A main goal of the study is to produce solid fuel from glycerol and agricultural wastes in order to find an alternative energy suitable for household usage. In the study, durian shell and bagasse, which are leftover raw materials, were selected to be mixed with by-product glycerol waste from biodiesel process. Durian shell and bagasse were dried and grinded before mixing process. Heating values of each raw material were measured using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. In order to evaluate feasibility of the production, the various mixing proportions of the mixture were tested by several means, i.e. strength test, heating value measurement, and exhaust gas analysis.
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance of a spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol and gasoline as fuel. Ethanol was produced from fermented groundnut shells. The engine was tested using blends with 0-80% ethanol in 20% increments. Test results showed that blending 40% ethanol achieved optimal engine performance with increased power and volumetric efficiency compared to gasoline alone. Higher ethanol blends like 60% and 80% performed similarly to the 40% blend. Specific fuel consumption increased slightly with higher ethanol content due to ethanol's lower energy density. In conclusion, a 40% ethanol blend can be effectively used as a supplementary fuel in spark ignition engines.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
The document describes an experiment to produce diesel fuel from a mixture of polypropylene and polystyrene waste plastics through a two-step process without using a catalyst. In the first step, the plastic mixture was heated to 400°C to produce a liquid fuel with a density of 0.89 g/ml. In the second step, fractional distillation of the liquid fuel was performed to collect diesel grade fuel at 285°C, producing a density of 0.81 g/ml. Analysis of the diesel fuel using GC/MS identified 20 hydrocarbon compounds present. The highest yields were 19.49% for diesel fuel and 20.36% for solid residue.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
The document summarizes a presentation on pyrolysis for waste plastics recycling. It discusses the advantages of plastics pyrolysis, characteristics of different waste plastics during thermal degradation, and results from lab-scale pyrolysis experiments and product analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the temperature range for plastic degradation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified functional groups in volatile and solid pyrolysis products, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters and carboxylic acids. The optimal temperature range for lab-scale plastic pyrolysis was determined to be 400-500°C.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance of a spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol and gasoline as fuel. Ethanol was produced from fermented groundnut shells. The engine was tested using blends with 0-80% ethanol in 20% increments. Test results showed that blending 40% ethanol achieved optimal engine performance with increased power and volumetric efficiency compared to gasoline alone. Higher ethanol blends like 60% and 80% performed similarly to the 40% blend. Specific fuel consumption increased slightly with higher ethanol content due to ethanol's lower energy density. In conclusion, a 40% ethanol blend can be effectively used as a supplementary fuel in spark ignition engines.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
The document describes an experiment to produce diesel fuel from a mixture of polypropylene and polystyrene waste plastics through a two-step process without using a catalyst. In the first step, the plastic mixture was heated to 400°C to produce a liquid fuel with a density of 0.89 g/ml. In the second step, fractional distillation of the liquid fuel was performed to collect diesel grade fuel at 285°C, producing a density of 0.81 g/ml. Analysis of the diesel fuel using GC/MS identified 20 hydrocarbon compounds present. The highest yields were 19.49% for diesel fuel and 20.36% for solid residue.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
The document summarizes a presentation on pyrolysis for waste plastics recycling. It discusses the advantages of plastics pyrolysis, characteristics of different waste plastics during thermal degradation, and results from lab-scale pyrolysis experiments and product analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the temperature range for plastic degradation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified functional groups in volatile and solid pyrolysis products, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters and carboxylic acids. The optimal temperature range for lab-scale plastic pyrolysis was determined to be 400-500°C.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
Waste to fuel technologies convert waste into energy sources like fuel. Common methods include incineration which burns waste to create steam and generate electricity, though it risks polluting air. Alternative technologies like pyrolysis heat waste in low-oxygen environments to produce synthetic fuels without combustion. Two students developed a pyrolysis process that cracks plastic molecules at high temperatures and pressures using a catalyst to produce crude oil, gasoline, diesel and kerosene. Their process was certified after analysis showed it converted plastic waste into 80% hydrocarbon oil fuel. Waste to fuel technologies address waste and energy issues while some produce cleaner fuels than incineration.
This work presents the experimental results of gasification of char derived from
pyrolysis of Pongamia deoiled cake at maximum oil condition. Experiments are
conducted in fluidized bed reactor using air as the gasifying agent. The gasification
temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) were varied as per the designed experiment
using central composite design to study the influence on the composition of the
product gas. The lower heating value (LHV), Gas yield (GY), carbon conversion
efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) were calculated from the data of the
composition of the gas. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of
600-800 °C, equivalence ratio of 0.26-0.36. Regression equations were proposed as a
function of temperature and ER for H2, CO, CH4 and CO2 in the range of
experimental conditions. The results showed that at a temperature of 800 °C and ER
of 0.35, maximum cold gas efficiency of 52.04% was achieved. The optimum input
parameters were identified for maximum gasification efficiency. The product gas with
highest LHV, 5 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at 600 °C temperature, 0.26 ER. The product
gas obtained through gasification of this kind of char can be used as fuel for syngas
engines, for power generation and process heat applications.
Thermal degradation of waste PVC and PE plastic was studied to produce hydrocarbon fuels. PVC plastic was degraded with 5% zinc oxide catalyst at 75-400°C, producing 35.6% liquid fuel. PE plastic was degraded with kaolin catalyst at 400-500°C, with liquid fuel yield increasing from 30.8% at 400°C to 86.65% at 500°C. The fuels produced consisted mainly of C10-C16 hydrocarbons that could potentially be used as refinery feedstocks or fuel.
PRODUCTION OF FUEL THROUGH WASTE PLASTIC AND POLYTHENE AND USED IN FOUR STROK...IAEME Publication
In this waste material of high density polythene and low density polythene is converted into recycled fuel by pouring in the close combustion chamber, then by heating the close combustion chamber in temperature range of 110 to 300 degree celsius for approximately 30 minute to 1 hour. Afterwards we observed that waste material is converted into fuel. Then this fuel is used in four stroke petrol engine and we observed that 8ml fuel run bike of 110 cc bajaj caliver for approx 2 minute. Also we calculate different properties of this fuel namely viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cloud point, or pour point .then we compare these properties of this fuel with petrol fuel. It give similar properties like petrol fuel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Studies on development of fuel briquettes for household and industrial purposeSAT Journals
Abstract The hike in the price of electricity, petrol and diesel for daily usage has directed the researches for alternate fuels. But unfortunately recession and climatic changes has increased all the expenses. This makes a tough situation for the production of alternate fuels at low cost. Among several methods fuel briquetting is widely used using municipal waste, vegetable waste, newspaper waste etc. The present investigation is carried out using Almond leaves, saw dust and cocopeat. Using proximate analysis the moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and the fixed carbon are determined. The briquette sample size is fixed as 6 x 3 x 3 inches. The binding material used is plain flour in the proportion of 125 g per each briquette. The study incorporated the determination of calorific value, porosity , ultimate analysis, XRD, SEM analysis. The results indicated that the almond leaf briquette with higher compressive strength burns more time and is safer for storage and transportation. Keywords: Fuel Briquettes, Calorific Value, Almond Leaf, Porosity, Deforestation
Non-Isothermal Kinetic Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellets by Ther...Bemgba Nyakuma
Paper presented at the 18th Conference of Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES Conference)
PRES’15 conference, 22-27 Aug 2015, Kuching, Malaysia.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
This document describes the process of converting waste plastic into fuel through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis involves thermally degrading plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The process uses a specially designed reactor heated to 350°C along with catalysts to cause the random depolymerization of plastics into fuel products. The machine used in pyrolysis consists of a reactor, catalytic cracker containing ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, condenser to liquefy vapors, and nitrogen cylinder to provide an inert atmosphere. Converting waste plastic to fuel through pyrolysis solves disposal issues while producing valuable energy sources.
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
This document summarizes the process of converting waste plastics into liquid fuels through pyrolysis. It discusses that pyrolysis involves heating waste plastics in the absence of oxygen to break the long polymer chains into shorter hydrocarbon chains to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The process can yield 69.73% liquid product when using a calcium carbide catalyst at 623K. The produced fuel has properties similar to conventional fuels but has slightly higher exhaust temperatures and lower brake thermal efficiency when used in engines. Converting waste plastics to fuel through pyrolysis provides environmental and economic benefits but requires further improvement to increase engine performance.
Estimation of Mass Transfer Parameters and Drying Characteristics of Black Pe...AM Publications
Drying characteristics of black pepper with an initial moisture content of 59.98% (kg moisture/kg wet sample)
was carried out in a domestic microwave oven at five different powers of 900W, 720W, 540W, 360W and 180W. The drying
curves were plotted and from the rate vs moisture content curves it could be concluded that the complete drying process had
took place in the falling rate period. Experimental data were fitted to the thirteen thin layer drying models available in the
literature. Midilli et al model was found to be the best model to describe the microwave thin layer drying of black pepper.
The effective diffusivities were estimated by using Fick’s second law of diffusion for spherical particles. Mass transfer
coefficients and mass Biot numbers were also calculated for the five microwave powers. The effective diffusivities, mass
transfer coefficients and the mass Biot numbers varied between 1.144*10-10to 4.575*10-9 m2/s, 0.863 to 8.47 m/s and 84.5*
105 to 20.7* 105 for the microwave powers studied. Effective diffusivities and mass transfer coefficient increased with the
increasing microwave power where as the mass Biot numbers decreased with the increasing microwave power.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IRJET- Synthesis of Energy Fuel from Plastic Waste and its EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on synthesizing an energy fuel from plastic waste through catalytic pyrolysis. Polypropylene plastic waste was pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed batch reactor at 500°C for 1 hour in the presence of natural zeolite powder as a catalyst. The natural zeolite was modified through thermal activation and acid leaching to improve its catalytic properties. Analysis of the pyrolysis oil produced showed it contained compounds similar to conventional fuels and had a high calorific value of 11,000 cal/kg. The study demonstrated that catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste can effectively produce a liquid fuel and provide an alternative solution for plastic waste disposal while recovering energy.
Plastic wastes into fuels ppt for CAD/CAM Sshantan Kumar
The document describes a process for converting waste plastics into valuable fuels like petrol, kerosene, and diesel through depolymerization, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, and fractional distillation. This process provides an opportunity to address both the environmental problems of plastic waste and issues with fuel shortages. The fuels produced through this process match or exceed the quality standards of regular fuels and can be used without additional processing. Converting waste plastics into fuel in this manner provides an economically viable solution for plastic recycling that creates value from waste.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMISATION OF GENERATED WASTE PLASTIC FUEL PARAMETERS WITH THE H...IAEME Publication
In the modern world the responses has changes quickly due to the need of person and requirements. As we know that the consumption of plastic & polythene are increases day by day which is a serious issue of the time concerning to environmental effect. Over a 100 million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at over flowing bins and landfills. Because Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment For minimizing hazardous effect of this on environment so many steps has been taken by the scientist and research has going on in the support of that i am going to introduce a technique of pyrolysis by the help of which we can convert the plastic and polythene waste in a useful fuel.
Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil using Response Surface...ZY8
1) The document describes research optimizing the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil through alkali-catalyzed transesterification.
2) A central composite design was used to optimize reaction conditions including methanol-to-oil ratio, sodium hydroxide concentration, and reaction time.
3) The optimal conditions found were a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6.0, 1.0% sodium hydroxide concentration, and a 90 minute reaction time, producing a 99.87% fatty acid methyl ester content.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Optimization of neem seed oil extraction process using response surface metho...Alexander Decker
The document describes an experiment that used response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of neem seed oil using solvent extraction. Central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of three factors (solvent composition, temperature, and extraction time) on oil yield and quality characteristics. Forty-two experimental runs were conducted. Regression models developed showed solvent composition and extraction time had significant effects on maximizing oil yield. The maximum predicted oil yield of 43.48% was obtained at 80.77% n-hexane, 34.93°C temperature, and 6 hours extraction time. Validation experiments showed oil yields ranging from 32.85% to 37.20%, matching the simulated values.
This research article describes a study that produced bio-oil from a mixture of wastes through pyrolysis and thermal cracking in the presence of hydrogen. Four bio-oil fractions were obtained and analyzed: two from pyrolysis alone (OPH and OPL) and two from pyrolysis followed by thermal cracking (OCH and OCL). The fractions obtained from cracking contained lower molecular weight compounds and fewer oxygenated species compared to those from pyrolysis alone. Over 300 compounds were tentatively identified in the fractions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The fractions obtained from cracking were composed primarily of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, similar to petroleum-based naphtha.
This document summarizes research on producing bioethanol from areca nut husks as an alternative fuel. It discusses:
- Collection and processing of areca nut husks to extract sugars through acid/alkaline hydrolysis pretreatments.
- Fermenting the extracted sugars into bioethanol using yeast.
- Distilling the fermented mash to produce bioethanol.
- Testing the fuel properties and engine performance of blends of areca bioethanol and petrol, finding improved efficiency over petrol alone.
The research concludes that areca nut husk bioethanol is a promising alternative fuel that can be used in spark ignition engines without modification. Blends of 10-
Characterization for the necessity of thermophilic biogas digester of tea was...IJAAS Team
Characterization of tea waste, cooked waste has been done by various authors but for the first time it has been done for understanding the necessity of thermophilic digestion. And for this kind of digestion takes place in thermophilic digester for efficient biogas production. Detailed morphological analysis of feedstock has been determined. In the present study, thermo gravimetric analysis carried out For easy and fast digestion of cooked waste, a novel design of thermophilic digester is proposed and tested.
Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuel by Hitesh SharmaHitesh Sharma
This document discusses the process of converting waste plastic into fuel through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis involves heating plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce pyrolysis oil, carbon black, and hydrocarbons. The pyrolysis of plastic waste can help address both the growing waste problem and increasing demand for alternative fuels. Several studies demonstrate the effectiveness of both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis for converting plastics like polyethylene into fuel products like gasoline and diesel fuel ranges. The pyrolysis oils produced have properties similar to conventional fuels.
Waste to fuel technologies convert waste into energy sources like fuel. Common methods include incineration which burns waste to create steam and generate electricity, though it risks polluting air. Alternative technologies like pyrolysis heat waste in low-oxygen environments to produce synthetic fuels without combustion. Two students developed a pyrolysis process that cracks plastic molecules at high temperatures and pressures using a catalyst to produce crude oil, gasoline, diesel and kerosene. Their process was certified after analysis showed it converted plastic waste into 80% hydrocarbon oil fuel. Waste to fuel technologies address waste and energy issues while some produce cleaner fuels than incineration.
This work presents the experimental results of gasification of char derived from
pyrolysis of Pongamia deoiled cake at maximum oil condition. Experiments are
conducted in fluidized bed reactor using air as the gasifying agent. The gasification
temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) were varied as per the designed experiment
using central composite design to study the influence on the composition of the
product gas. The lower heating value (LHV), Gas yield (GY), carbon conversion
efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) were calculated from the data of the
composition of the gas. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of
600-800 °C, equivalence ratio of 0.26-0.36. Regression equations were proposed as a
function of temperature and ER for H2, CO, CH4 and CO2 in the range of
experimental conditions. The results showed that at a temperature of 800 °C and ER
of 0.35, maximum cold gas efficiency of 52.04% was achieved. The optimum input
parameters were identified for maximum gasification efficiency. The product gas with
highest LHV, 5 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at 600 °C temperature, 0.26 ER. The product
gas obtained through gasification of this kind of char can be used as fuel for syngas
engines, for power generation and process heat applications.
Thermal degradation of waste PVC and PE plastic was studied to produce hydrocarbon fuels. PVC plastic was degraded with 5% zinc oxide catalyst at 75-400°C, producing 35.6% liquid fuel. PE plastic was degraded with kaolin catalyst at 400-500°C, with liquid fuel yield increasing from 30.8% at 400°C to 86.65% at 500°C. The fuels produced consisted mainly of C10-C16 hydrocarbons that could potentially be used as refinery feedstocks or fuel.
PRODUCTION OF FUEL THROUGH WASTE PLASTIC AND POLYTHENE AND USED IN FOUR STROK...IAEME Publication
In this waste material of high density polythene and low density polythene is converted into recycled fuel by pouring in the close combustion chamber, then by heating the close combustion chamber in temperature range of 110 to 300 degree celsius for approximately 30 minute to 1 hour. Afterwards we observed that waste material is converted into fuel. Then this fuel is used in four stroke petrol engine and we observed that 8ml fuel run bike of 110 cc bajaj caliver for approx 2 minute. Also we calculate different properties of this fuel namely viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cloud point, or pour point .then we compare these properties of this fuel with petrol fuel. It give similar properties like petrol fuel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Studies on development of fuel briquettes for household and industrial purposeSAT Journals
Abstract The hike in the price of electricity, petrol and diesel for daily usage has directed the researches for alternate fuels. But unfortunately recession and climatic changes has increased all the expenses. This makes a tough situation for the production of alternate fuels at low cost. Among several methods fuel briquetting is widely used using municipal waste, vegetable waste, newspaper waste etc. The present investigation is carried out using Almond leaves, saw dust and cocopeat. Using proximate analysis the moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and the fixed carbon are determined. The briquette sample size is fixed as 6 x 3 x 3 inches. The binding material used is plain flour in the proportion of 125 g per each briquette. The study incorporated the determination of calorific value, porosity , ultimate analysis, XRD, SEM analysis. The results indicated that the almond leaf briquette with higher compressive strength burns more time and is safer for storage and transportation. Keywords: Fuel Briquettes, Calorific Value, Almond Leaf, Porosity, Deforestation
Non-Isothermal Kinetic Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellets by Ther...Bemgba Nyakuma
Paper presented at the 18th Conference of Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES Conference)
PRES’15 conference, 22-27 Aug 2015, Kuching, Malaysia.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
This document describes the process of converting waste plastic into fuel through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis involves thermally degrading plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The process uses a specially designed reactor heated to 350°C along with catalysts to cause the random depolymerization of plastics into fuel products. The machine used in pyrolysis consists of a reactor, catalytic cracker containing ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, condenser to liquefy vapors, and nitrogen cylinder to provide an inert atmosphere. Converting waste plastic to fuel through pyrolysis solves disposal issues while producing valuable energy sources.
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
This document summarizes the process of converting waste plastics into liquid fuels through pyrolysis. It discusses that pyrolysis involves heating waste plastics in the absence of oxygen to break the long polymer chains into shorter hydrocarbon chains to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The process can yield 69.73% liquid product when using a calcium carbide catalyst at 623K. The produced fuel has properties similar to conventional fuels but has slightly higher exhaust temperatures and lower brake thermal efficiency when used in engines. Converting waste plastics to fuel through pyrolysis provides environmental and economic benefits but requires further improvement to increase engine performance.
Estimation of Mass Transfer Parameters and Drying Characteristics of Black Pe...AM Publications
Drying characteristics of black pepper with an initial moisture content of 59.98% (kg moisture/kg wet sample)
was carried out in a domestic microwave oven at five different powers of 900W, 720W, 540W, 360W and 180W. The drying
curves were plotted and from the rate vs moisture content curves it could be concluded that the complete drying process had
took place in the falling rate period. Experimental data were fitted to the thirteen thin layer drying models available in the
literature. Midilli et al model was found to be the best model to describe the microwave thin layer drying of black pepper.
The effective diffusivities were estimated by using Fick’s second law of diffusion for spherical particles. Mass transfer
coefficients and mass Biot numbers were also calculated for the five microwave powers. The effective diffusivities, mass
transfer coefficients and the mass Biot numbers varied between 1.144*10-10to 4.575*10-9 m2/s, 0.863 to 8.47 m/s and 84.5*
105 to 20.7* 105 for the microwave powers studied. Effective diffusivities and mass transfer coefficient increased with the
increasing microwave power where as the mass Biot numbers decreased with the increasing microwave power.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IRJET- Synthesis of Energy Fuel from Plastic Waste and its EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on synthesizing an energy fuel from plastic waste through catalytic pyrolysis. Polypropylene plastic waste was pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed batch reactor at 500°C for 1 hour in the presence of natural zeolite powder as a catalyst. The natural zeolite was modified through thermal activation and acid leaching to improve its catalytic properties. Analysis of the pyrolysis oil produced showed it contained compounds similar to conventional fuels and had a high calorific value of 11,000 cal/kg. The study demonstrated that catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste can effectively produce a liquid fuel and provide an alternative solution for plastic waste disposal while recovering energy.
Plastic wastes into fuels ppt for CAD/CAM Sshantan Kumar
The document describes a process for converting waste plastics into valuable fuels like petrol, kerosene, and diesel through depolymerization, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, and fractional distillation. This process provides an opportunity to address both the environmental problems of plastic waste and issues with fuel shortages. The fuels produced through this process match or exceed the quality standards of regular fuels and can be used without additional processing. Converting waste plastics into fuel in this manner provides an economically viable solution for plastic recycling that creates value from waste.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMISATION OF GENERATED WASTE PLASTIC FUEL PARAMETERS WITH THE H...IAEME Publication
In the modern world the responses has changes quickly due to the need of person and requirements. As we know that the consumption of plastic & polythene are increases day by day which is a serious issue of the time concerning to environmental effect. Over a 100 million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at over flowing bins and landfills. Because Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment For minimizing hazardous effect of this on environment so many steps has been taken by the scientist and research has going on in the support of that i am going to introduce a technique of pyrolysis by the help of which we can convert the plastic and polythene waste in a useful fuel.
Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil using Response Surface...ZY8
1) The document describes research optimizing the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil through alkali-catalyzed transesterification.
2) A central composite design was used to optimize reaction conditions including methanol-to-oil ratio, sodium hydroxide concentration, and reaction time.
3) The optimal conditions found were a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6.0, 1.0% sodium hydroxide concentration, and a 90 minute reaction time, producing a 99.87% fatty acid methyl ester content.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Optimization of neem seed oil extraction process using response surface metho...Alexander Decker
The document describes an experiment that used response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of neem seed oil using solvent extraction. Central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of three factors (solvent composition, temperature, and extraction time) on oil yield and quality characteristics. Forty-two experimental runs were conducted. Regression models developed showed solvent composition and extraction time had significant effects on maximizing oil yield. The maximum predicted oil yield of 43.48% was obtained at 80.77% n-hexane, 34.93°C temperature, and 6 hours extraction time. Validation experiments showed oil yields ranging from 32.85% to 37.20%, matching the simulated values.
This research article describes a study that produced bio-oil from a mixture of wastes through pyrolysis and thermal cracking in the presence of hydrogen. Four bio-oil fractions were obtained and analyzed: two from pyrolysis alone (OPH and OPL) and two from pyrolysis followed by thermal cracking (OCH and OCL). The fractions obtained from cracking contained lower molecular weight compounds and fewer oxygenated species compared to those from pyrolysis alone. Over 300 compounds were tentatively identified in the fractions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The fractions obtained from cracking were composed primarily of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, similar to petroleum-based naphtha.
This document summarizes research on producing bioethanol from areca nut husks as an alternative fuel. It discusses:
- Collection and processing of areca nut husks to extract sugars through acid/alkaline hydrolysis pretreatments.
- Fermenting the extracted sugars into bioethanol using yeast.
- Distilling the fermented mash to produce bioethanol.
- Testing the fuel properties and engine performance of blends of areca bioethanol and petrol, finding improved efficiency over petrol alone.
The research concludes that areca nut husk bioethanol is a promising alternative fuel that can be used in spark ignition engines without modification. Blends of 10-
Characterization for the necessity of thermophilic biogas digester of tea was...IJAAS Team
Characterization of tea waste, cooked waste has been done by various authors but for the first time it has been done for understanding the necessity of thermophilic digestion. And for this kind of digestion takes place in thermophilic digester for efficient biogas production. Detailed morphological analysis of feedstock has been determined. In the present study, thermo gravimetric analysis carried out For easy and fast digestion of cooked waste, a novel design of thermophilic digester is proposed and tested.
Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuel by Hitesh SharmaHitesh Sharma
This document discusses the process of converting waste plastic into fuel through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis involves heating plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce pyrolysis oil, carbon black, and hydrocarbons. The pyrolysis of plastic waste can help address both the growing waste problem and increasing demand for alternative fuels. Several studies demonstrate the effectiveness of both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis for converting plastics like polyethylene into fuel products like gasoline and diesel fuel ranges. The pyrolysis oils produced have properties similar to conventional fuels.
This document studies the combustion characteristics of fuel briquettes made from biomass materials like rice straw, banana leaves, and teak leaves through a wet briquetting process. The wet briquetting process involves decomposing the biomass materials and then pressing them into briquettes at pressures between 200-1000 kPa. Proximate analysis and calorific value tests were conducted on the briquettes to analyze their combustion properties. The results showed that adding Mesua ferrea L. seed cake to the briquettes increased their volatile matter, calorific value and combustion rates. Combustion rates decreased with increasing pressure during briquette formation, as higher pressure led to more compact
IRJET- Hydrothermal Pretreatment Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Glucose Pr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of hydrothermal pretreatment to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis and glucose production from lignocellulosic biomass. Specifically:
- Sawdust samples from hardwood and softwood were treated with sodium hydroxide solution at 80±5°C for varying times. The 180 minute treatment yielded the highest cellulose content (84.9% for hardwood, 83.5% for softwood) and lowest lignin content.
- The pretreated samples were then hydrolyzed with crude enzymes from Trichoderma and Aspergillus niger fungi. The maximum glucose yields were 7.4% and 6% respectively.
- Total solid
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION BEHAVIOUR IN DIESEL EN...Khatir NAIMA
The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the usability of waste polyethylene oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The novel fuel is obtained by a pyrolysis process of waste polyethylene at 973 K. The obtained oil is tested in a single cylinder air cooled (TS1) direct injection diesel engine at 1500 rpm. Engine performances and exhaust pollutant emissions from Waste Polyethylene Oil (WPO) were analysed and compared to those obtained from the same engine fuelled with conventional diesel fuel. Results showed that the total fuel consumption of WPO is lower than that of neat diesel fuel due to the higher heating value of WPO. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is improved for WPO especially at low load. The exhaust gas temperature is lower for WPO than that of diesel at low and full load. CO and UHC are found lower, while NOx emissions are higher at high loads. Furthermore, the use of numerical investigation permits to optimize the injection parameters, which can help to take advantages of WPO fuel. The simulation results suggest advancing the injection timing.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
study on fuel Briquette made of Biodegradable materials as an alternate sourc...ssuser481aff
This study examines the production of fuel briquettes from biodegradable materials as an alternative energy source. Various combinations of sawdust, groundnut husk, and rice husk were used with maida as a binder to make briquettes. The briquettes were then tested to determine their calorific value, ash content, and moisture content. The results indicate that briquettes made with the right combination of biodegradable materials and suitable binders can address energy and environmental issues by improving the calorific value of the briquettes.
Study of Combustion Characteristics of Fuel Briquettesijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Sugarcane Straw Pyrolysed Bio- O...IRJET Journal
1. The document experimentally investigates the performance of bio-oil produced from pyrolyzed sugarcane straw as a fuel in diesel engines.
2. Sugarcane straw was pyrolyzed at 650°C under nitrogen to produce bio-oil, which was then characterized based on properties like viscosity, density, acidity, and carbon/hydrogen/oxygen content.
3. The bio-oil was blended with diesel fuel and tested in a diesel engine to analyze properties like brake power, emissions, and engine performance. The results showed potential for sugarcane straw bio-oil to be a viable diesel fuel substitute or extender.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document discusses the conversion of waste plastics into fuel through a thermal degradation process without using catalysts or chemicals. None coded waste plastics are subjected to thermal cracking in a muffle furnace at 420°C and in a reactor from 300-420°C. This produces 85% liquid fuel, 9% light gases, and 6% carbon residue. Analysis of the produced fuel using GC/MS and FT-IR found it contains hydrocarbon compounds ranging from C3-C28, including alkanes and alkenes that could be used as a fuel or feedstock.
This document summarizes a study that explored utilizing corn stover and rice straws from agricultural waste as feedstocks for producing bio-based chemicals. Corn stover underwent liquefaction and polyesterification to produce 71.96% unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Rice straws underwent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and hydrogenation to yield 78.93% furfuryl alcohol. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups indicating the production of the desired chemicals from each feedstock. The study demonstrates the potential for converting agricultural waste into value-added bio-based products.
To Improve the Calorific Value of Cotton Waste by Anaerobic Digestionijsrd.com
Ginning industries, spinning mills and other composite textiles industries produce a lot of cotton waste annually. This waste is rich in cellulose and solid contents with sufficient carbon to nitrogen ratios. However a lot of chemicals are already present in cotton waste at the end of various processes like dyeing, finishing, washing, etc. This reduces the fuel value of cotton by lowering down its calorific value. The calorific value (or energy value or heating value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. Improving the calorific value of cotton by anaerobic digestion is an environment friendly approach of converting waste to energy.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Suga...IJSRD
The process by which biomass can be converted to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane (bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The experiential results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Suga...IJSRD
The process by which biomass can be converted to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane (bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The experiential results are compared with those reported in the literature.
This document describes a study that modified cassava starch with soybean oil maleate (SOMA) and used the modified starch as a filler in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites. SOMA was synthesized by grafting soybean oil with maleic anhydride, and then used to modify cassava starch, resulting in SOMA-g-STARCH. Various ratios of PLA and SOMA-g-STARCH were compounded and tested. The compatibility, morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the composites were characterized. The results showed that compositions with 90:10 and 80:20 ratios of PLA:SOMA-g-STARCH had the best compatibility, surface
Pyrolysis of Scrap Tyres and Waste Lube Oil by Using Catalytic AgentIJERA Editor
Scrape tyres and waste lube oil are the cause of great environmental issues because they are not biodegradable
and their elements cannot be recovered and they are causing great environmental pollution. Secondly, the world
needs the new sources of energy due to depletion of oil sources. In this experiment, pyrolysis of scrape tyres
alone and pyrolysis of mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil by using catalytic agent (CaCO3) is done
to see the effect of waste lube oil and catalytic agent on pyrolysis of scrape tyres. The value of products of both
samples (scrape tyres alone, mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil) has been studied and compared.
Similar to A Feasibility Study on Production of Solid Fuel from Glycerol and Agricultural Wastes (20)
11(7) 2020 ITJEMAST's published research articlesdrboon
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between positivity, positive affect, negative affect, and perceived stress among cardiac patients. The study hypothesized that perceived stress would mediate the relationship between positivity and positive/negative affect. Researchers surveyed 519 cardiac patients, assessing positivity, perceived stress, and positive/negative affect. The results found that perceived stress mediated the relationship between positive affect and positivity, as well as between negative affect and positivity. Specifically, positivity was negatively correlated with negative affect and perceived stress, while perceived stress was positively correlated with negative affect. The findings suggest that reducing stress and increasing positive emotions can help reduce negative feelings in cardiac patients.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the key elements to consider when designing streets for livable cities, including pedestrians, vehicles, parking, and transportation options. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all users and aspects, such as transportation, safety, the environment, and the economy. The goal is to create streets that are social spaces where people can easily and safely walk, bike, access transit, and spend time, rather than only focus on traffic flow.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
1) The document analyzes the roll rotation mechanism of a butterfly through computational fluid dynamics simulations using boundary conditions from high-speed camera footage.
2) It finds that during typical pitch rotation flight, differential pressure concentrates at the tip of the forewings, producing roughly matched reaction forces on the left and right wings.
3) During roll rotation flight, differential pressure distributes across the entire wings, with the right reaction force twice as great as the left during the initial downstroke, leading to a large change in roll angle.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
Stem node of Miniature Rose with axillary bud were used as explants. These explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the highest number of green callus. The callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA and BA to form new shoot and root. From the result, we are able to find the highest number of young shoots that were induced from callus when cultured callus on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. When subcultured all new shoots with the same size to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA, and 2,4- D for six weeks. The result was significant difference (P≤0.5) when compared the average height of plant and percentage of root formation, but their duration time for flowering were not significant different.
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
ITJEMAST5(1): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ITJEMAST5(1):
Effects of Calcination Treatment of Diatomite on Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol
Effect of Blend Ratio on Cure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, and Aging Resistance of Silica-filled ENR/SBR Blends
An Efficient Formulation of Off-line Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Systems Using Polyhedral Invariant Sets
Effect of Modeling Parameters on System Hydrodynamics of Air Reactor in Chemical Looping Combustion Using CFD Simulation
Flow Behavior of Geldart A and Geldart C Particles in a Co-current Downflow Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor
Optimization of Enzymatic Clarification from Corncob
Synthesis of Alkali Metal/CaO Sorbent for CO2 Capture at Low Temperature
Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...drboon
1) The study characterized the swelling behavior of bentonite in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
2) The X-ray diffraction results showed that bentonite swelling decreased with increasing valence of exchangeable cations and increasing concentration of permeant solutions. Bentonite swelling was highest with deionized water and lowest with calcium chloride solutions.
3) Scanning electron microscopy images showed that bentonite has a flake-like structure when air-dried but becomes more porous and fluffy after permeation. The porous structure decreased with increasing concentration of calcium chloride solutions.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
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What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
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Overview
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- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
A Feasibility Study on Production of Solid Fuel from Glycerol and Agricultural Wastes
1. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://www.TuEngr.com, http://go.to/Research
A Feasibility Study on Production of Solid Fuel from Glycerol and Agricultural
Wastes
a* b
Channarong Asavatesanupap , and Malee Santikunaporn
a
Department of Mechanical engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND
b
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: A main goal of the study is to produce solid fuel from glycerol and
Received 23 August 2010 agricultural wastes in order to find an alternative energy suitable for
Received in revised form
23 September 2010 household usage. In the study, durian shell and bagasse, which are leftover
Accepted 26 September 2010 raw materials, were selected to be mixed with by-product glycerol waste
Available online from biodiesel process. Durian shell and bagasse were dried and grinded
26 September 2010 before mixing process. Heating values of each raw material were
Keywords: measured using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. In order to evaluate
solid fuel
glycerol feasibility of the production, the various mixing proportions of the mixture
agricultural waste were tested by several means, i.e. strength test, heating value measurement,
durian shell and exhaust gas analysis.
bagasse
2010 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Some Rights Reserved.
1. Introduction
Fuels derived from petroleum are the majority of energy in the world. However, due to crude
oil price fluctuations and environmental concerns, alternative and renewable energy become more
preferable than conventional fuels. In past decades, the use of agricultural waste to produce
alternative fuel has drawn interest from several countries, especially from agricultural countries.
Thailand is an agricultural country where has a clear advantage over other industrial countries due
to high yield of agricultural products and huge leftover wastes that could turn to be alternative
*Corresponding author (M. Santikunaporn). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses:
smalee@engr.tu.ac.th. 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
43
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-043-051{Itjemast}_Malee.pdf
2. fuels, such as palm seed, jatropha, bagasse, etc. (Husain et al., 2002), (Sathitruangsak et al., 2004),
(Phethuayluk et al., 2006). Solid fuel is a solid material that has been used as fuel to provide
heating for a long time such as wood, charcoal, coal. In the past, solid fuels mostly obtain from the
raw materials not from wastes, especially from small piece of wood or charcoal. At present, the
production of solid fuels can be achieved from unwanted materials, especially agricultural wastes,
which have some advantages in terms of reducing garbage and adding value to agricultural waste.
A waste glycerol, a by-product from transesterification of triglycerides, becomes a major
problem for the commercial biodiesel industry due to high yield of glycerol to biodiesel of 1:10.
Even though, glycerol can turn into more value products, such as cosmetic product, but glycerol
from biodiesel industry requires purification process of which the cost is fairly high. As a result of
the high purification cost of glycerol, the alternative uses of glycerol have recently become
interesting subject. One of alternative uses is to use glycerol as one composition in fuel
production. In 2006, Kung-Hae and et al. studied on the feasibility of solid fuel production from
sawdust and raw glycerol. The result shows that the produced fuel has potential to be used as
alternative fuel, with the heat value of 4507.1 cal/g.
In this study, the production of solid fuel from wastes is studied. Durian shell and bagasse,
which come from agricultural wastes, are selected as aggregate to mix with glycerol in order to
produce a solid fuel. The thermal and physical properties of the product are examined. In
addition, exhaust gases produced from the combustion are analyzed.
2. Materials and Methods
Agricultural waste, Durian shell and bagasse, and glycerol, a by product from biodiesel
production were chosen as raw materials in this study. Both durian shell and bagasse were first
chopped into small pieces and dried for 5 days. Dried durian shell and dried bagasse then were
grinded and screened to obtain fine grains as shown in Figure 1. Raw glycerol from bio-diesel
production process is used in this study. It is noticed that the raw glycerol is separated into 2
layers after sedimentation. The top layer is a residue of bio-diesel while the bottom layer is pure
glycerol. Prepared durian shell and bagasse were mixed with raw glycerol at various weight ratios.
The ratios of each agricultural waste to glycerol are 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:45,
60:40, 55:45 and 50:50. After mixing process, the mixture was compressed by a piston in order to
form a cylindrical-shape sample. Finally, the sample was dried for 5 days to obtain a solid fuel.
44 Channarong Asavatesanupap, and Malee Santikunaporn
3. The properties of solid fuel sample such as calorific value, strength, and exhaust gas were
determined.
Dried Grinded
(a) Durian shell
Dried Grinded
(b) Bagasse
Biodiesel residue
Glycerol
(c) Glycerol
Figure 1: Selected agricultural waste and glycerol.
*Corresponding author (M. Santikunaporn). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses:
smalee@engr.tu.ac.th. 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
45
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-043-051{Itjemast}_Malee.pdf
4. 2.1 The calorific value
The heating value of each solid fuel sample was obtained by use of a bomb calorimeter (Model
1261). The calorimeter was initially calibrated with a known amount of benzoic acid having a
known amount of heat of combustion. A 0.5 gram sample of solid fuel was used to test in the
calorimeter for each examination. The combustion reaction of the sample and oxygen took place
inside the combustion chamber at pressure of 450 lb/in2. The heat of combustion therefore was
measured. In this study, each fuel sample was examined to determine the heating value for 3
examinations and then the average heating value was obtained.
2.2 Strength test
At this point, strength of solid fuel sample was examined. Of course, the testing method
used in this study is not conventional. The purpose of this test is to know that solid fuels have
adequate strength rather to obtain a certain value of the strength. Here, samples with various
compositions and drying durations were tested by dropping at height of 0.5 m and then the results
were observed.
Air
A
Combustion
chamber
Sample bag
Sample
Figure 2: Exhaust gas collecting process.
2.3 Exhaust gas analysis
After strength test, the sample of best suitable composition was tested for toxic exhaust gases.
The schematic diagram of exhaust gas collecting process is shown in Figure 2. The sample was
grinded and contained in a combustion chamber. Air was introduced to the chamber for
46 Channarong Asavatesanupap, and Malee Santikunaporn
5. combustion reaction. During combustion process, exhaust gas was collected by use of 5 litre gas
sample bag and then was analyzed by a gas chromatography.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of durian shell, bagasse and waste glycerol
Table 1 shows physical properties of dried durian shell, dried bagasse and waste glycerol.
The results show that bagasse contains more water content than durian shell. The energy contents
of durian shell and bagasse after drying process are 16.69±0.15 MJ/kg and 16.58±0.07 MJ/kg,
respectively. In case of glycerol, the upper layer is less viscous and contains higher energy
content due to bio-diesel contaminant. The energy contents of the upper and the lower are
38.84±0.15 MJ/kg and 18.63±0.12 MJ/kg, respectively. The energy content of the mixture
between the upper and the lower is 20.73±0.26 MJ/kg.
Table 1: Properties of durian shell, bagasse and waste glycerol.
Moisture content Energy content
(%) (MJ/kg)
Durian shell 10.7 16.69±0.15
Bagasse 35.8 16.58±0.07
Waste glycerol
Upper layer - 38.84±0.15
Lower layer - 18.63±0.12
Mixed - 20.73±0.26
3.2 Caloric value of prepared solid fuel at different compositions
There are 2 sets of prepared solid fuel, which are the mixture between either dried durian shell
or dried bagasse and waste glycerol at 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, 60:40, 55:45
and 50:50 weight ratios. It is found that the weight ratio of agricultural waste to waste glycerol at
95:5, 60:40, 55:45 and 50:50 were not able to form a solid fuel. Thus, the mixtures with suitable
weight ratio were examined by a bomb calorimeter. From Table 2, the results shows that energy
*Corresponding author (M. Santikunaporn). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses:
smalee@engr.tu.ac.th. 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
47
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-043-051{Itjemast}_Malee.pdf
6. contents of dried durian shell mixtures are fairly proportional to the composition. The highest
energy content is observed at weight ratio of 70:30.
Table 2: Energy contents of a mixture between dried durian shell and glycerol at various weight
ratios.
Dried durian and glycerol Energy content (MJ/kg)
Weight ratio 1 2 3 average
90:10 16.91 16.65 16.97 16.84
85:15 18.24 17.29 17.21 17.58
80:20 17.18 17.31 17.51 17.33
75:25 17.88 17.77 17.83 17.83
70:30 18.00 17.96 18.08 18.01
65:35 17.95 17.97 17.88 17.93
The results of dried bagasse mixtures are presented in Table 3. It is evident that the highest
energy content is observed at weight ratio of 65:35.
Table 3: Energy contents of a mixture between dried bagasse and glycerol at various weight ratios.
Dried bagasse and glycerol Energy content (MJ/kg)
Weight ratio 1 2 3 average
90:10 17.87 18.00 17.74 17.87
85:15 18.30 17.99 17.99 18.09
80:20 18.20 18.37 18.20 18.26
75:25 18.25 18.45 18.26 18.32
70:30 18.37 18.46 18.31 18.38
65:35 18.55 18.31 18.39 18.42
For the sake of comparison, the following equation is used to calculate an approximate energy
content of the mixture:
n
Heating value = ∑ (x H )
i
i i (1)
48 Channarong Asavatesanupap, and Malee Santikunaporn
7. where xi is the weight fraction of component i
Hi is the heating value of component i.
The comparisons of the measured and calculated energy contents at different compositions are
presented in Figure 3a and 3b.
18.20
18.00
Energy content (MJ/kg)
17.80
17.60
17.40
17.20
17.00 measured
16.80 calculated
16.60
0 10 20 30 40
Glycerol (wt%)
(a) Solid fuel obtained from dried durian shell and glycerol
19.00
18.50
Energy content (MJ/kg)
18.00
17.50
17.00
16.50
measured
16.00
calculated
15.50
0 10 20 30 40
Glycerol (wt%)
(b) Solid fuel obtained from dried bagasse and glycerol
Figure 3: Comparison between measured and calculated energy contents.
3.3 Strength test
Strength is one of important property for solid fuels. Due to the transportation, solid fuels
may be broken or damaged during transported from one to another place. In this study, the
samples of solid fuels were prepared at different compositions and different time setting. The
*Corresponding author (M. Santikunaporn). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses:
smalee@engr.tu.ac.th. 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
49
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-043-051{Itjemast}_Malee.pdf
8. weight ratio of each agricultural waste to glycerol are 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30 and 65:35.
While each composition was also varied the time settings which are 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. It is found
that both solid fuel with 65:35 weight ratio shows the highest strength for all time settings. In
addition, the solid fuel obtained from dried durian shell has more strength than that from dried
bagasse at all compositions and time settings.
3.4 Exhaust gas analysis
The major concern of glycerol combustion is the production of toxic gases, especially acrolein.
Acrolein, an unsaturated aldehyde, is produced from the heating decomposition of glycerol. In
particular, combustion reaction in this study took place in the close system as shown above. The
exhaust gases were collect directly from the combustion chamber and then were analyzed by a GC.
Table 4 shows the analysis of exhaust gases from the combustion of each solid fuel in the system.
4. CONCLUSION
Solid fuel derived from either dried durian shell or bagasse and glycerol can be used as a
alternative ful according to their energy contents. The optimum weight ratio for the mixture is
roughly 65:35 for both durian shell and bagasse. Even though amount of acrolein which is a
toxic gas from combustion is fairly excessive, but this may be due to gas-collecting process. The
more dilute exhaust gases are expected if the combustion takes place in an open environment. In
addition, the strength of solid fuel may be improved by use of binding material. The further studies
therefore need to be done in order to obtain usable and environmental-friendly alternative fuel.
Table 4: Analysis of exhaust gases from combustions.
50 Channarong Asavatesanupap, and Malee Santikunaporn
9. 5. Acknowledgements
The partial funding from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Thammasat University is gratefully acknowledged.
6. References
Husain, Z., Z. Zainac, and Z.Adullah (2002) Briquetting of palm fibre and shell from the
processing of palm nuts to palm oil, Biomass and Bioenergy, 22; pp.505-509
Sathitruangsak, P., T. Madhiyanon, and S.Soponronnarit (2004) Briquette fuel producing from
coconut shell by extrusion technique using molass as binder, The 18th Conference on
Mechnical Engineering Network of Thailand, Khon Khean University, Kon Khean.
Phethuayluk, S., C. Polnak, , T. Incharein, , and P. Plaoleh. (2006) Physical property of fuel
briquette from oil palm residual. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Energy Network of
Thailand, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakornratchasrima.
Kung-Hae, P. and V. Lekpetch. (2006) A feasibility study of solid fuel production from sawdust
and raw glycerol. Prince of Songkhla University, Songkhla.
Dr. Charnnarong Assavatesanupap is an Assistant Professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering at
Thammasat University. He earned his PhD (Mechanical Engineering) from University of Southern California,
USA. His research work is focusing on heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and energy conservation
Dr. Malee Santikunaporn is now with the Department of Chemical Engineering, Thammasat University. She
obtained B.S.(Chemical Engineering, Honors) and M.S.(Petrochemical Technology) from Chulalongkorn
University, Thailand. In 2006, she received PhD (Chemical Engineering) from the Oklahoma University Norman,
USA. During years 1999 and 2000, she was a visiting researcher at Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. She is
currently interested in catalysis and membrane filtration.
*Corresponding author (M. Santikunaporn). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses:
smalee@engr.tu.ac.th. 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
51
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-043-051{Itjemast}_Malee.pdf