factorial Design, Sustained Release Tablet, HPMCK4M ,SCMC, SUPAC, Non-Fickian
Diffusion Mechanism, Zero order kinetics
The main objective of present research investigation is to formulate
the sustained release tablet of Doxofylline using 32 factorial design.
Doxofylline, an anti-Asthmatic agent, belongs BCS class-III agent.
The SR tablets of Doxofylline were prepared employing different
concentrations of HPMC K100M and Chitosan in different
combinations by Direct Compression technique using 32 factorial
design. The concentration of Polymers, HPMC K100M and
Chitosan required to achieve the desired drug release was selected as
independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required
for 10% of drug dissolution (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%) and 90%
(t90%) were selected as dependent variables. Totally nine formulations
were designed, Formulated and are evaluated for hardness, friability,
thickness, % drug content, In-vitro drug release. From the Results
it was concluded that all the formulation were found to be with
in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro dissolution profiles
of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the
statistical parameters like intercept, slope & regression coefficient
were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for t10%,
t50%, t75%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were
verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1, C2). According
to SUPAC guidelines the formulation (F4) containing combination
of 10% HPMC K100M and 15% Chitosan, is the most similar
formulation (similarity factor f2= 64.501, dissimilarity factor f1=
6.862 & No significant difference, t= 0.23001) to marketed product
(DOXOLIN). The selected formulation (F4) follows Zero order,
Higuchi’s kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion anomalous Super Case-II Transport (n= 0.963).
ABSTRACT
Objective: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disabilities worldwide. Cost-effectiveness analysis helps identify neglected opportunities
by highlighting interventions that are relatively inexpensive, yet have the potential to reduce the disease burden substantially. In India, there are
wide social and economic disparities. Socioeconomic environment influences occupation, lifestyle, and nutrition of social classes which in turn would
influence the prevalence and profile of stroke. By reduction of delays in access to hospital and improving provision of affordable treatments can
reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with stroke in India. This study is designed to measure and compare the costs (resources consumed) and
consequences (clinical, economic, and humanistic) of pharmaceutical products and services and their impact on individuals, healthcare systems and
society.
Methods: The purpose of this study is to analyze and conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis for the treatment of stroke in Guntur City Hospitals.
The patients were treated either with aspirin or clopidogrel. The health outcomes were measured using Modified Rankin Scale, A prominent risk
assessment scale for stroke. The pharmacoeconomic data were computed from the patient data collection forms.
Result: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of aspirin and clopidogrel were calculated to be Rs. 8046.2/year.
Conclusion: The study concludes that aspirin has the increased socioeconomic impact when compared to Clopidogrel and we can see that the earlier
therapy has supported discharge, home-based rehabilitation along with reduced hospital stay and hence preferable.
Keywords: Stroke, Pharmacoeconomics, Cost-effectiveness analysis, Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.
In recent years many advancement has been made in research and development of Oral Drug Delivery System. Concept of Novel Drug Delivery System arose to overcome the certain aspect related to physicochemical properties of drug molecule and the related formulations.
Purpose of this review is to compile the recent literature with special focus on Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery Systems to give an update
on pharmaceutical approaches used in enhancing the Gastric Residence Time (GRT). Various approaches are currently used including Gastro Retentive Floating Drug Delivery Systems(GRFDDS),swelling and expanding system, polymeric bioadhesive systems, modifiedshape
systems, high density system and other delayed gastric emptying devices. These systems are very helpful to different problem solve during the formulation of different dosage form. The present work also focuses on the polymers used in floating drug delivery systems
mostly from natural origin. Floating drug delivery systems are less dense than gastric fluids; hence remain buoyant in the upper GIT for a
prolonged period, releasing the drug at the desired/ predeterminedrate. This review article focuses on the recent technological development in floating drug delivery systems with special emphasis on the principal mechanism of floatation and advantages of achieving gastric
retention, brief collection on various polymers employed for floating drug delivery systems etc. In addition this review also summarizes the In –Vitro and In -Vivo studies to evaluate their performance and also their future potential.
The main objective of the present research work is to formulate the Clopidogrel Fast Dissolving tablets. Clopidogrel, an antiplatelet drug, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control Heart attack, Hypertension by inhibiting Platelet activation and aggregation .The Fast Dissolving tablets of Clopidogrel were prepared employing different concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Superdisintegrant by Direct Compression technique using 32 factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90% were selected as dependent variables. Totally nine formulations were designed and evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, and in-vitro drug release. From the Results it was concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the in-vitro dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted into different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) and regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations was verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1, C2). According to SUPAC guidelines, the formulation (F5) containing combination of 15% Crospovidone and 15% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor f2=91.3936, dissimilarity factor f1= 1.203& No significant difference, t= -0.00062) to marketed product (PLAVIX-75). The selected formulation (F1) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release found to be Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.226).
ABSTRACT: IASP (International Association for study of pain) defined pain as “an unpleasant, sensory and
emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage”.
Chronic Pain can be more described as a disease rather than a symptom. Antidepressants are the drugs that can elevate
the mood. Recent trials have elucidated that anti- depressants can be of worth in treating chronic pain conditions.
However, the safe use of these drugs depends on upon the clinician or any other health professional and their ability to
choose the right tolerated drug at safe doses. Any psychiatric comorbidity must be treated to avail best results with
anti-depressant therapy.However, most of the trials focus upon only Tri-CyclicAntidepressants and Selective
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Research into other novel Anti-depressant drugs may lead to best chances of recovery
in patients with chronic pain.
Background: The main aim of present research investigation is to formulate the Risperidone Fast Dissolving tablets. Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used for treating schizophrenia, bipolar mania and autism by blocking D2 and 5-HT2A receptors. Methods: The Fast Dissolving tablets of Risperidone were prepared employing different concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Superdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique using 32 factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed, preapred and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, In-vitro drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) & regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1, C2). According to SUPAC guidelines the formulation (F5) containing combination of 10% Crospovidone and 10% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor f2= 93.556, dissimilarity factor f1= 0.976& No significant difference, t= 0.022) to marketed product (RISPERDAL-4). Conclusion: The selected formulation (F5) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.383).
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
ABSTRACT
Over the last decade, diabetes mellitus has emerged as an important clinical and public health
problem throughout the world. The aim of the study is perceive the Potentiality of a newer oral
Antihyperglycemic combination therapy over conventional therapy in type 2 diabetes. The
prospective study was conducted over a period of six months in the department of Medicine,
Guntur City Hospital. The prevalence of type2 diabetes was high in male 65.79 % than female
34.21%. Majority of the patients (23.68 %) belonged to age group of 51–55 years. Majority of
patients (55.26%) having a family history of Diabetes. Majority of patients receiving Combination
of Glibenclamide + Metformin (60.53%), evaluated for effect on FPG for both combinations. The
mean changes in FPG were noted. In the same way effect on HbA1c also noted. Mean changes in
for every month HbA1c will be noted. Our study reveals that Combination therapy with Metformin
plus Glimepiride is more effective than Glibenclamide plus Metformin; in improving glycemic
control in type 2 diabetes, while also allowing a reduction of the dosage of each drug.
Aim of the study: The objective of present study is to report a rare Case of contact dermatitis that was seen in 30 years old female from Narasaraopet of Guntur district, South India. Place of study: This case was studied in the outpatient department of Dermatology, Guntur City Hospital, Guntur. Period of Study: This case was studied and investigated in detail in the month of May 2014 in the above hospital. Case Report: A young female aged 30years came with past history of Hyperthyroidism for the past 11months and Obese. She needed support to have food. On examination she had Hoarse throat, Body pains Irregular periods .along with this on application of Raw Garlic for pimples turned into Contact Dermatitis. This study was compared and well correlated with available literature. Conclusion: Since this is a rare case of Garlic Induced Hypersensitivity reaction made us interesting to study.
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
3. Gunji Venkateswarlu et al, IJCTPR, 2015, 3(4): 997–1003 ISSN: 2321-3760
International Journal of Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research 999
Chem.), Methanol, n-hexane, Sulphuric Acid,
Drangendroff’s reagent, Molisch’s reagent, Acetone.
Equipments:
Soxhlet apparatus, Incubator, Digital balance, Bunsen
burner, pH meter, Glass wares, UV Spectrophotometer.
Mediam: Nutrient Agar and Muller Hinton Agar Media
Organisms: Mucus fungus, Lactobacillus and
Escherichia coli.
Extraction: The collected plants (Eclipta alba, Ocimum
sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera
species) were extracted by continuous hot percolation
(Soxhletation). 50g of powdered leaves of the above
four plants were defatted using petroleum ether. The
marc obtained from each of the powdered plant parts
were successfully extracted separately with 250 ml of
methanol by using Soxhlet apparatus. The extraction
was carried out for 24 hours. After extraction, the
solvents were distilled out; the concentrated residues
were analyzed by chemical tests [8].
Phytochemical analysis:
The methanolic extract obtained after soxhletation was
subjected to various phytochemical screening as per the
standard procedure to reveals the presence of various
active phytoconstituents.[9]
Formulation of ointment:
Working formula (emulsifying ointment base)
Emulsifying wax -300g
White soft paraffin-500g
Liquid paraffin-200g
Procedure:
Required quantities of emulsifying wax, liquid paraffin and
white soft paraffin were weighed and melted. To this,
adequate quantities of methanolic extract of the mentioned
four plants were added and stirred well until a
homogeneous mass were obtained [10]. The compositions
of different Polyherbal ointment are listed in Table II.
Evaluation:
Physicochemical parameters [11, 12]
Preliminary evaluation of formulations at different
concentrations was carried out as follows Colour and odour
- examined by visual examination. Loss on drying -
determined by placing ointment in Petridish on water bath
and dried for 1050C. The pH of various formulations was
determined by using Digital pH meter. One gram of
ointment was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and
stored for two hours. The measurement of pH of each
formulation was done in triplicate and average values were
depicted in Table-III.
Spreadability:
Spreadability of the formulation was determined by an
apparatus suggested by Muttimer et al., which was suitably
modified in the laboratory and used for the study. It consists
of a wooden block, which was provided by a pulley at one
end. A rectangular ground glass plate was fixed on this
block. An excess of ointment (about 3 g.) under study was
placed on this ground plate. The ointment was then
sandwiched between this plate and another glass plate
having the dimension of fixed ground plate and provided
with the hook. A 1 Kg. weight was placed on the top of the
two plates for 5 minutes to expel air and to provide a
uniform film of the ointment between the plates. Excess of
the ointment was scrapped off from the edges. The top plate
was then subjected to pull of 80 g. with the help of string
attached to the hook and the time (in seconds) required by
the top plate to cover a distance of 10 cm. be noted. A
shorter interval indicates better Spreadability.
Spreadability is measured as S = M × L /T
M= weight tide to upper slide
L= length of glass slides
T= Time
Extrudability:
A simple method was adopted for this study. The
formulations were filled in the collapsible tubes after the
ointments were set in the container. The extrudability of the
different ointment formulations was determined in terms of
weight in grams required to extrude a 0.5 cm of ribbon of
ointment in 10 second.
Diffusion study:
The diffusion study was carried out by preparing agar
nutrient medium of any Concentration. It was poured into
petridish. A hole bored at the centre and ointment was
placed in it. The time taken for the ointment to get diffused
was noted.
Stability studies:
The stability studies were carried out for the prepared
formulations at different temperature conditions (4o C, 25o
C and 37o C) for 3 months.
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity [12]
Procedure:
Microorganisms: Mucus fungus, Lactobacillus,
Escherichia coli (aerobic organism).
Standard used: 5% w/w Betadine ointment.
Sample preparation: About 10mg of ointments (2%, 4%,
6% w/w) were weighed and dissolved in DMF (dimethyl
formamide) and used for activity studies.
Preparation of medium and nutrient broth:
Weighed about 0.4g of nutrient broth and dissolved in 30ml
of water. Then the broth was suspended in each of test tube.
The Muller Hintonagar medium was prepared which
contain 9.7g of MHA was suspended in 250ml of water.
Then both the medium and broth were for sterilization.
After sterilization, the nutrient broth was allowed to cool
and then the organism were inoculated and incubated for
4hours.The MHA medium were poured in the Petri dish
before cooling and allowed to solidify for about 3-4 hours.
Methodology:
The bacterial culture was spread on the culture medium and
a well was bored in the middle of the agar. Then different
samples and standard solutions of 0.05ml was poured inside
these wells and plates were incubated at 37oC overnight for
observation. The presence of inhibition was noted and
compared with the control. The susceptibility of the test
organism to the tested plant extract was determined by
observing the zone of inhibition around each well
In-vitro antioxidant study: [13, 14]
Reducing power assay method
Reagents:
0.1%Ferric chloride, 1%Ferricyanide, Phosphate buffer6.6,
Trichloro acetic acid.
Preparation of standard ascorbic acid solution:
4. Gunji Venkateswarlu et al, IJCTPR, 2015, 3(4): 997–1003 ISSN: 2321-3760
International Journal of Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research 1000
Weighed accurately 50mg of ascorbic acid and made up to
50ml with methanol.
Preparation of sample solution:
50mg of ointments (2%, 4%, 6% w/w) was dissolved in
50ml of methanol. From the above, different concentrations
(0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ml) were pipetted out and made up to 10ml
with methanol. Added 2.5ml of phosphate buffer 6.6 and
2.5ml of potassium ferricyanide to each of the test tubes
and was incubated at 40oC for 20min. After incubation,
2.5ml of Tri chloro acetic acid was added and centrifuged
the reaction mixture for 5min.To 2.5ml of this reaction
mixture 0.5ml ferric chloride and 2.5ml water were added.
The absorbance was measured using Double beam
spectrophotometer at 700nm.
Preparation of control:
10ml of methanol was taken. To it 2.5ml of potassium
ferricyanide and 2.5ml of buffer 6.6 were added. The above
reaction mixture was incubated at 40oC for 20min and
centrifuged for 5min.To this add 0.5ml ferric chloride and
2.5ml of water.
Nitric oxide scavenging method
Reagents:
Sodium nitroprusside, phosphate buffer solution, Griess
reagent were procured. Fine chemicals and all the solvents
used were of A R grade.
Preparation of test sample:
50 mg of ointments was dissolved in 50ml of distilled
methanol to obtain a solution of 1mg/ml. From this stock
solution, different working dilution were prepared to get
concentration of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 µg/ml.
Methodology:
Nitric Oxide was generated from sodium nitroprusside was
measured by the Griess reagent. Sodium nitroprusside5mM
in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 saline was mixed with
different concentrations of the ointments (100,
200,300,400,500 µg/ml) dissolved in water and incubated at
25 ºC for 150 minutes. At different time interval, sample
(1.5 ml) of the incubated solution were removed and diluted
with 1.5 ml Griess reagent (1%sulphanilamide, 2% H3PO4,
and 0.1%naphthylethylenediamene dihydrochloride).
Evaluation: The absorbance was read at 564nm. Ascorbic
acid was used as the standard. The difference in the
absorbance between test and control of Nitric Oxide were
calculated and expressed as percent scavenging of Nitric
Oxide radical. Capability to scavenge the nitric oxide
radical was calculated by using equation.
Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity:
Solution of hydrogen peroxide (40mM) was prepared in
phosphate buffer of the pH 7.4.The concentration of
hydrogen peroxide was determined by absorption at 230nm
using spectrophotometer. The ointments 1mg/ml in
methanol were added to hydrogen peroxide solution (0.6ml,
40mM).The absorbance at 230nm was determined after 10
minutes against a blank solution containing phosphate
buffer without hydrogen peroxide. The % of the hydrogen
peroxide scavenging by the samples and the standard
compounds were calculated.
3. Results and Discussion
Literatures revealed that the selected four herbs
Azadirachta indica, Mimosa pudica, Chromolaena odorata,
Samadera indica have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
Hence an attempt was made to formulate a polyherbal
ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in vitro
antioxidant activity and to compare its antibacterial activity
with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Extraction
and the phytochemical screening was done using methanol
as the solvent. Phytochemical screening confirmed the
presence of various phytoconstituens like carbohydrate,
glycosides, flavanoids and tannins. In the present study,
Polyherbal ointments were prepared by fusion method
using emulsifying ointment as the base. The formulations
were then evaluated for their physical parameters, In-vitro
antioxidant and compared with marketed 5%w/w Betadine
ointment for its antibacterial activity. These physical
parameters were within the acceptable range.
The stability studies were carried out and inferred that the
formulations showed no signs of instability. The
antibacterial activity of prepared ointments were compared
with 5%w/w Betadine ointment using selected species of
microorganism such as Mucus fungus, Lactobacillus,
Escherichia coli (aerobic organism) and it showed that
formulations like F2 and F3 showed greater activity
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp compared to 5%
Betadine. So, antimicrobial study shows that the prepared
ointments has better activity Mucus fungus, Lactobacillus,
Escherichia coli (aerobic organism) compared to standard
5% Betadine ointment. Anti-oxidant activity inferred that
the formulated ointments showed similar activity as that of
standard ascorbic acid and hence revealed that this activity
is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. Hence the
study concludes that an efficient antiseptic ointment with
antimicrobial and antioxidant activities can be formulated
from the methanolic plant extracts of Eclipta alba, ocimum
sanctum, azadiracta indica, achyranthes aspera which can
also be used forwound healing and various skin infections.
Table 1: Composition of Polyherbal Ointments
Ingredients F1 (2%) F2 (4%) F3 (6%)
Azadirachta indicam ethanolic extract 2g 4g 6g
Ocimum sanctummethanolic extract 2g 4g 6g
Eclipta alba methanolicextract 2g 4g 6g
Achyranthes aspera methanolic extract 2g 4g 6g
Emulsifying ointment q.s to 100g q.s to 100g q.s to 100g
5. Gunji Venkateswarlu et al, IJCTPR, 2015, 3(4): 997–1003 ISSN: 2321-3760
International Journal of Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research 1001
Table 2: Phytochemical Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Poly Herbal Extract
Chemical
Constituents
Polyherbal extract
Carbohydrates +
Proteins -
Alkaloids +++
Saponins -
Tannins ++
Flavonoids ++
Steroids +
Triterpenoids +
Glycoside +++
Table 3: Physicochemical evaluation of formulated formulations
Physicochemical
parameters
F1 (2%) F2 (4%) F3 (6%)
Colour Dark green Dark green Characteristic
Odour Characteristic Characteristic 41%w/w
Loss of drying 37%w/w 40%w/w 6.6
PH 7.02 6.88 13
Spread ability
(Seconds)
12 12 182g
Extrudability 180g 180g 0.7cm
Diffusion study
(after 60 min)
0.7cm 0.8 cm Stable
Storage( 4ºC,
24ºC, 37ºC)
Stable Stable Characteristic
+present, - absent
Table 4: Antimicrobial activity of formulated ointment
Ointment E. coli Mucus fungus Lactobacillus
Herbal Ointment 1.25± 0.2 1.50±0.12 1.11±0.32
Polyherbal Ointment 1.85±0.42 1.93±0.31 1.71±0.13
Standard (Gentamycin) 2.21±0.23 2.00±0.11 2.11±0.23
Control 0.166±0.11 0.41±0.23 0.08±22
Diameter of Zone of inhibition in cm
Figure 1: Antimicrobial activity of formulated ointment
Table 5: Antioxidant activity of formulated ointments by reducing power assay
Concentration
(µg/ml)
Absorbance
Standard F1 (2%) F2 (4%) F3 (6%)
50 0.346 0.213 0.156 0.222
100 0.369 0.26 0.21 0.253
200 0.412 0.276 0.313 0.392
300 0.578 0.346 0.51 0.472
400 0.687 0.41 0.682 0.593
500 0.786 0.511 0.703 0.639
Control=0.992
6. Gunji Venkateswarlu et al, IJCTPR, 2015, 3(4): 997–1003 ISSN: 2321-3760
International Journal of Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research 1002
Table 6: Antioxidant activity of formulated ointments by nitric oxide scavenging activity
Table 7: Antioxidant activity of formulated ointments by hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity
Figure 2: Plant Images Which Are Used For Poly Herbal Formulation
4. Conclusion
A combinational therapy is the need of hour to treat eczema
and pruritis. This can be achieved by Clotrimazole and
Ichthammol (an antifungal and antiseptic).In this study,
ointment was formulated with different bases like white soft
paraffin, cetostearyl alcohol, hard paraffin, and light liquid
paraffin. By combining these drugs with appropriate
ointment bases (as polyherbal formulation) a better therapy
and patient compliance can be achieved. Both the
formulations may shows the batter way to use these drugs
with more significant way and more over WHO also
emphasizes the herbal medicine for treatment. This study
showed the convenient preparation and more effective use
of both the herbs with modernized formulations with
comparatively old form of medicine. This affords may leads
a beginning of proper utilization and conservation of
medicinally important herbs and cost effective treatment in
future.
5. Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Principal Dr. J N SURESH
KUMAR principal Narasaraopeta College of
pharmaceutical sciences, providing the necessary facilities
in the Colleges, Sincerely thanks to Mr G. Ragavendra
Kumar, Assistant professor Department of Pharmacuetics,
Concentration (µg/ml)
Absorbance % Inhibition
F1 F2 F3 STD F1 F2 F3 STD
100 0.637 0.641 0.637 0.613 60.67 60.43 60.67 62.16
200 0.624 0.628 0.626 0.603 61.48 61.23 61.35 62.39
300 0.619 0.624 0.613 0.586 61.79 61.48 62.16 63.83
400 0.598 0.615 0.605 0.562 63.08 62.03 62.65 65.31
500 0.548 0.589 0.569 0.525 66.17 63.64 64.87 67.59
Concentration (µg/ml)
Absorbance % Inhibition
F1 F2 F3 STD F1 F2 F3 STD
100 1.179 0.61 0.515 0.495 45 71.5 76 76.95
200 0.77 0.456 0.451 0.394 64.13 78.76 78.99 81.64
300 0.551 0.427 0.441 0.295 74.33 80.11 79.45 86.25
400 0.455 0.369 0.399 0.195 78.8 82.81 81.41 90.91
500 0.372 0.366 0.376 0.134 82.67 82.95 82.48 93.75
7. Gunji Venkateswarlu et al, IJCTPR, 2015, 3(4): 997–1003 ISSN: 2321-3760
International Journal of Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research 1003
Narasaraopeta College of pharmaceutical sciences his
valuable support and I very much thank full to my wife for
her support and cooperation.
6. References
1. BHUx: A Patent Polyherbal Formulation to
Prevent Atherosclerosis.
2. www.ayurlifestyle.com.
3. Nihal Singh Verma, Sumeet Dwivedi, Debadash
Panigrahi and S.K. Gupta. Anti-bacterial activity
of root bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn”.,
International Journal of Drug Discovery and
Herbal Research, 2011, 1(2)April-June: 61-62.
4. Abhijeet Pandey, Jui V. Jagtap, Aditi A. Patil,
Richa N. Joshi and B. S. Kuchekar. Formulation
and evaluation of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal
activity of a herbal ointment containing Aloe-vera,
Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa. Journal of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2010,
2(3): 182-186.
5. Rathnayaka RM., “Antibacterial Activity of
Ocimum Sanctum Extracts against Fou Food-
Borne Microbial Pathogens Sch. j. app. med. sci.,
2013, 1(6): 774-777.
6. Rajamurugan R., Deepa V., Sivashanmugam M.,
Raghavan C. M. Phytochemistry, antioxidant and
antibacterial activities of medicinal plants- a
comparative study. Ijcrr. 2013, 5(2): 08-19.
7. Abi Beaulah G, Mohamed Sadiq A and Jaya
Santhi R. “Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of
Achyranthes aspera: An in vitro study.” Annals of
Biological Research. 2011, 2 (5): 662-67.
8. Kokate C.K. (1997). Practical Pharmacognosy,
Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 4th Edition, 107 - 111.
9. Abu Arra Basma, Zuraini Zakaria, Lacimanan
Yoga Latha, Sreenivasan Sasidharan “Antioxidant
activity and phytochemical screening of the
methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L” Asian
Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. May 2011,
4(5): 386–390.
10. Prabhudutta Panda. “Formulation and evaluation
of topical dosage form of Pandanusfascicularis
Lamk and their wound healingactivity,” Drug
Invention Today, 2010, 2(9): 417-420.
11. Tacey X Viegas Lise L Van Winklea
, Paul A
Lehman, Sue F Franz, Thomas J Franz
“Evaluation of creams and ointments as suitable
formulations for peldesine” International Journal
of Pharmaceutics. May 2001, 219(1): 73–80.
12. Himal Paudel Chhetri, Nisha Shrestha Yogol, Jyoti
Sherchan, Anupa K.C, S. Mansoor, Panna Thapa
“Formulation and evaluation of antimicrobial
herbal ointment,” Kathmandu University Journal
of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2010,
6:102-107.
13. Vidya Viswanad, N. A. Aleykutty, B. Jayakar,
Subin Mary Zacharia, and Litha Thomas
“Development and evaluation of antimicrobial
herbal formulations containing the methanolic
extract of Samadera indica for skin diseases” J
Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2012 Apr-Jun; 3(2): 106–
111.
14. Bhaskar G, Arshia S, Priyadarshini S.
“Formulation and evaluation of topical polyherbal
antiacne gels containing Garcinia mangostana and
Aloe vera.” Phcog Mag. 2009, 5, Suppl S2: 93-9.
15. Arun K. Mishra, Amrita Mishra, Pronobesh
Chattopadhyay. Formulation and In-vitro
evaluation of antioxidant activity of o/w sunscreen
cream containing herbal oil as dispersed phase,”
International Journal of Biomedical Research,
2010, 1(5): 99-105.