1) The document describes research optimizing the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil through alkali-catalyzed transesterification.
2) A central composite design was used to optimize reaction conditions including methanol-to-oil ratio, sodium hydroxide concentration, and reaction time.
3) The optimal conditions found were a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6.0, 1.0% sodium hydroxide concentration, and a 90 minute reaction time, producing a 99.87% fatty acid methyl ester content.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, statistical modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Azadirachta Indica(neem) using co-solvent technique via a two-step transesterification process was carried out. Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds and properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. The experimental design used was Central Composite Design. The range of factor levels used for the Central Composite Design were reaction temperature (30°C to 46°C), catalyst amount (0.8% to 1.2%, w/w), reaction time (20 to 40min) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 9:1). The co-solvents used were methanol and diethyl ether. The co-solvent-to-methanol volume ratio for all the experimental runs was kept constant at 1:1. Also the biodiesel produced was characterized for some important properties including acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, ester value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point. Optimized biodiesel yield of 84.77% was obtained for reaction time of 35 min, catalyst amount of 1.10g, reaction temperature of 34°C, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 6:1. The cetane number (51.733), specific gravity (0.8881g/cm3), flash point (134oC) and kinematic viscosity (5.86mm2/s) of the produced biodiesel met the ASTM specifications. The results of characterization of the biodiesel revealed that biodiesel can be produced at lower reaction conditions and with comparable fuel property with biodiesel produced using conventional methods.
Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and karanja oil have been identified for the comparative study of production of renewable energy sources i.e. biodiesel as well as physico-chemical properties of biodiesel for its potentiality. Enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is used as biocatalyst (8%) for the conversion in both the cases with 5:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 8 hours with mixing intensity of 600 rpm at 550C. JCO shows higher conversion efficiency at these parameters than karanja oil. Biodiesels obtained from JCO and karanja oil are analysed based on physico-chemical properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and acid number. With regard to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number, the JCO biodiesel shows higher values than karanja biodiesel whereas flash point and cloud point of karanja biodiesel are higher than JCO biodiesel. With respect to the compositional analysis, JCO biodiesel contains 95.67% methyl ester but karanja biodiesel contains 92.57% methyl ester. Apart from this, triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) content of JCO and karanja oil biodiesel are 1.68%, 1.08%, 2.68% and 1.89%, 2.75% and 3.69% respectively.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, statistical modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Azadirachta Indica(neem) using co-solvent technique via a two-step transesterification process was carried out. Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds and properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. The experimental design used was Central Composite Design. The range of factor levels used for the Central Composite Design were reaction temperature (30°C to 46°C), catalyst amount (0.8% to 1.2%, w/w), reaction time (20 to 40min) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 9:1). The co-solvents used were methanol and diethyl ether. The co-solvent-to-methanol volume ratio for all the experimental runs was kept constant at 1:1. Also the biodiesel produced was characterized for some important properties including acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, ester value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point. Optimized biodiesel yield of 84.77% was obtained for reaction time of 35 min, catalyst amount of 1.10g, reaction temperature of 34°C, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 6:1. The cetane number (51.733), specific gravity (0.8881g/cm3), flash point (134oC) and kinematic viscosity (5.86mm2/s) of the produced biodiesel met the ASTM specifications. The results of characterization of the biodiesel revealed that biodiesel can be produced at lower reaction conditions and with comparable fuel property with biodiesel produced using conventional methods.
Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and karanja oil have been identified for the comparative study of production of renewable energy sources i.e. biodiesel as well as physico-chemical properties of biodiesel for its potentiality. Enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is used as biocatalyst (8%) for the conversion in both the cases with 5:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 8 hours with mixing intensity of 600 rpm at 550C. JCO shows higher conversion efficiency at these parameters than karanja oil. Biodiesels obtained from JCO and karanja oil are analysed based on physico-chemical properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and acid number. With regard to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number, the JCO biodiesel shows higher values than karanja biodiesel whereas flash point and cloud point of karanja biodiesel are higher than JCO biodiesel. With respect to the compositional analysis, JCO biodiesel contains 95.67% methyl ester but karanja biodiesel contains 92.57% methyl ester. Apart from this, triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) content of JCO and karanja oil biodiesel are 1.68%, 1.08%, 2.68% and 1.89%, 2.75% and 3.69% respectively.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation of lemongrass (cymbopogo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAHUA (MADHUCA INDICA) SEEDS OILIshaan Sanehi
Animal fat, raw, and used vegetable oils have been
explored to make bio-diesel (mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acid) in order to substitute the dwindling supplier of conventional
petro-diesel fuels. In the present investigation custard apple
(Annoma Squamosha), seed oil (non-edible) was Transesterified
with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.
The transesterification reaction was carried out for an
hour. The yield
of fatty acid methyl esters produced under operating conditions
was 86.4 wt%. The methyl ester produced by this reaction was
analyzed to ascertain suitability as bio diesel fuels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation of lemongrass (cymbopogo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAHUA (MADHUCA INDICA) SEEDS OILIshaan Sanehi
Animal fat, raw, and used vegetable oils have been
explored to make bio-diesel (mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acid) in order to substitute the dwindling supplier of conventional
petro-diesel fuels. In the present investigation custard apple
(Annoma Squamosha), seed oil (non-edible) was Transesterified
with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.
The transesterification reaction was carried out for an
hour. The yield
of fatty acid methyl esters produced under operating conditions
was 86.4 wt%. The methyl ester produced by this reaction was
analyzed to ascertain suitability as bio diesel fuels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This slide was presented in Tokyo.R #22.It describes about design of experiment with R. DoE.base package is useful for software testing because it makes easier for us to make orthogonal array.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
PRODUCTION OF SIMAROUBA OIL METHYL ESTER USING MIXED BASE CATALYST AND ITS C...IAEME Publication
Simarouba glauca is a rich source of fat, having a melting point of about 29°C and consisting of palmitic (12.81%), stearic (23.23%) and oleic (57.17%) as major fatty acids. It consists of about 36.04% of symmetrical monounsaturated-type triacylglycerols. Simarouba glauca oil is one of the tree borne oil which is available for biodiesel production in developing and underdeveloped countries. This paper deals with the transesterification of Simarouba glauca oil by means of methanol in presence of Sodium Hydroxide and Disodium Hydrogen ortho Phosphate as mixed base catalyst at less than 650C.The viscosity of biodiesel is nearer to that of the diesel
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
Impact of Biofuel in Internal Combustion Engine - A Reviewijtsrd
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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil using Response Surface Methodology
1. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44 : 290 - 299 (2010)
Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil
(Jatropha curcas L.) using Response Surface Methodology
Kanthawut Boonmee1*, Sawitri Chuntranuluck1, Vittaya Punsuvon2 and Pinya Silayoi3
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this research was to develop a biodiesel production technique from Jatropha
oil (Jatropha curcas). Special attention was paid to the optimization of alkali-catalyzed transesterification
for converting fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Jatropha oil contained 2.59 mg KOH/g of acid and a
molecular weight of 900 g/mol with high oleic acid (41.70%) and linoleic acid (36.98%). A central
composite design (CCD) technique was applied for the experimental design. There were 20 experiments
involving the three investigated variables of methanol-to-oil molar ratio (0.95-11.50), sodium hydroxide
(0.16-1.84% w/w) and reaction time (39.55-140.45 min). The data was statistically analyzed by the
Design-Expert program to find the suitable model of % fatty acid methyl ester (% FAME) as a function
of the three investigated variables. A full quadratic model was suggested by the program using response
surface methodology (RSM) with an R2 and adjusted R2 of 97 and 94%, respectively. The optimum
conditions for transesterification were a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6.00, 1.00% w/w sodium hydroxide
and 90 min reaction time. The optimum condition obtained a FAME content of 99.87%. The resulting
Jatropha biodiesel properties satisfied both the ASTMD 6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. The
production technique developed could be further applied in a pilot plant.
Key words: Jatropha curcas L. oil, non-edible oil, transesterification, biodiesel, fatty acid methyl ester
(FAME)
INTRODUCTION vegetable oils and animal fats, biodiesel feedstock
may affect food supplies in the long-term. The
Due to the availability of recoverable recent focus has been to seek a source of non-
agricultural resources, the environmental problems edible oils, as a feedstock for biodiesel production.
caused by fossil fuel consumption, as well as the Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) has been chosen as
dramatic impact of oil imports on Thailand’s an optimal supply source.
economy, biodiesel production is being considered Jatropha curcas L. is a non-edible oil-
as an alternative to petrodiesel. Biodiesel is bearing plant widespread in arid, semi-arid and
believed to be able to decrease the dependence on tropical regions of Thailand. Jatropha curcas L.
and improve the adverse environmental impact of is a drought-resistant perennial tree that grows in
using oil. However, as it is produced from marginal lands and can live over 50 years
1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
3 Department of Packing Technology and Materials, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
* Corresponding author, e -mail: Kanthawut@hotmail.com
Received date : 06/08/09 Accepted date : 30/10/09
2. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2) 291
(Bosswell, 2003). Jatropha curcas L. has several deposits and thickening of the lubricating oil
benefits, such as its stem can be used as a natural (Silvio et al., 2002). Transesterification is a process
toothpaste and toothbrush, latex from the stem can for the reduction of triglyceride molecules (Van
be used as a natural pesticide and to heal wounds, Dyne et al., 1996; Muniyappa, et al., 1996). The
while its leaves are used as fodder for silkworms use of chemically altered or transesterified
(Chhetri et al., 2008). vegetable oil, called biodiesel, does not require
Compared to any other economic plants, any modification in the engine or its injection
Jatropha curcas L. is very durable in hot climates, system or fuel lines and can be used in any diesel
such as Thailand experiences, The oil content in engine. The stoichiometric equation requires one
Jatropha curcas L. seed is reported to be in the mole of triglyceride and three moles of alcohol to
range from 30 to 50% by weight of seed (Kandpal form three moles of methyl ester and one mole of
and Madan, 1995; Pramanik, 2003) and from 45 glycerol in the presence of a strong base or acid
to 60% by weight of the kernel itself (Pramanik, (Muniyappa et al., 1996). Methanolysis is the
2003). Therefore, Jatropha oil has a potential to process where methanol is used in biodiesel
be used as a substitute fuel in biodiesel production. production (Gervasio, 1996; Ma and Hanna, 1999).
In addition, Jatropha oil not only has a high level Response surface methodology (RSM)
of fat and unsaturated fatty acids, but also low is a useful statistical technique, which has been
levels of free fatty acids (Foidl et al., 1996). The applied in the research of complex variable
oil can be used directly in agricultural diesel processes (Myers and Montgomery, 2002).
engines, electric generators, tractors and water Multiple regression and correlation analysis are
pumps without any additives and does not cause used as tools to assess the effects of two or more
any physical damage. For diesel engine use, independent factors on the dependent variables.
Jatropha oil has to undergo a transesterification Furthermore, the central composite design (CCD)
process. In Thailand, Jatropha oil has been placed of RSM has been applied in the optimization of
on the national agenda to encourage its production several biotechnological and chemical processes.
in the rural community for transportation and Its main advantage is the reduction in the number
agriculture, as a substitute for bio-diesel fuel. of experimental runs required to generate sufficient
A few attempts have been made to information for a statistically acceptable result.
produce biodiesel from non-edible sources, such RSM has been applied successfully for
as used frying oil, grease, tallow and lard optimization of biodiesel production in fat and oil
(Alcantara et al., 2000; Canakci and Gerpen, 2001; feedstocks, including mahua oil (Madhuca indica)
Dorado et al., 2002). The production of biodiesel (Ghadge and Raheman, 2006), Jatropha oil (Tiwari
would be inexpensive because it could be extracted et al., 2007), waste rapeseed oil (Yuan et al., 2008)
from the non-edible oil sources and from certain and animal fat (Jeong et al., 2009).
species that are common in many parts of Thailand. The current study concentrated on
Jatropha curcas L. has ecological advantages and developing a technique for biodiesel production
has been found to be an appropriate, renewable, from Jatropha oil. RSM was applied to optimize
alternative source of biodiesel production in the alkali-catalyzed transesterification to produce
Thailand. However, extracted Jatropha oil cannot fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as a function of
be used directly in diesel engines because of its three factors: the methanol-to-oil molar ratio,
high viscosity. The high viscosity of pure vegetable sodium hydroxide and the reaction time. The fuel
oils reduces fuel atomization and increases fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel for vehicle use
spray penetration, which results in high engine were determined.
3. 292 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2)
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1.20 (% by weight of oil) NaOH (Alacantara et
al., 2000). The acid value was defined as
Alkali catalyzed transesterification milligrams of potassium hydroxide necessary to
Crude Jatropha oil used in the neutralize fatty acids in 1 g of sample. If the acid
experiments was obtained from the Department value of the oil used was greater than 5 mg KOH/
of Chemical Engineering at Kasetsart University. g, more NaOH would be required to neutralize the
Methanol (from the J. T. Baker Chemical Co.) and free fatty acids (Wright et al., 1944). The reaction
sodium hydroxide (from Merek Ltd.) were time was 90 min, after which the reactant was
analytical reagent grade. Oil was partially purified transferred to a separation funnel (Foidl et al.,
by filtration and boiling at 105-110°C for 0.5 h to 1996).
remove the insoluble portion and water, A five-level-three-factor CCD was
respectively. The experiments were conducted at employed in the optimization study, requiring 20
the Department of Chemical Engineering, experiments. The methanol-to-oil molar ratio,
Kasetsart University. catalyst concentration and reaction time were the
In the production of Jatropha biodiesel independent variables selected to optimize the
by the alkali-catalyzed transesterification conditions for FAME production of sodium
technique, methanol was chosen as a catalyst hydroxide-catalyzed transesterification. The 20
because of its low cost. Sodium hydroxide was experiments were carried out and data was
chosen, since it was reasonably priced and reacted statistically analyzed by the Design-Expert
much faster than the acid catalyst (Freedman et program to find the suitable model for the % fatty
al., 1984). The important factors affecting the acid methyl ester (% FAME) as a function of the
transesterification reaction were the excessive above three variables.
amount of methanol and sodium hydroxide, and The coded and uncoded levels of the
the reaction time (Demirbas, 2003). In order to independent variables in this step are given in
optimize the amount of excess methanol required Table 1. Two replications were carried out for all
for the reaction, the experiments were conducted experimental design conditions. The central values
with various methanol-to-oil molar ratios, because (zero level) chosen for the experimental design
the transesterification reaction required 3 moles were a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1%
of methanol to react with 1 mole of vegetable oil w/w catalyst concentration and 90 min reaction
(Kavitha, 2003). Most researchers used 0.10 to time.
Table 1 Independent variables and levels used in the central composite design for the alkali catalyzed
transesterification process.
Variable Symbol Levela
(uncoded variable) -1.68 -1 0 +1 +1.68
(-α) (+α)
Methanol-to-oil molar ratio M 0.95 3.00 6.00 9.00 11.50
Catalyst concentration C 0.16 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.84
(%w/w)
Reaction time T 39.55 60.00 90.00 120.00 140.45
(minutes)
Note:
a Transformation of variable levels from coded variables of X , X and X in Equation 3 to uncoded variables are: M = 6.00+3.00X ,
1 2 3 1
C = 1.00+0.50X2 and T = 90.00+30.00X3.
4. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2) 293
The following experimental procedure where :
was adopted for the production of Jatropha C = the FAME content (% w/w)
biodiesel. Some Jatropha oil was placed in a three- ΣA = the total peak area from the
necked round-bottomed flask. A water-cooled methyl ester
condenser and a thermometer with cork were ASI = the peak area of methyl
connected to both sides of the round-bottom flask. heptadecanoate
The required amount of NaOH and methanol were CSI = the concentration of used methyl
weighed and dissolved completely, using a heptadecanoate solution (mg/ml)
magnetic stirrer. The Jatropha oil was warmed by VSI = the volume of used methyl
placing the round-bottomed flask in a water bath heptadecanoate solution (ml)
maintained at 60°C. The sodium methoxide m = the weight of sample (g)
solution was added into the oil using fixed
vigorous mixing (400 rpm). The mixture was Statistical analysis
poured into the separating funnel overnight settling The experimental data was analyzed by
by gravity into two layers, with the clear, golden the response surface regression procedure using a
liquid-Jatropha biodiesel on the top and the light second-order polynomial (Equation 2):
brown glycerol on the bottom. After 24 h, the k k k k
glycerol was drained off. The raw Jatropha y = β 0 + ∑ β i X i + ∑ β ii X 2 i + ∑ ∑ β ij X i X j
(2)
biodiesel was collected and water-washed to bring i =1 i =1 ii> j j
down the pH of bio-diesel to 7 (the pH of water). where, y is the response variable; xi and xj are the
The percentage of FAME content in the resulting coded independent variables and βo, βi, βii and βij
biodiesel was measured by gas chromatography are the intercept, linear, quadratic and interaction
(GC). constant coefficients respectively, and k is the
number of factors studied and optimized in the
Quantitative analysis of fatty acid methyl ester experiment.
content The Design-Expert program was used in
Chromatographic analysis was the regression analysis and analysis of variance
performed on a Shimadzu GC-2010 gas (ANOVA). The Statistica software program was
chromatograph equipped with a DB-WAX column used to generate surface plots, using the fitted
(30 m × 0.32mm, 0.25µm) and flame ionization quadratic polynomial equation obtained from the
detector (FID). The operating conditions involved regression analysis, holding one of the independent
injector and detector temperatures at 260°C and a variables constant. Experiments were carried out
split ratio at 1:25. Helium was used as the carrier to validate the equation, using combinations of the
gas. Methyl heptadecanoate (Supelco Inc.) was independent variables, which were not part of the
used as the internal standard of fatty acid methyl original experimental design, but within the
ester. The analysis was performed by dissolving experimental region (Ghadge and Raheman,
0.05 g of the biodiesel sample in 1 ml of methyl 2006).
heptadecanoate and injecting 1 µl of this solution
mixture into the gas chromatograph. The Analysis of Jatropha biodiesel properties
percentage of FAME was calculated by the The analysis of Jatropha biodiesel
Equation 1: qualities considered the density at 15°C, acid
value, iodine value, linolenic methyl ester, flash
C = (Σ A-ASI)/ASI × (CSI×VSI)/m×100 (1) point, cloud point, viscosity at 40°C, free
5. 294 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2)
glyceride, monoglyceride, diglycerides, Alkali catalyzed transesterification
triglycerides and total glyceride. The analysis was The central composite design conditions
carried out using the methods developed by the and responses, and the statistical analysis of the
Center of Excellence on Palm Oil, Kasetsart ANOVA are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
University and compared with the ASTMD6751 The multiple regression coefficients were obtained
and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. by employing a least square technique to predict a
quadratic polynomial model for the FAME content
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Table 4). The model was tested for adequacy by
analysis of variance. The regression model was
Properties of Jatropha oil found to be highly significant with the correlation
The fatty acid composition of Jatropha coefficients of determination of R-Squared (R2),
oil was 41.70% w/w oleic acid and 36.98% w/w adjusted R-Squared and predicted R-Squared
linoleic acid with an acid value of 2.59 mg KOH/ having a value of 0.97, 0.94 and 0.75, respectively.
g, which was an acceptable result for the The predicted model for percentage of FAME
transesterification process (lower than 5.00 mg content (Y) in terms of the coded factors is shown
KOH/g), according to Gerpen (2005). The average in Equation 3:
molecular weight was 900 g/mole.
Table 2 Central composite design arrangement and response for alkali catalyzed transesterification.
Treatment X1 X2 X3 Methanol NaOH Reaction
/oil molar concentration time Fatty acid methyl ester
ratio (%w/w) (minutes) (%)
(M) (C) (T) Experimental Predicted
1 -1 -1 -1 3.00 0.50 60.00 57.08 60.79
2 -1 -1 +1 3.00 0.50 120.00 89.98 90.63
3 -1 +1 -1 3.00 1.50 60.00 57.43 52.90
4 -1 +1 +1 3.00 1.50 120.00 90.14 91.42
5 +1 -1 -1 9.00 0.50 60.00 94.31 92.73
6 +1 -1 +1 9.00 0.50 120.00 78.13 82.36
7 +1 +1 -1 9.00 1.50 60.00 93.71 92.76
8 +1 +1 +1 9.00 1.50 120.00 95.08 91.07
9 0 0 -1.68 6.00 1.00 39.55 71.60 73.45
10 0 0 +1.68 6.00 1.00 140.45 98.55 97.13
11 0 -1.68 0 6.00 0.16 90.00 89.17 84.86
12 0 +1.68 0 6.00 1.84 90.00 80.83 85.56
13 -1.68 0 0 0.95 1.00 90.00 65.61 64.81
14 +1.68 0 0 11.05 1.00 90.00 90.14 91.37
15 0 0 0 6.00 1.00 90.00 100.00 99.87
16 0 0 0 6.00 1.00 90.00 99.42 99.87
17 0 0 0 6.00 1.00 90.00 100.00 99.87
18 0 0 0 6.00 1.00 90.00 99.89 99.87
19 0 0 0 6.00 1.00 90.00 100.00 99.87
20 0 0 0 6.00 1.00 90.00 100.00 99.87
6. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2) 295
Y = + 99.87 + 7.90 X1 + 0.21 X2 + 7.04 X3 At the same time, there was a significant mutual
- 7.70 X12 - 5.18 X22 - 5.16 X32 + 1.98 X1X2 interaction between the methanol to oil molar ratio
- 10.05 X1X3 + 2.17 X2X3 (3) and the catalyst concentration (X1X2) and the
The RSM was used to optimize the interaction between catalyst concentration and
conditions of conversion for Jatropha biodiesel and reaction time (X2X3). These results were similar
to understand the interaction of the factors to Jeong et al. (2009), who studied RSM and the
affecting Jatropha biodiesel production. Figures effect of five-level-three-factors in optimizing the
1, 2 and 3 show surface plots between the reaction conditions of biodiesel production from
independent and dependent variables for different animal fat.
fixed parameters. From Figure 1, the % FAME A statistical model (Equation 3) predicted
amount increased with increasing catalyst that the highest conversion yield of Jatropha
concentration at a low methanol-to-oil molar ratio. biodiesel was 99.87% FAME content, when the
From Figure 2, the % FAME amount increased optimized reaction conditions were a catalyst
with the increasing methanol-to-oil molar ratio for concentration of 1.00% w/w, a methanol-to-oil
a low reaction time. From Figure 3, the % FAME molar ratio of 6.00 and a reaction time of 90 min.
amount increased with increasing reaction time at Additional experiments were carried out to
a high catalyst concentration. The methanol-to-oil validate the equation using these optimal values.
molar ratio (X1) was the limiting condition and a It was found that the experimental value of 99.88% of
small variation in its value altered the conversion. FAME content agreed well with the predicted value.
Table 3 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the quadratic polynomial model from the transesterification.
Model Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig.
Regression 3779.179 9 419.909 34.253 .000a
Residual 122.589 10 12.259
Total 3901.768 19
a Predictors: (Constant), X1, X2, X3, X1X2, X1X3, X2X3, X12, X22, X32.
Table 4 Regression coefficients of the predicted quadratic polynomial model for alkali-catalyzed
transesterification.
Model Unstandardized Standardized t Sig.
coefficients coefficients
B Std. error Beta
(Constant) 99.871 1.428 69.943 0.000
X1 7.901 0.948 0.467 8.336 0.000
X2 0.209 0.948 0.012 0.220 0.830
X3 7.041 0.948 0.416 7.429 0.000
X1 2 -7.710 0.924 -0.472 -8.346 0.000
X22 -5.186 0.924 -0.317 -5.613 0.000
X3 2 -5.159 0.924 -0.316 -5.585 0.000
X1X2 1.980 1.238 0.090 1.599 0.141
X1X3 -10.052 1.238 -0.455 -8.121 0.000
X2X3 2.170 1.238 0.098 1.753 0.110
7. 296 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2)
Analysis of Jatropha biodiesel methyl esters (Yuan et al., 2008) with oleic acid
The chromatogram of Jatropha oil as the predominant fatty acid.
methyl ester is shown in Figure 4. The major The quality of the Jatropha biodiesel was
FAME components were palmitic acid (C16:0), designed to obtain a high percentage FAME. The
oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), which Jatropha biodiesel process consisted of a filtration
are required for the biodiesel standard. The GC process, reaction process (alkali-catalyzed
analysis of the FAME from Jatropha oil (Figure transesterification process), separation process,
4) showed that FAME mainly contained fatty acid washing process, recovery process and
Figure 1 The effect of catalyst concentration (% w/w) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio on predicted
value of % FAME at 90 min.
Figure 2 The effect of reaction time (minutes) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio on predicted value of
% FAME at 1% w/w catalyst concentration.
8. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2) 297
dehydration process. In the experiment, the 14214). It was found that its properties met the
temperature and the agitation were maintained at ASTMD6751 and EN 14214 standards. Therefore,
60°C and 400 rpm, respectively. Jatropha biodiesel was an environmentally
Table 5 shows the comparison between friendly, alternative diesel fuel from non-edible oil
the properties of Jatropha biodiesel obtained and feedstock.
the biodiesel standards (ASTMD6751 and EN
Figure 3 The effect of reaction time (minutes) and catalyst concentration (% w/w) on predicted value
of % FAME at methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6.
Figure 4 GC chromatogram of fatty acid methyl ester from Jatropha oil under optimum conditions for
transesterification.
9. 298 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44(2)
Table 5 Fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel.
Parameter Unit Method Jatropha ASTM EN 14214
biodiesel D 6751
Density at 15oC Kg/m3 ASTM D 1298 880.53 - 860-900
Acid value mg KOH/g AOCS Ca5a-40 0.27 <0.80 <0.50
Iodine value g iodine /100g AOCS Cdl-25 98.41 - <120
Linolenic methyl ester %wt EN 14103 0.17 - <12
Flash point °C ASTM D-93-02a >206 >130 >120
Cloud point °C ASTM D 2500 4.90 Report -
Viscosity at 40°C mm2/s ASTM 445 4.36 1.90-6.00 3.50-5.00
Free glyceride %wt EN 14105 0.01 ≤0.02 <0.02
Monoglyceride %wt EN 14105 0.47 - <0.80
Diglyceride %wt EN 14105 0.09 - <0.20
Triglyceride %wt EN 14105 <0.01 - <0.20
Total glyceride %wt EN 14105 0.14 ≤0.24 <0.25
CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A CCD technique was applied as the This work was partly supported by the
experimental design. There were 20 experiments KU-biodiesel project, Kasetsart University,
involving the three investigated variables of Bangkok. The authors would like to thank the
methanol-to-oil molar ratio (X 1 ), sodium Department of Chemical Engineering at Kasetsart
hydroxide (X2) and reaction time (X3). The data University for the raw Jatropha oil extractions and
was statistically analyzed by the Design-Expert Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sawitri Chuntranuluck, Assoc.
program. The full quadratic model for the Prof. Dr. Vittaya Punsuvon and Asst. Prof. Dr.
percentage of FAME content (Y) as a function of Pinya Silayoi for assistance in setting up the
the above three variables was: Y = + 99.87 + 7.90 experimental stage of the research.
X1 + 0.21 X2 + 7.04 X3 - 7.70 X12 - 5.18 X22
- 5.16 X32 + 1.98 X1X2 - 10.05 X1X3 + 2.17 X2X3.
LITERATURE CITED
From the model, the highest conversion yield of
Jatropha biodiesel produced 99.87% of FAME
Alacantara, R., J. Amores, L. Canoira, E. Hidalgo,
content. In the validation process, the predicted
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