study on fuel Briquette made of Biodegradable materials as an alternate source of energy

Vol.:(0123456789)
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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-023-00619-y
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Study on Fuel Briquettes Made of Biodegradable Materials
as an Alternate Source of Energy
Y. P. Deepthi1
· K. Ragavendra Ravi Kiran1
·
P. Kiranmai1
· S. M. Vishwa Varun1
· J. Harish1
·
P. Navyasree1
Received: 26 October 2023 / Accepted: 11 December 2023
© The Institution of Engineers (India) 2024
Abstract Energy is the most essential requirement for
human survival because, without it, there is no life. There
is always a scarcity of energy; therefore, developing new
methods for producing alternate eco-friendly fuels has been
an obstacle. Since ancient times, firewood has been the tradi-
tional fuel individual’s use worldwide for various purposes.
Firewood is non-renewable and has caused numerous issues
over many decades, including deforestation, air pollution,
and the spread of many hazardous diseases. Using biode-
gradable plant waste as an alternative could be a smart way
to solve the energy dilemma. This work primarily focuses
on the usage of various biodegradable materials as well as
the calorific value of different material combinations. The
study used a combination of Sawdust, Ground nutshell husk,
and Rice husk with Maida as the binder for briquette mak-
ing. It can be concluded that briquettes made with the right
combination of unsuitable binders will address the energy
crisis and environmental issues by improving the calorific
value of briquettes.
Keywords Biodegradable materials · Briquettes ·
Energy · Eco-friendly
Introduction
Life is a never-ending cycle of energy conversion and
change. The worldwide inevitability of oil depletion, global
petroleum market instability (apparently due to instability in
the Middle East and unrest in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region),
and hazardous emissions from petroleum-based fuels are
serious issues threatening the continued use of fossil fuels
[1–5]. Furthermore, agricultural residue disposal poses a
challenge to farmers and the public, as these leftovers are
both a nuisance to the environment and an eyesore to the
public [6–10]. As a result, if these wastes could be used to
generate energy, it would be a welcome solution to the waste
pollution, disposal, and management problems. Briquetting
is one of the viable and promising technologies for convert-
ing these wastes to biomass energy [11–16].
Agricultural waste is used as animal feed in many regions
of the world, as residential fuel for various uses such as
cooking and heating water, and industrial power for boil-
ers. The effective processing and use of agricultural resi-
dues have long been a concern since they lose their qual-
ity [17–24]. Much research is being conducted on how to
use agricultural wastes as an alternative fuel to reduce the
consumption of fossil fuels. In this direction, briquetting
methodology has been utilized to convert agricultural waste
into an appropriate shape that can easily be handled and
transported to different locations [25–32].
Briquettes are often made of biomass and agricultural
wastes bonded with binders and crushed into small pieces
of the desired dimensions. Briquettes are typically used in
small-scale companies with abundant bio waste, and their
effectiveness varies depending on pressure, temperature, and
binder. High-pressure compression, medium-pressure com-
pression with heating, and low-pressure compression with
binder are the most common briquette-making procedures
[33–38].
The two most used high-pressure techniques are the
piston press and screw extrusion procedures. From a loose
biomass density of 100–200 kg/m3
, a piston press may
* Y. P. Deepthi
p_deepthi@blr.amrita.edu
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School
of Engineering, Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Bengalaru, India

1 3
generate briquettes with a 1200 kg/m3
density. Compared
to raw materials, their higher density gives them a more
considerable calorific value and reduces the burning rate [1,
39–44]. Because of their increased combustion rate, they are
an excellent replacement for boiler applications. These bri-
quettes have the potential to alleviate the present fuel crisis
and serve as a cost-effective alternative fuel. Briquettes can
benefit small-scale industries such as tobacco curing, tea
drying, etc. Briquettes can be used to improve traditional
ceramics and clay ware processes because of their high calo-
rific value; they can even power boilers to generate steam
and electricity [45–50].
Much research is being done to increase the efficiency
of briquettes made from agricultural residuals to make
them more affordable. The most prominent advantages of
fabricating are that the raw materials necessary are readily
available worldwide, especially in less developed nations,
and high-efficiency briquettes may be manufactured with
low-cost machinery. Briquettes can also help reduce ocular
and respiratory illnesses in women and children due to their
compressed form [17, 51–55]. Briquettes can also be used
to safeguard the environment because agricultural leftovers
are briquetted rather than burned in the open air. They also
help to reduce deforestation by replacing wood as the most
used fuel.
Methodology
Experimental Design
The experiments are carried out as per the experimental
design obtained from Design of Experiments. It helps in car-
rying out the experiments in a systematic approach and also
provides valid data for statistical Analysis. Using Minitab
software a design layout (L24) has been obtained as shown
in Table 1. The binder is the influential factor in measuring
the responses hence binders are varied from 30 to 60 wt.%
in an increment of 10. The binders adopted are Cow dung,
Maida and Gaur Gum.
The agricultural waste such as rice husk, sugarcane husk,
groundnut shell husk have been considered as the other input
factors. The performance of briquettes has been found by
measuring parameter such as Gross Calorific value (GCV),
Ash Content, Moisture Content.
Preparation of Briquettes
The main constituents of briquettes are Rice husk, Ground-
nut shell powder, and Sugar cane husk, as shown in Fig. 1.
Cow dung, Gaur gum, and Maida have been selected as the
binders, which are represented in Fig. 2. Maida is substituted
for the edible wheat flour since it is less expensive. Rice
Husk, Groundnut shell powder, and Sugarcane husk were
obtained from nearby villages, while Cow dung, Maida,
and Gaur gum were obtained from a local grocery store. All
these materials are then sieved to remove undesirable waste
matter using a sieve size of 1700 µm. All the basic compo-
nents and binders are thoroughly combined by hand before
being compacted into 50×50 mm blocks using a Hand jolt-
ing machine. Using universal testing equipment, a pressure
of 1.6 MPa was applied to compress them to make the cor-
rect shape. Thus, obtained briquettes with 30wt.% of the
binder with Sugarcane and Rice husk are shown in Fig. 3.
Testing Methodology
To analyze the briquette performance, a Calorific value test,
Ash content test, and Carbon content test are employed. All
the tests are carried out as per the IS 1350 test method.
Calorific Value Testing
The briquette’s Gross Calorific value (GCV) is measured
through a calorific bomb in an isothermal water jacket.
The sample is buried in a known heat-capacity bomb calo-
rimeter. The main observation is a temperature rise, which
Table 1 Briquette experimental design
SI. No Binder (wt.%) Composition 1 Composition 2
Maida 30 Sugarcane husk Rice husk
Maida 30 Ground nut husk Rice husk
Cowdung 30 Sugarcane husk Rice husk
Cowdung 30 Ground nut husk Rice husk
Gaur gum 30 Sugarcane husk Rice husk
Gaur gum 30 Ground nut husk Rice husk

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yields the heat release when corrected for thermometer
errors and multiplied by the adequate heat capacity at the
mean temperature of the primary period. Additional pro-
vision is required for cooling losses, heat obtained due to
heat released by the ignition system, and heat of sulfuric
and nitric acid production from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
in the chambers.
Determination of Ash
The sample is heated in the air for 30 min to 500 degrees,
then to 815 degrees for another 30–60 min until the con-
stant mass is maintained. Mix the air-dried material (desired
compound) thoroughly for 1 min. Weigh a clean, dry, empty
dish, add 2–3 g of material, and place it in a muffin furnace.
Fig. 1 a Rice husk, b sugarcane husk, c groundnut shell powder
Fig. 2 a Guar gam, b maida
Fig. 3 Briquettes made of sugarcane husk, and Rice husk with a cow dung, b guar gum, c maida

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After the temperature treatment, cover the dish with a lid
and set it aside to cool. Weigh it and record the results, then
re-heat it to the same temperature until the mass difference
is less than 0.01 g. The differences between the two masses
provide the ash content.
Determination of Carbon
A known mass of material is heated in a glass tube by dry
nitrogen current. After passing the gas through weighed
moisture absorption tubes, the moisture percentage is com-
puted, followed by the proportion of volatile matter in the
sample. The carbon percentage is computed through Eq. 1,
where M, A, and V are moisture percent, ash percent, and
volatile matter percent, respectively.
Gray Relational Analysis to Find the Optimal Biofuel
Gray relational analysis (GRA) helps to solve a complex
problem with multi responses by converting it into a simple
single-response optimization with the help of Gray Rela-
tional Grade. Firstly, the numerical data from the experi-
ment results (GCV, ASH%, Moisture content) are normal-
ized within the limits of 0–1. Within the context of this
research, the actual values of GCV (kcal/kg) are normalized
as greater-the-better is calculated from the formula given in
Eq. 2.ASH and Moisture contents are normalized as lesser-
the-better based on Eq. 3 [15–17].
Here xk(b) is normalized value, min yk(b) is the least value
of yk(b) for the both response and, max yk(b) is the highest
value of yk(b) for both response.
Results and Discussion
The experimental results for calorific value, ash content,
and moisture content of the briquette are given in Table 2.
The highest Gross calorific value (GCV) is 4059 kcal/kg
obtained for Groundnut and Rice husk with Cow dung
(40 wt.%) as a binder. However, Sugarcane and rice husk
with Maida (30 wt.%) have obtained the lowest GCV of
3054.75 kcal/kg. As the expérimental results it is observed
that the composition gaurgum (60% wt.) as binder with
composition of sugarcane husk and rice husk, the value
(1)
F = 100 − (M + A + V)
(2)
xk(b) =
yk(b) − minyk(b)
maxyk(b) − minyk(b)
(3)
xk(b) =
max yk(b) − yk(b)
max yk(b) − min yk(b)
of ash content is low this is because of the less bulk den-
sity of gaurgum. For 60% wt. of gaurgum as binder with
composition of sugarcane husk and rice husk, the value of
moisture content is low this is because of the less % of in
the sugarcane bagasse [56–60].
A calorific value test has been conducted, and the graphs
have been plotted for different compositions. The interaction
graph between Sugarcane and Ground nut husk with binder
is shown in Fig. 4. It clearly shows their interaction.
The main effects from Fig. 5 plot show that Gaur gum
60 has the highest mean GCV of 3853.35 kcal/kg in bind-
ers, and groundnut husk has the highest mean GCV of
3709.22 kcal/kg. The highest average GCV is given by Gaur
gum 60, and groundnut husk is 3870.1 kcal/kg.
From the interaction plots (Fig. 6), Gaur gum (50 wt.%)
with groundnut husk obtained an ash content of 2.34%.
However, Gaur gum (60 wt.%) with groundnut husk attained
an ash content of 2.41%. The interaction plot from Fig. 6
shows that Gaur gum (50 wt.%) with groundnut husk gives
2.34% ash, and Gaur gum (60 wt.%) with groundnut husk
gives 2.41% ash. Gaur gum (60 wt.%) shows 2.3% ash with
sugar cane husk. The ideal mixture is Gaur gum60 and sugar
cane husk for less ash content [61–65].
Table 2 Experimental results of the briquette
S. nc GCV (kcal/kg) ASH (%) Moisture
content (%)
3054.75 3.9 10.01
3373.336 3.84 9.76
3698.23 3.77 9.61
3895.06 2.77 9.33
3876.7 4.4 9.83
3711.1 3.34 9.82
3681.77 3.65 9.54
3776 3.16 10.04
4059.7 12.64 9.44
3741.6 11.38 9.63
3920.2 11.2 9.83
3828.6 10.72 9.62
3633.8 11.28 8.88
3611 11.17 8.79
3553.4 9.8 8.87
3663.5 9.71 8.84
3653.9 3.06 9.96
3636.8 2.93 10.2
3533.3 2.5 9.9
3836.6 2.3 10.2
3788.9 3.52 9.6
3629.7 2.74 10.01
3714.7 2.34 10.59
3870.1 2.41 9.78

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Fig. 4 Interaction plot for GCV
Fig. 5 Main effects plot for GCV

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Fig. 6 Interaction plot for ash
Fig. 7 Main effects plot for ASH

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Fig. 8 Interaction plot for moisture content
Fig. 9 Main effects plot for moisture

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The main effects plot from Fig. 7 shows the mean ash
content in Gaur gum (60 wt.%) and Ground nut husk are
2.355 and 5.62%,respectively. The lowest average ash con-
tent of 2.41%is given by Gaur gum (60 wt.%) and ground
nut husk [66–70].
The interaction plot from Fig. 8 shows that Cow dung
(40 wt.%) with ground nut husk has a moisture content of
8.79%. However, Maida (60 wt.%) and sugar cane husk
have a moisture content of 9.33%. Low moisture content
is observed for the briquette made of Cow dung (40 wt.%)
with Ground nut and Rice husk. From the interaction
plots Fig. 4 it can be concluded that for 30 wt.% maida the
GCV for groundnut shell husk is high and for sugarcane
husk it is low, As the binder wt.% is increased to 60 wt.
% high GCV is shown for sugarcane husk. Similar trends
were observed for gaurgum. The Cow dung (30 wt.%)
has obtained a high and low GCV for sugarcane husk and
groundnut husk respectively, however at 60 wt.% a high
value is observed for groundnut and low value for sugar-
cane husk [71–75].
The main effects plot from Fig. 9 shows that Cow dung
30 has the lowest average moisture content of 9.16%, while
Ground nut husk has the lowest average moisture content of
9.54%. Thus, Cow dung 30 and ground nut husk are the ideal
mixtures for the least moisture content.
The normalized values of the GCV, Ash, and Moisture
Content are given in Table 3.
If the value of xk(b) is one or approximately equal
to one, then that result is the best response. Hence the
best sequence is xk
�
(b) for b = (1,2,3,4,…….,24) is
(1,1,………,1).The deviation sequence of the data is cal-
culated from the Eq. 3. The Gray relational coefficient
expresses how close the values are to the optimal solution.
It is calculated with the help of Eq. 4.
where =Δk|xk�(b) − xk(b)| = différence between absolute
value and actual value of each response.
(4)
𝛾
(
xk
)
=
Δmin + 𝜉Δmax
Δk + 𝜉Δmax
(5)
Δmin = min{Δk, b = 1, 2, … 24}
Δmax = max{Δk, b = 1, 2, … 24}
Table 3 Normalized and
deviation values of the
responses
Normalized values Déviation values
SI. no GCV ASH (%) Moisture content
(%)
GCV ASH (%) Moisture
content
(%)
0 0.845 0.322 1 0.155 0.678
0.317 0.851 0.461 0.683 0.149 0.539
0.640 0.858 0.544 0.360 0.142 0.456
0.836 0.955 0.7 0.164 0.045 0.3
0.818 0.797 0.422 0.182 0.203 0.578
0.653 0.899 0.428 0.347 0.101 0.572
0.624 0.869 0.583 0.376 0.131 0.417
0.718 0.917 0.306 0.282 0.083 0.694
1 0 0.639 0 1 0.361
0.683 0.122 0.533 0.317 0.878 0.467
0.861 0.139 0.422 0.139 0.861 0.578
0.770 0.186 0.539 0.230 0.814 0.461
0.576 0.132 0.95 0.424 0.868 0.05
0.554 0.142 1 0.446 0.858 0
0.496 0.275 0.956 0.504 0.725 0.044
0.606 0.283 0.972 0.394 0.717 0.028
0.596 0.926 0.35 0.404 0.074 0.65
0.579 0.939 0.217 0.421 0.061 0.783
0.476 0.981 0.383 0.524 0.019 0.617
0.778 1 0.217 0.222 0 0.783
0.731 0.882 0.55 0.269 0.118 0.45
0.572 0.957 0.322 0.428 0.043 0.678
0.657 0.996 0 0.343 0.004 1
0.811 0.989 0.45 0.189 0.011 0.55

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Within this study the value of 𝜉 is assumed as 0.5 as per
the literature [18, 19].Gray relational coefficient values are
shown in Table 4. The Gray relational grade is calculated
by taking the average of the Gray relational coefficients as
given in Eq. 6.
Here, n is the number of responses for each trial.
Using Gray Taguchi optimization technique, the feasible
parameters at which high Gross calorific value, with low ash
content and Moisture content, is obtained for the briquette
made up of Ground nut, Rice husk with Maida (60 wt.%).
Conclusions
Briquettes are prepared from powders of Rice husk, Sugar-
cane husk and Groundnut husk, which possess good energy
that can be regained upon combustion. These briquettes are
far less expensive than traditional briquettes since they are
made from remains of Argo Industrial waste. According to
(6)
𝛾i =
1
n
n
∑
k=1
𝛾
(
xk
)
the Gray Taguchi study, maida (60 wt.%), rice husk, and
sugarcane husk briquette composition have the low moisture
content, low ash content, and high GCV. It can be said that
after increasing the quantity of Maida, the GCV is increased
with decrease in ASH% and Moisture%. This implies that
the fuel efficiency is increased while reducing the pollution
factor so this can be one of the best alternatives for the pres-
ently used fuels.
The highest calorific value of 4059 kcal/kg is registered
for Sugarcane husk, rice husk with Gaur gum (60 wt.%).
Less amount of Ash content of 2.3% is noticed for Sugar-
cane husk, Rice husk with guar gum (60 wt.%). On the other
hand, briquettes composed of rice husk and Ground nut husk
with cow dung (40 wt.%) were found to have reduced mois-
ture content of 8.79%. Hence, the briquettes made from the
Agro Residues can become a major source of energy on a
large scale.
Funding Not applicable.
Availability of Data and Materials Not applicable.
Declarations
Conflict of interests The authors declare that they have no conflict
of interest.
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Durga Prasad C & Bharath Kumar S. “Experimental analysis of
the rice husk and eggshell powder-based natural fiber composite.
J. Instit. Eng. (India): Series D, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s40033-023-00557-9
27. G. Srinivasa Rao, M. Usha, H. Harish, C. Durga Prasad, H. Vas-
udev, S. Bharath, K. Ch. Kishore Kumar, Evaluating and opti-
mizing surface roughness using genetic algorithm and artificial
neural networks during turning of AISI 52100 steel. Int. J. Inter-
active Des. Manufact. (IJIDeM), (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12008-023-01549-5
28. C. Manjunatha, T. N. Sreenivasa, P. Sanjay, C. Durga Prasad,
“Optimization of friction stir welding parameters to enhance weld
nugget hardness in AA6061-B4C composite material”. Journal of
The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, (2023)., https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40033-023-00562-y
29. C. Durga Prasad, S. Kollur, M. Nusrathulla, G. Satheesh Babu,
M. B. Hanamantraygouda, B. N. Prashanth, N. Nagabhushana,
Characterization and wear behavior of SiC reinforced FeNiCrMo
composite coating by HVOF process. Trans. IMF (2023). https://
doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2023.2246259
30. M. Arunadevi, M. Rani, R. Sibinraj, M.K. Chandru, C. Durga
Prasad, Comparison of k-nearest Neighbor & Artificial Neural
Network prediction in the mechanical properties of aluminum
alloys. Mater. Today: Proc. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2023.09.111
31. M. Asif Kattimani, P. R. Venkatesh, L. J. Kirthan, M. M. Mahan-
tesh, A. C. Prapul Chandra, R. Hegde, C. Durga Prasad, M.
Gupta, S. Kumar, Design and optimization of fatigue life studies
on induction hardened IN718 alloy for gas turbine applications.
Adv. Mate. Process. Techno. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/
2374068X.2023.2256121
32. H. Sharanabasava, M. Raviprakash, C. Durga Prasad, M. R.
Ramesh, M. V. Phanibhushana, H. Vasudev, S. Kumar, Micro-
structure, mechanical and wear properties of SiC and Mo rein-
forced NiCr microwave cladding. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2023.2257937
33. R. T. Ashok Kumar, N.Nagabhushana, V. N. Vivek Bhandarkar, T.
Jagadeesha, R. K. Mohammad Rafi, S. Rudresha, C. Durga Prasad,
A. Rajesh Kannan, D. G. Mohan, Investigation on mechanical and
sliding wear behavior of pongamia-oil-cake/basalt fiber reinforced
epoxy hybrid composites. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. (2023). https://doi.
org/10.1007/s13369-023-08207-8
34. M. Asif Kattimani, P. R. Venkatesh , H. Masum, M. M Math , V.
N. Bahadurdesai, S. Mustafkhadri, C. Durga Prasad, H. Vasudev,
Design and numerical analysis of tensile deformation and fracture
properties of induction hardened Inconel 718 superalloy for gas
turbine applications. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manufact. (IJIDeM),
(2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01452-z
35. G. S. Kulkarni, N. G. Siddeshkumar, C. Durga Prasad, L. Shankar,
R. Suresh, Drilling of GFRP with liquid silicon rubber reinforced
with fine aluminum powder on hole surface quality and tool wear

1 3
using DOE. J. Bio- Tribo-Corros. 9, Article number: 53 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-023-00771-8
36. S.D. Kulkarni, Manjunatha, U. Chandrasekhar, K. V. Manju-
nath, C Durga Prasad, H. Vasudev, Design and optimization of
polyvinyl-nitride rubber for tensile strength analysis. Int. J. Inter-
act. Des. Manufact. (IJIDeM) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12008-023-01405-6
37. N. Praveen , U. S. Mallik, A. G. Shivasiddaramaih, R. Suresh , C
Durga Prasad, L. Shivaramu, Synthesis and Wire EDM character-
istics of Cu–Al–Mn ternary shape memory alloys using Taguchi
Method. J. Instit. Eng. (India): Series D (2023). https://doi.org/
10.1007/s40033-023-00501-x
38. M.M. Mahantesh, K.V.S. Rajeswara Rao, A.C. Prapul Chandra,
M. N. Vijayakumar, B. Nandini, C. Durga Prasad, H. Vasudev,
Design and modeling using finite element analysis for the sit-
ting posture of computer users based on ergonomic perspective.
Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12008-023-01383-9
39. G. Anjaneya, S. Sunil, S. Kakkeri, M.M. Mahantesh, M. N.
Vaibhav, C. Solaimuthu, C. Durga Prasad, H. Vasudev, Numeri-
cal simulation of microchannel heat exchanger using CFD.
Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12008-023-01376-8
40. G. Madhu Sudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, S. Kollur, A. Lak-
shmikanthan, R. Suresh, C. R. Aprameya, Investigation of high
temperature erosion behavior of NiCrAlY/TiO2 plasma coatings
on titanium substrate. JOM J. Miner. Metals Mater. Soc. (TMS).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-05894-4
41. P. Nagabhushana, S. Ramprasad, C Durga Prasad, H Vasudev, C
Prakash, Numerical investigation on heat transfer of a nano-fluid
saturated vertical composite porous channel packed between
two fluid layers. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (2023). https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12008-023-01379-5
42. K. Shanthala, M. Ajit, M. Hebbale, C. Durga Prasad, M.
Muralidhar Singh, H. Harish, S. Karigowda, Analysis of high
velocity forming of metallic tubes. Mater. Today Proc. (2023)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.647
43. N. Praveen, U.S. Mallik, A.G. Shivasiddaramaih, R. Suresh, L.
Shivaramu, C. Durga Prasad, M. Gupta, Design and analysis
of shape memory alloys using optimization techniques. Adv.
Mater. Process. Technol. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/23740
68X.2023.2208021
44. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, P. Patil, N. Kakur,
M.R. Ramesh, High temperature erosion performance of
NiCrAlY/Cr2O3/YSZ plasma spray coatings. Trans. IMF (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2023.2208899
45. M. Muralidhar Singh, M. Ajit, M. Hebbale, C. Durga Prasad,
H. Harish, M. Kumar, K. Shanthala, Design and simulation of
vertical axis windmill for streetlights. Mate. Today Proc. (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.729
46. P. Mohan, H Hanumanthappa, C. Durga Prasad, H. Madhusoodan
Jathanna, A. Raj Ksheerasagar, P. Shetty, S. Bharath Kumar, H.
Vasudev, Computational modeling for the manufacturing of solar-
powered multifunctional agricultural robot. Int. J. Interact. Des.
Manuf. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01291-y
47. C. J. Manjunatha, C. Durga Prasad, R. Harish Hanumanthappa,
A. Kannan, D. G. Mohan, S. Bharath Kumar, C. Venkategowda,
Influence of microstructural characteristics on wear and corrosion
behavior of
Si3N4 reinforced Al2219 composites. Adv. Mater. Sci.
Eng. 2023, Article ID 1120569 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1155/
2023/1120569
48. H. Sharanabasva, C. Durga Prasad, M. R. Ramesh, Charac-
terization and wear behavior of NiCrMoSi microwave clad-
ding. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11665-023-07998-z
49. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, P. Patil, N. Kakur, M.
R. Ramesh, Investigation of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/Cr2O3/YSZ
coatings on erosion performance of MDN 420 steel substrate at
elevated temperatures. Int. J. Surface Sci. Eng. 17(3), 180–194
(2023). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2023.10054266
50. H. Sharanabasva, C. Durga Prasad, M. R. Ramesh, Effect of Mo
and SiC reinforced NiCr microwave cladding on microstructure,
mechanical and wear properties. J. Inst. Eng. (India): Series D,
(2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-022-00445-8
51. H. S. Nithin, K.M. Nishchitha, D. G. Pradeep, C. Durga Prasad,
M. Mathapati, Comparative analysis of CoCrAlY coatings at high
temperature oxidation behavior using different reinforcement
composition profiles. Weld. World. 67, 585–592, (2023) https://
doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01405-2
52. D.C. Naveen, N. Kakur, B. S. Keerthi Gowda, G. Madhu Sudana
Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, R. Shanmugam, Effects of polypropylene
waste addition as coarse aggregate in concrete: experimental char-
acterization and statistical analysis. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2022,
Article ID 7886722, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/78867
22.
53. V. Gowda, R. Harish Hanumanthappa, S. Bharath Kumar, C.
Durga Prasad, T. N. Sreenivasa, M. S. Rajendra Kumar, High-
temperature tribological studies on hot forged Al6061-Tib2 in-situ
composites. J. Bio and Tribo-Corros. 8, 101 (2022). https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40735-022-00699-5
54. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, G. Shetty, M. R.
Ramesh, T. Nageswara Rao, P. Patil, Investigation of thermally
sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 and NiCrAlY/Cr2O3/YSZ cermet com-
posite coatings on titanium alloys. Eng. Res. Express. 4, 025049
(2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac7946
55. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, P. Patil, N. Kakur, M.
R. Ramesh, Elevated temperature erosion performance of plasma
sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 coating on MDN 420 steel substrate. Surf.
Topogr. Metrol. Prop. 10, 025010 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/
2051-672X/ac6a6e
Ramesh, T. Nageswara Rao, P. Patil. High temperature oxidation
behavior of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 & NiCrAlY /Cr2O3/
YSZ coatings on titanium alloy. Weld. World (2022) https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40194-022-01268-7
57. N. Thavaraya, M. Mahantayya, C. Durga Prasad, H. S. Nithin, M.
R. Ramesh, Effect of laser post treatment on microstructural and
sliding wear behavior of HVOF sprayed NiCrC and NiCrSi coat-
ings. Surface Rev Lett. 29(1), 225000 (2022). https://doi.org/10.
1142/S0218625X2250007X.
Ramesh, T. Nageswara Rao, P. Patil, High temperature oxidation
studies of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 & NiCrAlY /Cr2O3/YSZ
cermet composite coatings on MDN-420 special steel alloy. Met-
allogr. Microstruct. Anal. 10, 642–651 (2021). https://doi.org/10.
1007/s13632-021-00784-0
59. M. Mathapati, K. Amate, C. Durga Prasad, M. L. Jayavardhana,
T. Hemanth Raju, A review on fly ash utilization. Mater. Today
Proc. 50(Part 5), 1535–1540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2021.09.106
60. R. Dinesh, S. Rohan Raykar, T. L. Rakesh, M. G. Prajwal, M.
Shashank Lingappa, C. Durga Prasad, Feasibility study on MoCo-
CrSi/WC-Co cladding developed on austenitic stainless steel
using microwave hybrid heating. J. Mines Metals Fuels. 69(12A)
(2021). https://doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30113
61. C. Durga Prasad, S. Lingappa, S. Joladarashi, M. R. Ramesh,
B. Sachin, Characterization and sliding wear behavior of
CoMoCrSi+Flyash composite cladding processed by microwave
irradiation. Mate. Today Proc. 46, 2387–2391 (2021). https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.156

1 3
62. G. Madhu, K. M. Mrityunjaya Swamy, D. Ajay Kumar, C. Durga
Prasad, U. Harish, Evaluation of hot corrosion behavior of HVOF
thermally sprayed
Cr3C2–35NiCr coating on SS 304 boiler tube
steel. Am. Inst. Phys. 2316, 030014 (2021). https://doi.org/10.
1063/5.0038279
63. C. Durga Prasad, S. Joladarashi, M. R. Ramesh, M. S. Srinath,
Microstructure and tribological resistance of flame sprayed
CoMoCrSi/WC-CrC-Ni and CoMoCrSi/WC-12Co composite
coatings remelted by microwave hybrid heating. J. Bio Tribo-Cor-
ros. 6, 124 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00421-3
64. C. Durga Prasad, S. Joladarashi, M. R Ramesh, Comparative
investigation of HVOF and flame sprayed CoMoCrSi coating.
Am. Inst.f Phys. 2247, 050004 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.
0003883
65. M. S. Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, P. Patil, M. R. Ramesh, N.
Rao, Hot corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2
and NiCrAlY/Cr2O3/YSZ cermets coatings on alloy steel. Sur-
faces IInterfaces 22, 100810 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
surfin.2020.100810
66. C. Durga Prasad, A. Jerri, M. R. Ramesh, Characterization and
sliding wear behavior of iron based metallic coating deposited by
HVOF process on low carbon steel substrate. J. Bio and Tribo-
Corros. 6, 69 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00366-7
67. C. Durga Prasad, S. Joladarashi, M. R. Ramesh, M. S. Srinath, B.
H. Channabasappa. Comparison of high temperature wear behav-
ior of microwave assisted HVOF sprayed CoMoCrSi-WC-CrC-Ni/
WC-12Co composite coatings. Silicon, 12, 3027–3045 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00398-1
68. K. G. Girisha, C. Durga Prasad, K. C. Anil, K. V. Sreenivas Rao,
Dry sliding wear behavior of Al2O3 coatings for AISI 410 grade
stainless steel. Appl. Mech. Mater. 766–767, 585–589 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.766-767.585
H. Channabasappa, Effect of microwave heating on microstructure
and elevated temperature adhesive wear behavior of HVOF depos-
ited CoMoCrSi-Cr3C2 composite coating. Surface Coat. Technol.
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H. Channabasappa, Microstructure and tribological behavior of
flame sprayed and microwave fused CoMoCrSi/CoMoCrSi-Cr3C2
coatings. Mater. Res. Express 6, 026512 (2019). https://doi.org/
10.1088/2053-1591/aaebd9
72. K. G. Girisha, K.V. Sreenivas Rao, C. Durga Prasad, Slurry ero-
sion resistance of martenistic stainless steel with plasma sprayed
Al2O3–40%TiO2 coatings. Mater. Today Proc. 5 7388–7393
(2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.409
73. C. Durga Prasad, S. Joladarashi, M. R. Ramesh, M. S. Srinath,
B. H. Channabasappa, Influence of microwave hybrid heating on
the sliding wear behavior of HVOF sprayed CoMoCrSi coating.
Mater. Res. Express, 5, 086519 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/
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74. K. G. Girisha, R. Rakesh, C. Durga Prasad, K.V Sreenivas Rao,
Development of corrosion resistance coating for AISI 410 grade
steel. Appl. Mech. Mater. 813–814, 135–139 (2015). https://doi.
org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.813-814.135
75. C. Durga Prasad, S. Joladarashi, M. R Ramesh, A. Sarkar, High
temperature gradient cobalt based clad developed using micro-
wave hybrid heating. Am. Inst. Phs. 1943, 020111 (2018). https://
doi.org/10.1063/1.5029687.
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