The process by which biomass can be converted to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane (bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The experiential results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Experimental Analysis of a Producer Gas Generated by a Chir Pine Needle (Leaf...IJERA Editor
Today’s Indian scenario is facing an unprecedented energy crisis as the conventional energy resources of India are consistently deteriorating with the limited stock of these natural minerals posing a staggering threat to the Indian economy. Among all the available resources biomass proves to be a satisfactory substitute for compensating the energy void due to these natural resources. Biomass is a renewable resource with almost zero net CO2 emission which is processed with the help of biomass gasifier which is concurrently used with a chir pine needle. The performance of the biomass gasifier system is evaluated in terms of equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency. The experimental results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.
Experimental Analysis of a Producer Gas Generated by a Chir Pine Needle (Leaf...IJERA Editor
Today’s Indian scenario is facing an unprecedented energy crisis as the conventional energy resources of India are consistently deteriorating with the limited stock of these natural minerals posing a staggering threat to the Indian economy. Among all the available resources biomass proves to be a satisfactory substitute for compensating the energy void due to these natural resources. Biomass is a renewable resource with almost zero net CO2 emission which is processed with the help of biomass gasifier which is concurrently used with a chir pine needle. The performance of the biomass gasifier system is evaluated in terms of equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency. The experimental results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
Research was conducted on various stove design (wood, charcoal, bricks) that could be potentially modified in stove for desired purpose. Of the stoves gasifiers and Rocket stoves were two of the core design for design work.
Gasifi cation is a process in which combustible materials are partially oxi-dized or partially combusted. The product of gasifi cation is a combustible synthesis gas, or syngas. Because gasifi cation involves the partial, rather than complete, oxidization of the feed, gasifi cation processes operate in an oxygen-lean environment. As fi gure 1 indicates, the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for combustion is almost four times the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for gasifi cation of Illinois #6coal.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
An introduction to JavaScript that includes side-by-side comparisons with Python -- for journalism students. Based on the free JavaScript exercises/lessons at Codecademy: http://www.codecademy.com/tracks/javascript (Students in this course spent 4 weeks learning Python before they were introduced to JavaScript.)
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
Research was conducted on various stove design (wood, charcoal, bricks) that could be potentially modified in stove for desired purpose. Of the stoves gasifiers and Rocket stoves were two of the core design for design work.
Gasifi cation is a process in which combustible materials are partially oxi-dized or partially combusted. The product of gasifi cation is a combustible synthesis gas, or syngas. Because gasifi cation involves the partial, rather than complete, oxidization of the feed, gasifi cation processes operate in an oxygen-lean environment. As fi gure 1 indicates, the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for combustion is almost four times the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for gasifi cation of Illinois #6coal.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
An introduction to JavaScript that includes side-by-side comparisons with Python -- for journalism students. Based on the free JavaScript exercises/lessons at Codecademy: http://www.codecademy.com/tracks/javascript (Students in this course spent 4 weeks learning Python before they were introduced to JavaScript.)
Paris Web - Javascript as a programming languageMarco Cedaro
How to setup up a stable javascript continuous integration environment and why you need it. Through a real life example, the talk explains all the benefits of having a development process that brings real control over javascript codebase. A deep analysis of developer and webapps needs and of the tools that fit those requirements.
"Reactive Programming with JavaScript" by Giorgio Natili
JavaScript is an asynchronous and almost single-thread language. Learning how to manage its asynchronous nature is perhaps the most important part of becoming an effective JavaScript programmer. Reactive programming tools in JavaScript provide a powerful way of “wrapping” the asynchronous callbacks into a more readable and maintainable code base. In this talk, I'll highlight the pros and cons of different reactive programming approaches and practices by demonstrating how to use Redux and Angular 2.x as the building blocks of a scalable architecture for your web app.
Interpreted programming or scripting language from Netscape.
Easier to code than the compiled languages like C and C++.
Lightweight and most commonly used script in web pages.
Allow client-side user to interact and create dynamic pages.
Cross-platform and object-oriented scripting language.
Most popular programming language in the world.
JavaScript is arguably the most popular language in the world. It runs in the browser, on the server, on mobile devices, and even powers the Internet of things. In spite of being completely ubiquitous, JavaScript is also the most hated language on the planet.
Unlike other programming languages, JavaScript straddles the line between imperative, object-oriented languages and functional ones. It was originally designed to be a version of the Scheme language for the browser. Which begs the questions, what if we programmed JavaScript functionally?
In this session, we will take a well-known programming problem and first implemented imperatively, then progressively make it more functional. Along the way, we will discuss what makes a language functional.
Best of all we will just use the latest version of JavaScript, ES-2015. No need for any additional libraries. So if you are looking for a different way to code JS, or only curious to learn a bit more about FP, please join us.
An undergraduate project explaining the working and science of a bio-mass gasifier for production of bio-fuel used for heating, cooking and other purposes. Research on the bio-mass gasifier was done at a manufacturing plant in Savli, Gujarat, India.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module V) Programming with JavaScript
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to JavaScript
What JavaScript Can Do?
Script tag in HTML
Noscript tag in HTML
Your First JavaScript Program
JavaScript Placement in HTML File
JavaScript Syntax
JavaScript Data Types
JavaScript Variables
JavaScript Identifiers
Arithmetic Operators
String Concatenation Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Switch Statement
The ? Operator
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
For…in Loop
break Statement
continue Statement
Arrays
Functions
JavaScript Objects
JavaScript Scope
Strings
Regular Expressions
JavaScript Numbers
Math Object
Date and Time
JavaScript Events
Dialog Boxes
Error Handling in JavaScript
JavaScript Forms Validation
JavaScript HTML DOM
JavaScript BOM
JavaScript is lingua franca of the Web. It's pervasive and since 1999 a standard ( ECMAScript 262). Yes, there are other technologies you can use: Flash, Java Applets, Dart, but none of these have the overwhelming support and community that JavaScript does. Over the years it has been maligned as a poorly designed language but I will argue that it has just been misunderstood. This talk will focus on the fundamentals of the language and its integration with the browser, the DOM and server communication via JSON and Ajax.
In the talk Bryan will present:
* Language fundamentals
* Object-Oriented programming
* Functional programming
* DOM APIs
* Event model
* Odds and ends
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Production of Syngas from Biomass Using a Downdraft GasifierIJERA Editor
The role of biomass in energy and fuel production as an alternative to fossil fuel is vitally important considering carbon dioxide production vs. secure energy. Sustainable, renewable and reliable resources of domestically produced biomass together with wind and solar energy are sensible options to support a small-scale power generation to meet local electricity demand plus provide heat for rural development. The present work focuses on: 1. Design, build and operate a vertical downdraft biomass gasifier with tar removal 2. Establishing the optimum operating methodology and parameters to maximize syngas production in biomass gasification through process testing. The one ton per day biomass gasification process unit designed in this work included a downdraft biomass thermochemical conversion gasifier, gas transportation line with tar removal and an enclosed combustion chamber. The reactor used internal heat transfer surfaces to enhance intra-bed heat and mass transfer inside the reactor. Three different woody biomass feedstock including pellets, picks and flakes were examined in this work. Specific results described in this paper include identifying and characterizing the key operating factors (i.e., temperature profile, feed stock carbon/hydrogen mass ratio, and air flow rate) required to optimize reactor yield. To achieve the maximum syngas production yield, experiments carried out using classical experimental design methodology.
Experimental Study of CO2 Gasification of Biomethanation WasteIJERA Editor
Gasification is one of prominent thermochemical processes generally used to convert organic feedstock to combustible syngas (CO and H2). An experimental study of biomass gasification using carbon dioxide as an gasifying medium was carried out in a fixed bed gasifier. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the output syngas. The present study reported the results for producing syngas with CO2 as gasification agent and biomass (rice husk and bio-methanation waste) as raw material. The gasification was performed at 700-900°C respectively and CO2 flow rate was maintained at 0.5 lpm. Maximum syngas production found at high temperature (900°C). The syngas analysis showed higher hydrogen yield at higher temperatures.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY TO INCREASE BOILER EFFICIENCY USING BAGASSE AS FUEL IAEME Publication
Many industrial heating processes generate waste energy in textile industry; especially exhaust gas from the boiler at the same time reducing global warming. Waste heat found in the
exhaust gas can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat. Therefore, this article will present a study the way to recovery heat waste from boiler exhaust gas by mean of shell and tube heat exchanger.
PRESENTATION ON PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGENPriyam Jyoti Borah
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is conducted in a reformer vessel where a high pressure mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations due to high operating temperature. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
Similar to Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Sugarcane Industry Waste (20)
Maintaining Data Confidentiality in Association Rule Mining in Distributed En...IJSRD
The data in real world applications is distributed at multiple locations, and the owner of the databases may be different people. Thus to perform mining task, the data needs to be kept at central location which causes threat to the privacy of corporate data. Hence the key challenge is to applying mining on distributed source data with preserving privacy of corporate data. The system addresses the problem of incrementally mining frequent itemsets in dynamic environment. The assumption made here is that, after initial mining the source undergoes into small changes in each time. The privacy of data should not be threatened by an adversary i.e. the miner and target database owner should not be able to recover original data from transformed data.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Preclusion of High and Low Pressure In Boiler by Using LABVIEWIJSRD
Pressure is an important physical parameter to be controlled in process boiler, heat exchanger, nuclear reactor and steam carrying pipeline. In the article the issue has been face in boiler operation due to pressure is handled. In boiler, the problem is due to maximum and minimum range of pressure. Due to the issues there is a chance to causes the hazop. To avoid such the problem the high and low pressure in boiler has to control. In the paper such the problem has sorted out by implementing ON-OFF control. Here the proposed control action for pressure control is implemented with the help of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) software and NI ELVIS hardware. In the idea the boiler’s low range and high is monitored and controlled valve desirably. And also the high range and low range of pressure in the boiler is signified to plant operator by alarm signal.
Prevention and Detection of Man in the Middle Attack on AODV ProtocolIJSRD
In this paper it is discuss about AODV protocol and security attacks and man in the middle attack in detail. AODV Protocol is use to find route and very important protocol for communication in wireless network. So AODV protocol should be Secured and it is a big challenge. There are various attacks that occur on it. Here in this paper it discussed about the detection and preventions of man-in-the-middle attack in detail.
Comparative Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Using Precoding Tec...IJSRD
In this modern era, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be an explicit promising technique for wired and wireless systems because of its several advantages like high spectral efficiency, robustness against frequency selective fading, relatively simple receiver implementation etc. Besides having a number of advantages OFDM suffers from few disadvantages like high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Intercarrier Interference (ICI), Intersymbol Interference (ISI) etc. These detrimental effects, if not compensated properly and timely, can result in system performance degradation. This paper mainly concentrates on reduction of PAPR.A comparisons have been made between various precoding techniques against conventional OFDM.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Filter unwanted messages from walls and blocking nonlegitimate user in osnIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Keystroke Dynamics Authentication with Project Management SystemIJSRD
Generally user authentication is done using username and password that is called as login process. This login process is not more secure because, however a login session is still unprotected to impersonator when the user leaves his computer without logging off. Keystroke dynamics methods can be made useful to verify a user by extracting some typing features then, after the authentication process has successfully ended. From the last decade several studies proposed the use of keystroke dynamics as a behavioral biometric tool to verify users. We propose a new method, for representing the keystroke patterns by joining similar pairs of consecutive keystrokes. The above proposed method is used to consider clustering the di-graphs which are based on their temporal features. In this project, authentication system is provide to project management system that make more Secure management system without acknowledging unauthorized user. The Project Management System addresses the management of software projects. It provides the framework for organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a software project within defined scope, time and cost constraints. The system applies only to the management of software projects and is a tool that facilitates decision making.
Diagnosing lungs cancer Using Neural NetworksIJSRD
Artificial Neural Networks is the new technology. It is the branch of Artificial Intelligence and also it is an accepted new technology. Now a days Neural Networks Plays a Vital role in Medicine, Particularly in some fields such as cardiology, oncology etc. And also it has many applications in many areas like Science and Technology, Education, Business, Business and Manufacturing, etc. Neural Networks is most useful for making the decision more Effective. In this Paper, by the use of Neural Networks how the severe disease Lungs Cancer has been diagnosed more effectively. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. The Neural Networks has been successfully applied in Carcinogenesis. The main aim of this research is by the use of Neural Networks the Carcinogenesis can be diagnosed more cost-effective, easy to use techniques and methods. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. Sputum Cytology is used to detect the Lungs Cancer in Early stages.
A Survey on Sentiment Analysis and Opinion MiningIJSRD
In Today’s world, the social media has given web users a place for expressing and sharing their thoughts and opinions on different topics or events. For this purpose, the opinion mining has gained the importance. Sentiment classification and Opinion Mining is the study of people’s opinion, emotions, attitude towards the product, services, etc. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining are the two interchangeable terms. There are various approaches and techniques exist for Sentiment Analysis like Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Maximum Entropy, etc. Opinion mining is a useful and beneficial way to scientific surveys, political polls, market research and business intelligence, etc. This paper presents a literature review of various techniques used for opinion mining and sentiment analysis.
A Defect Prediction Model for Software Product based on ANFISIJSRD
Artificial intelligence techniques are day by day getting involvement in all the classification and prediction based process like environmental monitoring, stock exchange conditions, biomedical diagnosis, software engineering etc. However still there are yet to be simplify the challenges of selecting training criteria for design of artificial intelligence models used for prediction of results. This work focus on the defect prediction mechanism development using software metric data of KC1.We have taken subtractive clustering approach for generation of fuzzy inference system (FIS).The FIS rules are generated at different radius of influence of input attribute vectors and the developed rules are further modified by ANFIS technique to obtain the prediction of number of defects in software project using fuzzy logic system.
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ond Quarry Dust a...IJSRD
In this experimental work ninety nine cubes has been prepared having dimension 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm are cast as per IS:4031 (2000). In this experimental investigation cement mortar mix 1:3 by volume were selected for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% partially replacement of natural sand (NS) by Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD) [3 cubes on each parameter respectively] for W/C ratio of 0.55 respectively. All the cubes were tested under compressive testing machine. To compare the average compressive strength of natural sand (NS) with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD).
Product Quality Analysis based on online ReviewsIJSRD
Customers satisfaction is the most important criteria before buying any product. Technology today has grown to such an extent that every smallest possible query is found on internet. An individual can express his reviews towards a product through Internet. This allows others to have a brief idea about the product before buying one for them. In this paper, we take into account all the challenges and limitations encountered while reading the online reviews and time being consumed in understanding quality of the product from the reviews. We include several methods and algorithms that help the consumer to understand the Quality of the product in better way.
Solving Fuzzy Matrix Games Defuzzificated by Trapezoidal Parabolic Fuzzy NumbersIJSRD
The matrix game theory gives a mathematical background for dealing with competitive or antagonistic situations arise in many parts of real life. Matrix games have been extensively studied and successfully applied to many fields such as economics, business, management and e-commerce as well as advertising. This paper deals with two-person matrix games whose elements of pay-off matrix are fuzzy numbers. Then the corresponding matrix game has been converted into crisp game using defuzzification techniques. The value of the matrix game for each player is obtained by solving corresponding crisp game problems using the existing method. Finally, to illustrate the proposed methodology, a practical and realistic numerical example has been applied for different defuzzification methods and the obtained results have been compared
Study of Clustering of Data Base in Education Sector Using Data MiningIJSRD
Data mining is a technology used in different disciplines to search for significant relationships among variables in n number of data sets. Data mining is frequently used in all types’ areas as well as applications. In this paper the application of data mining is attached with the field of education. The relationship between student’s university entrance examination results and their success was studied using cluster analysis and k-means algorithm techniques.
Fault Tolerance in Big Data Processing Using Heartbeat Messages and Data Repl...IJSRD
Big data is a popular term used to define the exponential evolution and availability of data, includes both structured and unstructured data. The volatile progression of demands on big data processing imposes heavy burden on computation, communication and storage in geographically distributed data centers. Hence it is necessary to minimize the cost of big data processing, which also includes fault tolerance cost. Big Data processing involves two types of faults: node failure and data loss. Both the faults can be recovered using heartbeat messages. Here heartbeat messages acts as an acknowledgement messages between two servers. This paper depicts about the study of node failure and recovery, data replication and heartbeat messages.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Review Paper on Computer Aided Design & Analysis of Rotor Shaft of a RotavatorIJSRD
The intent of this paper is to study the various forces and stress acting on a rotor shaft of a standard rotavator which is subjected to transient loading. The standard models of rotavator, having a progressive cutting sequence was considered for the study and analysis. The study was extended to various available models having different cutting blade arrangement. The study was carried on different papers and identifies the various forces acting on a Rotor shaft of a rotavator. The positions of the torque and forces applied are varied according to the model considered. The response was obtained by considering the angle of twist and equivalent stress on the rotor shaft. This paper presented a methodology for conducting transient analysis of rotor shaft of a rotavator,
A Survey on Data Mining Techniques for Crime Hotspots PredictionIJSRD
A crime is an act which is against the laws of a country or region. The technique which is used to find areas on a map which have high crime intensity is known as crime hotspot prediction. The technique uses the crime data which includes the area with crime rate and predict the future location with high crime intensity. The motivation of crime hotspot prediction is to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous location in certain time period. It can help for police resource allocation for creating a safe environment. The paper presents survey of different types of data mining techniques for crime hotspots prediction.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Sugarcane Industry Waste
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 903
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier
using Sugarcane Industry Waste
R. V. Kalbandhe1
S. S. Deshmukh2
S. S. Waghmare3
T. Arfin4
1
Research Scholar 2
Assistant Professor 3
Senior Scientist 4
Scientist
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2
RCOEM Nagpur-440013, India 3,4
Environmental Materials Division CSIR-National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur-440020, India
Abstract— The process by which biomass can be converted
to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually
required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as
gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is
performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the
gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier
uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to
know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from
residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for
the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding
the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane
(bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas
composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas
production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds
for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The
experiential results are compared with those reported in the
literature.
Key words: Gasifier; sugarcane; biomass; producer gas;
production rate
I. INTRODUCTION
In present era, biomass is the most effective renewable
energy sources and it is present in large quantity in many
parts of the world [1,2]. Because of its large quantity and
features like energy content and eco-friendly, it could play a
vital role in fulfilling the energy demand of the world. It
came into existence because of the effective technologies for
its thermo-chemical conversion known as Biomass
gasification. The reaction between a feed gas and a feed
stock makes this conversion possible. We get a combustible
gaseous product known as producer gas by the optimal
energy conversion of the solid biomass which is the basic
target of biomass gasification. The drying zone, pyrolysis
zone, combustion zone and the reduction zone are the four
major thermal conversion layers present in a gasifier. The
biomass undergoes drying, pyrolysis, combustion and
reduction, one after the other in a single throated downdraft
biomass gasifier.
In the presence of limited quantity of air/oxygen by
the process known as thermo chemical conversion we get a
producer gas; a combustible fuel which is converted by
down draft gasifier from biomass fuels. This producer gas
can now be used for thermal applications like boilers, drying
units, chemical heating, cooking, ceramic kilns etc. through
gas combustion making use of non-woody fuels for
gasification avoids deforestation. The moisture content in
waste biomass is ranges from 50 to 90% [3]. In India, for
energy generation there will be n problem as crop residues
are present in abundant manner. Biomass fuels play a
beneficial role in the domestic and industrial sectors in India
as it is an economy based on agriculture. The transposition
of formal fossil fuels with biomass for energy production
leads to net reduction in emission of greenhouse gases and
in the replacement of non- renewable energy sources.
The power produced by coal and petroleum being
non-renewable resources are going to exhaust because of
their limitation in nature. Further, the rising process of
petroleum products necessitates searching and developing
renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass,
which are abundantly present in India. Biomass is a pure and
safe energy source. There are two processes through which
energy can be obtained from biomass. They are bio-
chemical reaction or thermo-chemical reaction. Both the
process is practically viable. Therefore, the entire process of
utilizing biomass to produce producer gas through thermo-
chemical process is known as gasification. In other words,
gasification is the conversion of any carbonaceous fuel to a
gaseous product with a usable heating value. This definition
does not contain combustion, because the product flue gas
has no residual heating value. It does consider the
technologies of pyrolysis, partial oxidation and
hydrogenation. The most common process is partial
oxidation, which produces the fuel producer gas consisting
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in varying ratios, by
which the oxidants may be pure oxygen, air, and/or steam.
Partial oxidation can be applied to solid, liquid, and gaseous.
In India, the gasifier technologies are supported by
downdraft gasification and designed chiefly for woody
biomass. Therefore, biomass in the form of briquette can be
converted into a useful gaseous fuel to meet the growing
demand of energy.
Zainal et al. [4] have executed experimental
investigation of a downdraft biomass gasifier using wood
chips and charcoal with a different comparable ratio. By
using furniture wood waste, Sheth and Babu [5] have also
performed experimental study on a downdraft biomass
gasifier. Hazel nutshell has also been used in studying
gasification by Dogru et al. [6] with varied equivalence
ratios. Guo et al. [7] carried out experiments of BMF air-
stream gasification by the gasifier, with energy for BMF
gasification produced by partial combustion of BMF within
the gasifier using a hypostoichiometric amount of air. The
effects of ER (0.22-0.37) and S/B (0.15-0.59) and biomass
particle size on the performances of BMF gasification and
the gasification temperature were studied.
Cheng et al. [8] developed all thermal biomass
gasification system using biomass micron fuel (BMF) as
external heat source was and heat supplied to gasifier was
generated from combustion of BMF. Biomass feedstock was
gasified with steam and then tar in the produced gas was
decomposed in a catalytic bed with NiO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst.
Producer gas was employed as a substitute for domestic fuel
gas and overall energy analysis of a complete system was
investigated.
2. Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier using Sugarcane Industry Waste
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/202)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 904
The results of the performance analysis of a
downdraft biomass gasifier are stated further in this present
paper.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Drying, pyrolysis, combustion/oxidation and reduction are
the four distinct reaction zones present in a single throated
downdraft gasifier. Pyrolysed gas and moisture is released in
pyrolysis and drying zone respectively and flows downward
in a downdraft gasifier. There is continuous supply of air
from the air nozzles when biomass is fed to the gasifier and
oxidized in the zone. The temperature of the particles lying
above the oxidation zone gets raised and gets pyrolysed
when heat is released from the biomass combustion. After
that the particles of biomass are separated into volatiles and
charcoal in the pyrolysis zone flows downward in the
packed pyrolysis bed. The tar of the pyrolysed gas mixture
changes into non-condensable gases and water because of
the high temperature of the combustion zone. Because of the
combustion the cracked pyrolysed gases mixes with the
carbon dioxide and the inert N2 is present in the air. Now it
undergoes endothermic reduction reaction when this
gaseous mixture passes over the hot bed of charcoal. The
total height of the gasifier is 1150 mm and the diameter at
the pyrolsis zone is 250 mm and 200 mm is the diameter at
the reduction zone. 110 mm is the height of the reduction
zone and 100 mm is of the oxidation zone given. The
photograph of the downdraft gasifier is shown in Fig.1 and
the block diagram of gasifier is shown in Fig.2.
Fig. 1: Photograph of Downdraft Gasifier
Fig. 2: Block Diagram of Gasifier Unit.
Downdraft gasifier, gas filter, heat exchanger and a
flow meter are present in the unit [9]. To initiate the process
of gasification about 200 g of coal was fed into the gasifier
and then it was ignited. For inducting the air blower was
used and flow was maintained as per the requirement [10].
About 15 kg of sugarcane briquettes are fed into the hopper
with the starting of coal ignition. For biomass to be burnt
partially and generates producer gas, the blower supplied air
in such a manner. Now this producer gas passed through the
gap between the gasification zone and casing of a
gasification zone. In this process, most of the bulky particles
get stuck and tar gets creaked which is present in the
producer gas. After this, producer gas is allowed to pass
through the dry filter. Further, the temperature of the
producer gas gets reduced when it was allowed to pass
through a heat exchanger.
III. PROCEDURE
A. Preparation of biomass:
Briquettes machines are used for preparing briquette which
works on piston-press technology where dried bagasse is
punched or pushed into a die of 80 mm by reciprocating ram
by high pressure. These briquettes are further splitted in the
length of 60-100 nm manually. For the generation of
producer gas these briquettes came into use in Fig.3.
Fig. 3: Sugarcane Briquette Sample Used for Experiment
B. Analysis of biomass:
Proximate and ultimate analysis were used to determine the
physical and chemical properties such as moisture content,
overall length and diameter, bulk density, C, H, N and S of
briquettes and are listed in Table 1 and 2 respectively.
Proximate analysis is the determination of moisture content,
volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon in the biomass
sample whereas ultimate analysis is the determination of
volumetric percentage of total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen and sulphur percentages.
Table 1: Physical Properties of Biomass.
3. Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier using Sugarcane Industry Waste
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/202)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 905
Table 2: Chemical Properties of Biomass
C. Determination of HHV of biomass:
Empirical formula is used for calculating the HHV of
biomass given by Eq.1 reported in the literature [11].
kgMJASHVMFCkgMJHHV 97.160078.01559.0356.0 (1)
D. Flow measurement:
Digital anemometer (Model AM4201) is used to measure
the flow of air supplied to the combustion chamber of
gasifier and producer gas flow rate at the exit.
Flow rate = Area (2)
E. Temperature measurement:
To measure the temperature distribution inside the oxidation
zone of the gasifier K-type thermocouples were used. The
samples of gas were collected at a temperature range of 600
to 900 C.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Biomass Gasification:
Table 3 shows all the details of the range of parameter
varied in the present experimental analysis. Biomass
consumption rate varies from 4.61 to 5.55 kg/h for an air
flow rate varying from 3.921 to 5.016 m3/h respectively.
Combined effect of air flow rate, rate of biomass supply and
duration of the sum is clearly characterized by an
equivalence ratio. From Eq. 3, we can calculate equivalence
ration for each run. For ideal or theoretical gasification, the
equivalence ratio should be in the range (0.19-0.43) given
by Zainal et al. [4]. For each run, there is calculation of
equivalence ratio. The equivalence ratio was found in the
range (0.26-0.33), for gasifier which is within the range for
ideal and theoretic
calculated 5.141 kg/kg of fuel. Table 3 provides the values
of equivalence ratio and details of biomass experimental
run.
(3)
B. Performance evaluation of biomass gasifier
Each producer gas compositions have mentioned in Table 4.
Table 3: Biomass Experimental Run Details
Table 4: Producer Gas Compositions for Each Experimental
Runs.
C. Composition of producer gas:
Non-permeable gas sampling bags with 1 litre capacity were
used to collect sample gases at temperature ranging between
600 to 900 C using syringes and TCD gas chromatograph
was used to analyze it. Effect of equivalence ratio on
composition of producer gas is shown in Fig.4. from figure
we can say that with an increase in ER up to a value of ER=
0.29, the molar fraction of nitrogen and carbon dioxide
decreases, and with an increase in values of ER, the molar
fraction of nitrogen and carbon dioxide increases. There is
showing an increasing and decreasing trend in the fraction
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is absolutely
opposite to that of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Higher air
flow rate for a specific biomass consumption rate is
represented by a higher value of ER which makes the
production of CO2 is more amount in combustion zone and
also more amount of nitrogen entry followed with air flow.
Fig 4: Effect of Equivalence Ratio on Producer Gas
Compositions
The rate of reactions happening in the reduction
zone and the length of the reduction zone is a big factor for
the conversions of CO2 to CO. The decreased CO2 gets
changes into carbon monoxide and hydrogen in combustion
zone when there is increase in ER from 0.26 to 0.29 and
because of that the fraction of CO2 and H2 increases with
ER=0.29 and fraction of CO2 and N2 decreases. Equivalence
ratio higher than 0.29 shows that CO2 produced in
combustion zone is higher to that of the conversion capacity
of reduction bed and it is marked with the increase in CO2
and decrease in CO and H2 fractions. Due to more amount of
N2 entry along with air flow, there is increase in N2 fractions
for the ER value varying between 0.29 and 0.33.
D. LHV of producer gas
Concentration of each individual gas and its corresponding
heating value is needed for the calculation of lower heating
value of producer gas. Eq. 3 is used for calculating LHV of
fuel gas [9].
mn HCCHHCONmkJLHV 3.1514.857.25302.4 42
3
(4)
4. Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier using Sugarcane Industry Waste
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/202)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 906
where CO, H2, CH4 are the molar percentages of
components of the product gas, and CnHm represents the
sum of the molar percentages of C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6. Fig.5
shows the effect of equivalence ratio on LHV of producer
gas.
Fig. 5: Effect of Equivalence Ratio on LHV of The Producer
Gas
To get higher calorific value carbon monoxide and
hydrogen are needed which are also the major components
of producer gas. The calorific value is least (6.626 MJ/Nm3
)
at an equivalence ratio of 0.33. By little increasing the
equivalence ratio to 0.29, the calorific value goes to a
maximum of 7.282 MJ/Nm3
due to increases percentage of
CO and H2 and then follows the decreasing trend. Again the
calorific value decreases to a high speed with just an
increase in equivalence ratio from 0.29. There is a same
trend of increasing and decreasing in the calorific value
variation as it was in the carbon monoxide variation with
equivalence ratio, as given in Fig.4. For most power
applications the gas must have energy content greater than 4
MJ/Nm3
[12].
E. Gas production rate:
The producer gas production rate per unit weight of biomass
is given by Eq. 5.
⁄
⁄
(5)
From Eq.5, we can get the producer gas production
rate per unit weight of biomass. The rate of production of
producer gas increases with an increase in the equivalence
ratio, from 0.26 to 0.33, is given in Fig.6. It shows the effect
of equivalence ratio on the producer gas production rate per
unit weight of biomass (m3
/kg). Fig. 7 shows that the
calorific value of the producer gas deteriorates due to higher
amounts of carbon dioxide, while the production rates of
producer gas continue to increase after a certain value of the
equivalence ratio.
Fig. 6: Effect of Equivalence Ratio on the Producer Gas
Production
Fig. 7: Effect of Equivalence Ratio on Cold Gas
Efficiency
F. Cold gas efficiency
The ratio of energy of the producer gas per kg of biomass to
the HHV of the biomass material is known as Cold gas
efficiency.
(6)
Fig. 7 shows the variation of cold gas efficiency
with equivalence ratio. Calorific value and the amount of
producer gas released at a constant HHV of biomass are
needed or responsible for cold gas efficiency. At an
equivalence ratio of 0.28, there is lowest value of (47.65%)
cold gas efficiency while the maximum value is 57.41% at
an equivalence ratio of 0.31. higher the values of
equivalence ratio, lower is the effect of ER on cold gas
efficiency, where the cold gas efficiency increase from
47.65% to 57.41% on changing the equivalence ratio from
0.26 to 0.33. Table 5 shows the calculated values of lower
heating values, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency
of producer gas.
Table 5: Calculated Values of LHV, Gas Production Rate
and Cold Gas Efficiency
V. CONCLUSION
Biomass is one of the nearly all utilized environmentally
friendly sources around the world. Its significance for your
power and substance industrial sectors is actually anticipated
to boost make it possible for your changeover by fossil
energizes to environmentally friendly, in order to meet
different local climate aims and to generate an additional
sustainable community eventually [13]. The best
performance of the downdraft biomass gasifier is achieved
at equivalence ratio of 0.29, which is optimum and the
variation of the calorific value, gas production rate and cold
gas efficiency with equivalence ratio shows a peak value
(0.29). We can get the maximum calorific value of producer
gas at ER of 0.29 at 7.82 MJ/Nm3
. We found in other
researcher papers that with increase in ER from 0.26 to 0.33
the gas production per unit weight of the fuel gets increased.
5. Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier using Sugarcane Industry Waste
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/202)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 907
We also came to know that with an increase in ER from 0.26
to 0.33 the cold gas efficiency also increases and it is
maximum at ER of 0.33 at 57.41% which is also greater
than other published literature listed in Table 7. From the
above studies we came to know that the quality of gas is
suitable for power generation as lower heating value of
producer gas is found to be 7.282 MJ/Nm3
which is greater
than 4MJ/Nm3
actual required for power generation [12].
Dogru et al. [4] used Hazel nutshell as a biomass for the
process of gasification has come from the above studies.
Equivalence ratio varies from 0.262-0.314 and between 1.44
and 1.47 Nm3
/kg of air to fuel ratios at the values of 4.06
and 4.48 kg/h of wet feed rate is optimum operation of the
gasifier which also produces the producer gas having a
5MJ/m3
calorific value. Wood chips and charcoal were used
for performing experimental study on a downdraft gasifier
with a varied equivalence ratio from 0.259 to 0.46 by
likewise, Zainal et al. [4]. Calorific value increases with
equivalence ratio and reaches a peak value of 0.388 for
which the calorific value is reported to be 5.62 MJ/Nm3
is
found from the above study. The wood waste generated
during making of furniture in the carpentry section of the
institute’s workshop were used by Sheth and Babu [5] for
performing experimental study on a downdraft biomass
gasifier and their equivalence ratio varied from 0.1673 to
0.354. When compared other researchers the wide range of
equivalence ratio (0.26-0.33), the singularity of this work is
distinguished from earlier studies. Choosing the operating
conditions of the downdraft biomass gasifier becomes easy
and simple from the results of the present study. The present
study is compared with the published literature. We get to
know that in present study highest calorific value is
obtained, i.e. 7.282 MJ/kg.
Table 6: Comparison with Published Literature
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