This document summarizes a study that explored utilizing corn stover and rice straws from agricultural waste as feedstocks for producing bio-based chemicals. Corn stover underwent liquefaction and polyesterification to produce 71.96% unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Rice straws underwent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and hydrogenation to yield 78.93% furfuryl alcohol. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups indicating the production of the desired chemicals from each feedstock. The study demonstrates the potential for converting agricultural waste into value-added bio-based products.
Nanotechnology in recycling of agricultural wasteskumuthan MS
Nanotechnology can help improve recycling of agricultural wastes. It is being applied in areas like synthesizing nanosilica from rice husk, producing cellulose nanofibers from banana pseudostem, and immobilizing enzymes for biofuel production. Rice husk and banana pseudostem are important agricultural wastes that can be converted to high value products using nanotechnology. Nanosilica synthesized from rice husk and cellulose nanofibers derived from banana pseudostem have been characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM and chemical analysis. Nanocatalysts and immobilized enzymes are also facilitating sustainable biofuel production from agricultural waste feedstocks. Overall, nanotechnology provides low cost and effective methods for converting
This research deals with study of Degradation
behavior of starch blended with different percentage of
polypropylene (PP) .Twin screw extruder at 160- 190 °C and 50
rpm is used for manufacture of blend sheet. Degradation test
achieved according to ASTM standard (D 638 IV and D570-98).
Studies on their degradation properties were carried out by Soil
burial test, Water absorption test and Hydrolysis test. The
morphology test of the polypropylene / starch blend samples
was obviously seen in the (Dino- Light- Digital Microscope),
Results of soil burial test show that tensile strength and
percentage of elongation of polypropylene / starch blend
decrease with increasing the starch content and burial time. The
hydrolysis test show the weight losses increasing with the
increasing amount of starch. High percent of polypropylene
found to decrease the amount of water absorption of the blend.
The physical appearance and morphology studies of
polypropylene / starch blend after burial test in soil and
hydrolysis in water environment showed that all blend samples
was obviously changed after 90-day study period, whereas the
pure polypropylene samples remained unchanged
preparation and foliar application of oligochitosanIJEAB
Oligochitosan with weight average molecu-lar weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 radiation degradation of 4% chitosan solution containing 0.5% H2O2 at 21 kGy. Nanosilica with size of 10 – 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk at 700o C for 2 h. The mixture of 2% oligo-chitosan-2% nanosilica was prepared by dispersion of nanosilica in oligochitosan solution. Oligochitosan, nanosilica and their mixture were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electr-on microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Effect of foliar application of oli-gochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica on soybean seed yield was conducted in experimental field. Results indi-cated that soybean seed yield increased 10.5 and 17.0% for oligochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica, respect-tively for the control. Radiation degraded oligo-chitosan and its mixture with nanosilica can be potentially used for cultivation of soybean with enhanced seed yield.
Response of maize to soil amended with oil palm effluent, fibre and n.p.k fer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of amending soil with oil palm effluent, fiber, and NPK fertilizer on maize growth. The study found that:
1) Both the oil palm effluent and fiber contained significant amounts of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that could improve soil fertility.
2) When the soil was amended with these waste products at rates of 10kg/ha and 20kg/ha, its chemical properties like organic carbon, nitrogen, and mineral levels improved compared to unamended soil.
3) Maize plants grown in the amended soil showed increased growth characteristics like plant height, leaf length, and stem girth compared to the control
Characterization for the necessity of thermophilic biogas digester of tea was...IJAAS Team
Characterization of tea waste, cooked waste has been done by various authors but for the first time it has been done for understanding the necessity of thermophilic digestion. And for this kind of digestion takes place in thermophilic digester for efficient biogas production. Detailed morphological analysis of feedstock has been determined. In the present study, thermo gravimetric analysis carried out For easy and fast digestion of cooked waste, a novel design of thermophilic digester is proposed and tested.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the properties of concrete when banana peel powder is used as an admixture. The study found that the percentage of heat transmitted through concrete cubes and the time taken for the cubes to cool down were both reduced when banana peel powder was added, indicating that the exothermic chemical reaction in the concrete was decreased. Specifically, the heat transmitted was reduced by 12-16% and the cooling time was reduced by 2.5-4% compared to normal concrete without banana peel powder. The flexural strength of the concrete increased slightly with the addition of banana peel powder but the compressive strength did not change significantly. Therefore, the study concluded that banana peel powder can be used as a concrete admixture
Clay as Potassium Permanganate Carrier for Banana Storage in IndonesiaRepository Ipb
This document summarizes a study on using clay powder as a carrier for potassium permanganate (KMn04) to extend the shelf life of banana variety Raja Bulu during storage. Three levels of clay powder (10g, 30g, and 50g) were applied to banana hands and stored at room temperature. Results showed that clay powder was effective as a KMn04 carrier, with 30g of clay powder maintaining banana quality for 18 days as indicated by skin color, hardness, and weight loss. Clay powder treatment helped retain banana quality for longer than the control without treatment. This study demonstrates that clay powder can effectively be used as a low-cost KMn04 carrier to extend post-harvest storage of
The Effect of Using Some Treatments on Reduction of Acrylamide Formation in P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Nanotechnology in recycling of agricultural wasteskumuthan MS
Nanotechnology can help improve recycling of agricultural wastes. It is being applied in areas like synthesizing nanosilica from rice husk, producing cellulose nanofibers from banana pseudostem, and immobilizing enzymes for biofuel production. Rice husk and banana pseudostem are important agricultural wastes that can be converted to high value products using nanotechnology. Nanosilica synthesized from rice husk and cellulose nanofibers derived from banana pseudostem have been characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM and chemical analysis. Nanocatalysts and immobilized enzymes are also facilitating sustainable biofuel production from agricultural waste feedstocks. Overall, nanotechnology provides low cost and effective methods for converting
This research deals with study of Degradation
behavior of starch blended with different percentage of
polypropylene (PP) .Twin screw extruder at 160- 190 °C and 50
rpm is used for manufacture of blend sheet. Degradation test
achieved according to ASTM standard (D 638 IV and D570-98).
Studies on their degradation properties were carried out by Soil
burial test, Water absorption test and Hydrolysis test. The
morphology test of the polypropylene / starch blend samples
was obviously seen in the (Dino- Light- Digital Microscope),
Results of soil burial test show that tensile strength and
percentage of elongation of polypropylene / starch blend
decrease with increasing the starch content and burial time. The
hydrolysis test show the weight losses increasing with the
increasing amount of starch. High percent of polypropylene
found to decrease the amount of water absorption of the blend.
The physical appearance and morphology studies of
polypropylene / starch blend after burial test in soil and
hydrolysis in water environment showed that all blend samples
was obviously changed after 90-day study period, whereas the
pure polypropylene samples remained unchanged
preparation and foliar application of oligochitosanIJEAB
Oligochitosan with weight average molecu-lar weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 radiation degradation of 4% chitosan solution containing 0.5% H2O2 at 21 kGy. Nanosilica with size of 10 – 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk at 700o C for 2 h. The mixture of 2% oligo-chitosan-2% nanosilica was prepared by dispersion of nanosilica in oligochitosan solution. Oligochitosan, nanosilica and their mixture were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electr-on microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Effect of foliar application of oli-gochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica on soybean seed yield was conducted in experimental field. Results indi-cated that soybean seed yield increased 10.5 and 17.0% for oligochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica, respect-tively for the control. Radiation degraded oligo-chitosan and its mixture with nanosilica can be potentially used for cultivation of soybean with enhanced seed yield.
Response of maize to soil amended with oil palm effluent, fibre and n.p.k fer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of amending soil with oil palm effluent, fiber, and NPK fertilizer on maize growth. The study found that:
1) Both the oil palm effluent and fiber contained significant amounts of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that could improve soil fertility.
2) When the soil was amended with these waste products at rates of 10kg/ha and 20kg/ha, its chemical properties like organic carbon, nitrogen, and mineral levels improved compared to unamended soil.
3) Maize plants grown in the amended soil showed increased growth characteristics like plant height, leaf length, and stem girth compared to the control
Characterization for the necessity of thermophilic biogas digester of tea was...IJAAS Team
Characterization of tea waste, cooked waste has been done by various authors but for the first time it has been done for understanding the necessity of thermophilic digestion. And for this kind of digestion takes place in thermophilic digester for efficient biogas production. Detailed morphological analysis of feedstock has been determined. In the present study, thermo gravimetric analysis carried out For easy and fast digestion of cooked waste, a novel design of thermophilic digester is proposed and tested.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the properties of concrete when banana peel powder is used as an admixture. The study found that the percentage of heat transmitted through concrete cubes and the time taken for the cubes to cool down were both reduced when banana peel powder was added, indicating that the exothermic chemical reaction in the concrete was decreased. Specifically, the heat transmitted was reduced by 12-16% and the cooling time was reduced by 2.5-4% compared to normal concrete without banana peel powder. The flexural strength of the concrete increased slightly with the addition of banana peel powder but the compressive strength did not change significantly. Therefore, the study concluded that banana peel powder can be used as a concrete admixture
Clay as Potassium Permanganate Carrier for Banana Storage in IndonesiaRepository Ipb
This document summarizes a study on using clay powder as a carrier for potassium permanganate (KMn04) to extend the shelf life of banana variety Raja Bulu during storage. Three levels of clay powder (10g, 30g, and 50g) were applied to banana hands and stored at room temperature. Results showed that clay powder was effective as a KMn04 carrier, with 30g of clay powder maintaining banana quality for 18 days as indicated by skin color, hardness, and weight loss. Clay powder treatment helped retain banana quality for longer than the control without treatment. This study demonstrates that clay powder can effectively be used as a low-cost KMn04 carrier to extend post-harvest storage of
The Effect of Using Some Treatments on Reduction of Acrylamide Formation in P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in ConcreteYogeshIJTSRD
Analysis of properties of concrete using banana peel as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to the normal Portland cement. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. Ingredients other than cement, water and aggregates that import a specific quality to either plastic fresh mix or the hardened concrete ASTMC 496 is called concrete admixture. The flexural strength of concrete by using banana peel powder as admixture has increased, but considerable lesser compressive strength has increased. Rahul Mohabe | G. D. Dhawade | R. K. Kakpure "Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41186.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41186/utilization-of-banana-peel-powder-in-concrete/rahul-mohabe
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
The document evaluates the efficacy of activated carbon derived from Nigerian bamboo for adsorbing water contaminants. Bamboo was carbonized at 200-400°C and chemically activated with zinc chloride at concentrations from 0-20%. Granular activated carbon produced from 10% zinc chloride was most effective in adsorbing physical, biological, organic and inorganic pollutants from surface water. Testing showed the 10% activated carbon reduced parameters like color, turbidity, conductivity and dissolved solids by 55-83% within 1 hour, meeting drinking water standards. The activated carbon also reduced metals, anions, and zinc to permissible limits set by WHO. In conclusion, activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo is effective for treating surface water and
Abstract— This research was carried out in order to utilize mud cake from sugar factory and cattle feces waste to make compost. Composting process was accelerated by addition of isolate called Trichoderma viride APT01. The study was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications with mud cake and cattle feces ratio: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each mixture of organic matter was added with isolate of Trichoderma viride APT01. Quantitative data was analyzed using variance analysis with alpha 0:05. Among those compositions, it was shown that the value of C / N ratio between 14.6 to 18.3 with the level of acidity, pH 6.62 to 7.36 was the best product. Compost produced for composition of mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. This result was in accordance with The Bureau of Indian Standards.
Biomass Refinery – a way to Produce Value Added Products from Agricultural Bi...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Production of furfural from pentosan in sunflower husk was carried out in an attempt to produce value-added products from sunflower husk which is commonly burnt around sunflower oil mills of India. This process involved the conversion of sunflower husk into xylose, which was then cyclodehydrated to furfural using dilute sulphuric acid. Product was characterized by volumetric process such as bromine- bromide excess method. Furfural obtained was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography with mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The product was colourless, but turned yellowish and then dark brown upon exposure to air and light. Furfural obtained was in liquid form, with a molecular weight of 96.2 g/mole and the formula of C5H4O2
Chapter 9 a biorefinery processing polymers productionAlex Sar
This document discusses biorefineries and the production of polymers from biomass. It defines biorefineries as analogous to petroleum refineries, using biomass as a renewable feedstock instead of crude oil. Biomass can include carbohydrates, lignin, triglycerides, mixed organic residues, and chitin/chitosan from seafood waste. Pretreatment and fractionation of biomass is needed before further processing. The goal of biorefineries is to sustainably produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals like polymers from biomass.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
Characterization of Solid Silicone Fertilizer Produced by Hydrothermal Proces...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Wastes from agriculture or sewage systems have several properties, such as huge volume, high humidity, and high organic compositions. According to the past studied, sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk contain high silicon content. Chemical conversion of biomass feedstock will enhance usage and provide value to agricultural waste. In this research, we applied hydrothermal carbonization to rice husk waste biomass to produce silicon-doped biochar carbon material. From SEM/SEX, FT-IR and XRD results, The silicon content of the synthesized carbon materials changed with increase in carbonization temperature. In addition, the averaged silicon content in carbon material was found:sugarcane exocarp to be 3.27wt %, peanut shells to be 3.01wt %, rice husks to be 7.26wt %. The silicon content of synthesized carbon materials changed with the carbonization temperature. It was speculated that due to silicon content of rice husk, peanut shells and sugarcane exocarp, Raw materials dissolve into reaction water bath and might have bonded to the surface of carbide whilst in hydrothermal carbonization processes. Silicon content of agriculture wastes through hydrothermal carbonization was found to be feasible for the production of silicon-doped Biochars carbon materials. It is suggested that this method be used for recycling of high carbon content waste material for the production of carbon materials. Recycled silicon doped biochars can be used as a base fertilizer for growing vegetables, organic soil conditioner, and also improve the added value of agriculture. Silicon containing biomasses are feasible methods for the recovery and recycling and processing of agricultural waste. Therefore, this study using agricultural waste sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk raw carbon silicon fertilizer raw materials production, cultivation hypokalemia, hyponatremia high silicon vegetables Accord research of patients with hyperkalemia (kidney disease).
1. Kranti Soil Organic Carbon Detection Kit (SOCDK) is a user-friendly kit that provides quick and reliable measurement of soil organic carbon content to help farmers determine corrective measures and fertilizer needs.
2. The kit contains solutions, test tubes, funnels, filters, and a color chart to compare soil sample colors for organic carbon percentage readings.
3. To use the kit, a representative soil sample is collected from the field and tested by adding kit solutions, filtering, and matching the filtrate color to the chart to obtain the organic carbon percentage. This guides farmers on appropriate organic amendments or fertilizers needed.
The document discusses the effects of various industrial effluents on seed germination and plant growth. It finds that effluents from sugar mills, tanneries, dairy factories, and other industries can be used for irrigation after dilution, as they contain nutrients. However, higher concentrations inhibit germination and reduce seedling growth. Parameters like germination percentage, speed of germination index, vigor index, and biochemical factors like chlorophyll and carotenoids are affected by effluent concentration, with inhibitory effects at higher concentrations.
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
Development of Biodegradable Plastics from Sago and Bario Rice BlendsSyed Mohammed Sajl
The document describes a study on developing biodegradable plastics from blends of sago and bario rice starches with natural rubber latex. Bioplastic films were produced by mixing starch from sago and bario rice at a 2:3 ratio with 0.5-10% natural rubber latex and glycerol plasticizer. The films were characterized through various tests. Mechanical testing showed tensile strength decreased and elongation increased with more rubber. Thermal analysis indicated melting point increased with higher rubber content. FTIR showed characteristic starch bands were present. Water absorption decreased for formulations with more rubber latex. Biodegradability also decreased as rubber content increased.
Composting is a simple process that uses microorganisms to break down organic wastes into compost. It works best with the right blend of carbon-rich bulking agents, nitrogen-rich food wastes, and materials with balanced moisture and nutrients. Key parameters that optimize composting include oxygen levels around 10-15%, moisture at 50-60%, and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25:1. Applying the microbial solution OS1dms-sw accelerates composting to around 30 days, suppresses foul odors, and produces a stable compost free of pathogens.
Bioethanol production from cotton wastes using fusarium sp. was discussed in the slide. This slide is for promotional purpose of our publication. This slide is based on our publication “Venkatramanan.V et al /Int.J. ChemTech Res.2014,6(9),pp 4061-4069”. Please cite this article if used in research.
Effect of Medium Composition on Changes of Surface Tension During Cultivation...IJERA Editor
This study evaluated the ability of biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBM10 using glycerol as the sole carbon source. Batch cultivations were performed at 30°C and 180 rpm. The effects of glycerol concentration, C/N ratio and C/P ratio on changes of surface tension were analyzed through a Central Composite Rotational Design. Nitrogen and phosphorus-limiting conditions favored the biosurfactant production. In order to maximize the surface tension reduction, contour plots constructed by predictive polynomial equations resulted in a glycerol concentration of 13.2 g/l, a C/N ratio of 80 and a C/P ratio of 147.2.
This document provides instructions on how to get started using Instagram to promote a real estate brand. It recommends downloading the Instagram app, creating a profile, and posting a variety of content like photos and videos that portray your brand's vibe while engaging with followers by responding to comments. The document also suggests connecting Instagram to other social media accounts, using relevant hashtags, and being consistent in posting to help grow the number of followers over time.
Este documento describe la importancia de enseñar valores como la sinceridad, el respeto y la amistad en la escuela, ya que sin una aplicación correcta de estos valores las personas no podrán ser completas ni felices. Se presentan cuentos como una herramienta valiosa para transmitir valores a los niños de manera entretenida a través de las historias. El 1 de octubre es el Día Mundial de los Valores.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in ConcreteYogeshIJTSRD
Analysis of properties of concrete using banana peel as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to the normal Portland cement. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. Ingredients other than cement, water and aggregates that import a specific quality to either plastic fresh mix or the hardened concrete ASTMC 496 is called concrete admixture. The flexural strength of concrete by using banana peel powder as admixture has increased, but considerable lesser compressive strength has increased. Rahul Mohabe | G. D. Dhawade | R. K. Kakpure "Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41186.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41186/utilization-of-banana-peel-powder-in-concrete/rahul-mohabe
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
The document evaluates the efficacy of activated carbon derived from Nigerian bamboo for adsorbing water contaminants. Bamboo was carbonized at 200-400°C and chemically activated with zinc chloride at concentrations from 0-20%. Granular activated carbon produced from 10% zinc chloride was most effective in adsorbing physical, biological, organic and inorganic pollutants from surface water. Testing showed the 10% activated carbon reduced parameters like color, turbidity, conductivity and dissolved solids by 55-83% within 1 hour, meeting drinking water standards. The activated carbon also reduced metals, anions, and zinc to permissible limits set by WHO. In conclusion, activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo is effective for treating surface water and
Abstract— This research was carried out in order to utilize mud cake from sugar factory and cattle feces waste to make compost. Composting process was accelerated by addition of isolate called Trichoderma viride APT01. The study was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications with mud cake and cattle feces ratio: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each mixture of organic matter was added with isolate of Trichoderma viride APT01. Quantitative data was analyzed using variance analysis with alpha 0:05. Among those compositions, it was shown that the value of C / N ratio between 14.6 to 18.3 with the level of acidity, pH 6.62 to 7.36 was the best product. Compost produced for composition of mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. This result was in accordance with The Bureau of Indian Standards.
Biomass Refinery – a way to Produce Value Added Products from Agricultural Bi...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Production of furfural from pentosan in sunflower husk was carried out in an attempt to produce value-added products from sunflower husk which is commonly burnt around sunflower oil mills of India. This process involved the conversion of sunflower husk into xylose, which was then cyclodehydrated to furfural using dilute sulphuric acid. Product was characterized by volumetric process such as bromine- bromide excess method. Furfural obtained was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography with mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The product was colourless, but turned yellowish and then dark brown upon exposure to air and light. Furfural obtained was in liquid form, with a molecular weight of 96.2 g/mole and the formula of C5H4O2
Chapter 9 a biorefinery processing polymers productionAlex Sar
This document discusses biorefineries and the production of polymers from biomass. It defines biorefineries as analogous to petroleum refineries, using biomass as a renewable feedstock instead of crude oil. Biomass can include carbohydrates, lignin, triglycerides, mixed organic residues, and chitin/chitosan from seafood waste. Pretreatment and fractionation of biomass is needed before further processing. The goal of biorefineries is to sustainably produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals like polymers from biomass.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
Characterization of Solid Silicone Fertilizer Produced by Hydrothermal Proces...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Wastes from agriculture or sewage systems have several properties, such as huge volume, high humidity, and high organic compositions. According to the past studied, sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk contain high silicon content. Chemical conversion of biomass feedstock will enhance usage and provide value to agricultural waste. In this research, we applied hydrothermal carbonization to rice husk waste biomass to produce silicon-doped biochar carbon material. From SEM/SEX, FT-IR and XRD results, The silicon content of the synthesized carbon materials changed with increase in carbonization temperature. In addition, the averaged silicon content in carbon material was found:sugarcane exocarp to be 3.27wt %, peanut shells to be 3.01wt %, rice husks to be 7.26wt %. The silicon content of synthesized carbon materials changed with the carbonization temperature. It was speculated that due to silicon content of rice husk, peanut shells and sugarcane exocarp, Raw materials dissolve into reaction water bath and might have bonded to the surface of carbide whilst in hydrothermal carbonization processes. Silicon content of agriculture wastes through hydrothermal carbonization was found to be feasible for the production of silicon-doped Biochars carbon materials. It is suggested that this method be used for recycling of high carbon content waste material for the production of carbon materials. Recycled silicon doped biochars can be used as a base fertilizer for growing vegetables, organic soil conditioner, and also improve the added value of agriculture. Silicon containing biomasses are feasible methods for the recovery and recycling and processing of agricultural waste. Therefore, this study using agricultural waste sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk raw carbon silicon fertilizer raw materials production, cultivation hypokalemia, hyponatremia high silicon vegetables Accord research of patients with hyperkalemia (kidney disease).
1. Kranti Soil Organic Carbon Detection Kit (SOCDK) is a user-friendly kit that provides quick and reliable measurement of soil organic carbon content to help farmers determine corrective measures and fertilizer needs.
2. The kit contains solutions, test tubes, funnels, filters, and a color chart to compare soil sample colors for organic carbon percentage readings.
3. To use the kit, a representative soil sample is collected from the field and tested by adding kit solutions, filtering, and matching the filtrate color to the chart to obtain the organic carbon percentage. This guides farmers on appropriate organic amendments or fertilizers needed.
The document discusses the effects of various industrial effluents on seed germination and plant growth. It finds that effluents from sugar mills, tanneries, dairy factories, and other industries can be used for irrigation after dilution, as they contain nutrients. However, higher concentrations inhibit germination and reduce seedling growth. Parameters like germination percentage, speed of germination index, vigor index, and biochemical factors like chlorophyll and carotenoids are affected by effluent concentration, with inhibitory effects at higher concentrations.
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
Development of Biodegradable Plastics from Sago and Bario Rice BlendsSyed Mohammed Sajl
The document describes a study on developing biodegradable plastics from blends of sago and bario rice starches with natural rubber latex. Bioplastic films were produced by mixing starch from sago and bario rice at a 2:3 ratio with 0.5-10% natural rubber latex and glycerol plasticizer. The films were characterized through various tests. Mechanical testing showed tensile strength decreased and elongation increased with more rubber. Thermal analysis indicated melting point increased with higher rubber content. FTIR showed characteristic starch bands were present. Water absorption decreased for formulations with more rubber latex. Biodegradability also decreased as rubber content increased.
Composting is a simple process that uses microorganisms to break down organic wastes into compost. It works best with the right blend of carbon-rich bulking agents, nitrogen-rich food wastes, and materials with balanced moisture and nutrients. Key parameters that optimize composting include oxygen levels around 10-15%, moisture at 50-60%, and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25:1. Applying the microbial solution OS1dms-sw accelerates composting to around 30 days, suppresses foul odors, and produces a stable compost free of pathogens.
Bioethanol production from cotton wastes using fusarium sp. was discussed in the slide. This slide is for promotional purpose of our publication. This slide is based on our publication “Venkatramanan.V et al /Int.J. ChemTech Res.2014,6(9),pp 4061-4069”. Please cite this article if used in research.
Effect of Medium Composition on Changes of Surface Tension During Cultivation...IJERA Editor
This study evaluated the ability of biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBM10 using glycerol as the sole carbon source. Batch cultivations were performed at 30°C and 180 rpm. The effects of glycerol concentration, C/N ratio and C/P ratio on changes of surface tension were analyzed through a Central Composite Rotational Design. Nitrogen and phosphorus-limiting conditions favored the biosurfactant production. In order to maximize the surface tension reduction, contour plots constructed by predictive polynomial equations resulted in a glycerol concentration of 13.2 g/l, a C/N ratio of 80 and a C/P ratio of 147.2.
This document provides instructions on how to get started using Instagram to promote a real estate brand. It recommends downloading the Instagram app, creating a profile, and posting a variety of content like photos and videos that portray your brand's vibe while engaging with followers by responding to comments. The document also suggests connecting Instagram to other social media accounts, using relevant hashtags, and being consistent in posting to help grow the number of followers over time.
Este documento describe la importancia de enseñar valores como la sinceridad, el respeto y la amistad en la escuela, ya que sin una aplicación correcta de estos valores las personas no podrán ser completas ni felices. Se presentan cuentos como una herramienta valiosa para transmitir valores a los niños de manera entretenida a través de las historias. El 1 de octubre es el Día Mundial de los Valores.
This document discusses a thesis that investigates the applicability of the maturity method as a means of estimating concrete strength. The maturity method uses the internal temperature and curing time of concrete to compute a "maturity" value that indicates the strength of the concrete. The thesis examines applying the maturity method to concrete prepared according to British standards and concrete containing a plasticizer. Three mixes were prepared - one to American standards and two to British standards, with one British mix containing a plasticizer. Cylinders and beams were cured and tested for compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths. The results showed that the choice of standards and use of a plasticizer did not affect the strength or maturity of the concrete mixes. This indicates
Este documento presenta un análisis de investigación realizado para la empresa Florette. Incluye un análisis de la organización Florette, su competencia, público objetivo, comunicación actual y del sector. También incluye una sección de DAFO y conclusiones de la investigación. El documento proporciona datos detallados sobre Florette como su misión, valores, áreas de actuación, facturación y crecimiento del mercado. Analiza los competidores directos e indirectos de Florette y segmenta su público objetivo en mujeres y jóvenes.
This document provides an overview of big data analytics and data visualization. It discusses key concepts like data wrangling, exploring patterns, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings. Common techniques are also summarized, including classification, clustering, association rules, and predictive analytics. Specific algorithms like decision trees, k-means clustering, and hierarchical clustering are explained. The CRISP-DM process model and applications of analytics in areas like customer understanding and process optimization are also covered at a high level. Visualization is presented as an important part of the overall analytics process.
Rock Our World Productions organizes fundraising concerts as an alternative to traditional nonprofit fundraising events like galas and golf tournaments that are no longer as effective. It produces interactive rock shows tailored to each client's cause that aim to make an emotional connection with attendees. Rock Our World retains 30% of event profits but does not charge upfront fees, so its success depends on the client's success. It also handles event planning and promotion to maximize fundraising and increase the client's brand exposure within their community.
Este documento presenta información sobre las Normas y Recomendaciones de Diseño Geométrico y Seguridad Vial e Instrucciones Generales de Estudios y Proyectos de la Dirección Nacional de Vialidad de Argentina. Incluye una comparación entre estas normas y el Libro Verde de AASHTO, con el objetivo de identificar posibles mejoras. Se resumen las principales novedades del Libro Verde de AASHTO 2011 y se incluyen extractos traducidos de los capítulos 1, 2 y 3 con anexos comparativos.
Este documento presenta datos de audiencia de canales y programas de televisión en España para diferentes franjas horarias y targets. Resalta que para el target individuos, el programa más visto el 1 de diciembre de 2014 fue Isabel, mientras que para el target AC (amas de casa) fue el mismo programa pero con mayor cuota. También destaca la audiencia de los canales T5 y TV3 en diferentes franjas.
Application of carbon nitrogen supplementation from plant and animal sources ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the use of sawdust, yam peel, and a mixture of cow dung, goat dung, and poultry dung as amendments to biostimulate microorganisms and degrade diesel oil contamination in soil. Microcosm experiments were conducted with 10% diesel-contaminated soil amended individually and combined with the organic wastes. Biodegradation was monitored over 42 days and followed first-order kinetics. The combination of all amendments achieved the highest degradation rate (0.089 day-1) and shortest half-life (7.79 days), indicating these wastes effectively stimulated bioremediation while providing a low-cost solution.
Response of maize to soil amended with oil palm effluent, fibre and n.p.k fer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on amending soil with oil palm effluent, fiber, and NPK fertilizer and assessing the impact on maize growth. Key findings:
1. The oil palm effluent and fiber were found to contain significant amounts of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that could improve soil fertility.
2. Analysis of the soil properties after amendment found increases in nutrients like phosphorus, organic carbon, and nitrogen, especially at application rates of 20kg/ha.
3. Maize plants grown in the amended soils showed increases in growth parameters like plant height, leaf length, and stem girth, and higher yields compared to the unamended control soils.
2008 - Molecular microbial and chemical investigation of the bioremediation o...WALEBUBLÉ
The document describes a study that used laboratory-scale bioreactors to investigate the biodegradation of two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) by its indigenous microbiota under different conditions. The effects of nutrient addition and aeration on bioremediation and microbial community changes were evaluated. Analysis found that nutrient addition and aeration led to greater decreases in polyphenolic content and increases in the fungal to bacterial ratio. Molecular identification of bacteria and fungi in the bioreactors identified several genera present, with fungi like Penicillium and Candida dominant.
1) PET waste was chemically recycled using a glycolysis process with diethylene glycol to produce oligomers.
2) An unsaturated polyester resin was synthesized from the glycolysis products and maleic anhydride via polycondensation.
3) The unsaturated polyester resin was cross-linked with styrene to produce molded compounds for construction applications like panels or partitions. Mechanical testing showed the cross-linked materials had good compression strength and impact resistance.
This document describes a study that produced biodegradable plastic from agricultural wastes. Specifically:
- The researchers produced cellulose acetate (CA) biofiber from flax fibers and cotton linters with yields of 81% and 54% respectively.
- They characterized the structure of the produced bioplastic using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and gel permeation chromatography.
- Tests showed the bioplastic was biodegradable and resistant to acid and salt treatment but degraded in alkaline conditions. It was less affected by acids than polypropylene and polystyrene.
- Therefore, this new CA bioplastic could potentially be applied in the food industry and medicine as
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
The document summarizes research on producing furfural through acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses previous studies utilizing various agricultural residues as feedstocks for furfural synthesis, including corncobs, olive stones, sorghum straw, rice husks, pistachio hulls, and sugarcane bagasse. Maximum reported furfural yields ranged from 15-65% depending on temperature, acid concentration, and reaction time. The document also describes an experimental study that achieves a 6.6% furfural yield through hydrolysis of rice husks with 1M hydrochloric acid at 107°C.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
A Feasibility Study on Production of Solid Fuel from Glycerol and Agricultura...drboon
A main goal of the study is to produce solid fuel from glycerol and agricultural wastes in order to find an alternative energy suitable for household usage. In the study, durian shell and bagasse, which are leftover raw materials, were selected to be mixed with by-product glycerol waste from biodiesel process. Durian shell and bagasse were dried and grinded before mixing process. Heating values of each raw material were measured using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. In order to evaluate feasibility of the production, the various mixing proportions of the mixture were tested by several means, i.e. strength test, heating value measurement, and exhaust gas analysis.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of sugarcane pressmud biocompost and mineral fertilizers on maize growth and soil properties. The biocompost had nutrient contents of 1.8% N, 1.83% P, and 0.9% K. A pot experiment found that biocompost and nitrogen fertilizer increased maize height, dry weight, and nitrogen uptake. Biocompost and fertilizers also increased soil organic matter, phosphorus, and potassium levels. The results indicate that biocompost can be used along with mineral fertilizers to boost maize growth and yields by improving soil quality.
This document summarizes a study on developing a biodegradable low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using potato starch. Key findings include:
- Potato starch was blended with LDPE to produce a composite material that showed increased biodegradability compared to pure LDPE.
- Samples of the potato starch-LDPE blend buried in soil for 8 months showed weight loss, indicating biodegradation from soil microorganisms.
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed biodegradation had occurred, with a reduction in carbonyl group peaks from the potato starch.
- Exposure to the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa also resulted in weight changes providing further evidence of microbial degradation of the composite material.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of inoculum to substrate ratio on biogas production from anaerobically digested goat paunch manure. Goat paunch manure was digested at different inoculum to substrate ratios of 1.45, 2.2, and 4.3 in biodigesters labeled R15, R10, and R5, respectively, under mesophilic conditions. Results showed that biogas production rate peaked earliest in R10 and latest in R15, but inoculum to substrate ratio did not significantly affect production rate. However, biogas production accumulation increased from 0.44273 to 1.00783 Nm3/kg VS with increasing inoculum to substrate ratio
Composting characteristics of cow manure with bulking Agent in a batch composterirjes
Cow manure manure was co-composted with straw in a batch anaerobic composter, to understand
the effects of physical and chemical parameters on composting, for four weeks. Process was performed at
temperature 37oC. Properties of the material periodically monitored during the composting process were
moisture content, temperature, pH, total nitrogen, total carbon, C/N ration, and total phosphorus and total
potassium were examined at the end of composting. Moisture be maintained in higher level, than 70%. Carbon
to nitrogen ratio of 30 :1 was experimented.
This document summarizes research on converting plastic waste to liquid fuel through pyrolysis. It discusses:
- Plastic waste management is a major problem in Khartoum, Sudan, with over 1 million tons of solid waste annually, 12.7% of which is plastic.
- Pyrolysis involves heating plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce liquid oil, gas, and carbon black. The oil yield from plastic pyrolysis is 80-90%.
- The document evaluates several commercial pyrolysis processes and modifies the thermofuel process in Aspen Hysys software to improve efficiency.
- The modified process uses screw conveyors to melt plastic continuously and utilizes uncondensed gases to heat the feed,
master seminar on role of biochar on enhancing the crop productivity.pptxSagen Hansda
the presentation discusses the role of biochar in enhancing crop productivity and heavy metal remediation. Soil contamination with heavy metals is a major concern due to its harmful effects on soil, microbial diversity, groundwater, and agricultural productivity, ultimately affecting human health and environment (Gogoi et al., 2021). Managing heavy metal is a bit difficult due to its persistent nature. On the other hand, intensive agricultural practices such as indiscriminate use of agrochemicals over the years have led to soil degradation, reducing crop yield. Suitable management options need to be explored to enhance crop yield sustainably. In this situation, biochar, a multipurpose carbonaceous material, has shown concurrently promising results in improving crop yield regardless of standard or stressful conditions and managing the heavy metals from the soil. Biochar refers to the carbon-rich solid product when biomass is thermally decomposed under anoxic conditions i.e., pyrolysis (Lehmann et al., 2006). It has a highly porous structure, a large surface area, and plenty of surface functional groups. Due to such properties, biochar plays a prominent role in immobilizing heavy metals and reduces their bioavailability in soil. Possible mechanisms for heavy metal remediation include: 1) direct/non-mediated mechanisms i.e., ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, precipitation and complexation, 2) indirect/ mediated mechanism i.e., reduced mobility of heavy metal as a result of biochar impact on pH, CEC, mineral composition and soil organic carbon in soil (Mansoor et al., 2021). The application of lantana biochar has reduced the available heavy metals Zn, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Cd, and Pb contents by 48.4%, 41.4%, 36.9%, 35.7%, 34.3%, 33.2% and 30.4% respectively in soil due to surface adsorption and precipitation caused by an increase in soil pH (Masto et al., 2013). Abbas et al. (2017) reported that as compared to the control, Cd concentration in wheat grains decreased by 26%, 42% and 57% after the application of 1.5%, 3.0%, and 5.0% rice straw biochar, respectively. The adsorption capacity of biochar can be further enhanced by chemical and physical modification (Wang and Wang, 2019). Biochar application improves water and nutrition retention in soil, promotes microbial activity and creates a fertile environment that is favourable for plant growth and development. Pandian et al. (2016) reported that applying biochar to acidic red soil favoured good soil physical, chemical and biological environment, and these positive changes influenced growth and yield attributes and yield. Given the numerous benefits of biochar, the government should establish policies to encourage its application in soil.
Keywords: Heavy metal, crop yield, biochar, soil.
References
Abbas, T., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Qayyum, M. F., Abbas, F., ... & Ok, Y. S. (2017). Effect of biochar on cadmium bioavailability and uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a soi
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Kraft Pulp from Oil Palm Empty Fruit BunchesWan Rosli Wan Daud
This document summarizes a study on chlorine-free bleaching of kraft pulp produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). Kraft pulping was performed on EFB under different conditions. The pulp was then bleached using an oxygen (O2) - acid (H2SO4) - ozone (O3) - hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sequence. This chlorine-free bleaching reduced the kappa number significantly and achieved a brightness of around 75%, indicating the potential to reach 80% brightness without chlorine. Paper properties such as strength were maintained despite reductions in viscosity during bleaching. The bleached EFB pulp showed comparable strengths to hardwood pulps, suggesting E
This document summarizes a study on chlorine-free bleaching of kraft pulp produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). Kraft pulping was performed on EFB under different conditions. The pulp was then bleached using an oxygen (O2) - acid (H2SO4) - ozone (O3) - hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sequence. This chlorine-free bleaching reduced the kappa number significantly and achieved a brightness of around 75%, indicating the potential to reach 80% brightness without chlorine. Paper properties such as strength were maintained after bleaching despite reductions in viscosity. The bleached EFB pulp showed comparable strengths to hardwood pulps.
This document presents information about remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted agriculture soil in Tamil Nadu, India. It discusses how oil and gas extraction by ONGC has contaminated thousands of acres of farmland in delta districts with petroleum hydrocarbons, negatively impacting the soil, groundwater, and human and environmental health. The objectives are to collect soil samples from contaminated sites, analyze physical/chemical parameters and pollutant levels, and remediate the soil using microorganisms and earthworms. Future work involves conducting soil analyses and assessing remediated soils. The document provides background on hydrocarbon pollution effects, outlines a plan of work, and references literature on bioremediation techniques.
This study evaluated the life cycle assessment of organically grown cotton from cultivation to disposal. Key findings include that field emissions significantly contributed to environmental impact categories like eutrophication and acidification. Fertilizer production was also an important contributor to impacts. Compared to conventional cotton, organic cotton showed potential savings of 46% for global warming potential, 70% for acidification potential, 26% for eutrophication, 91% for blue water consumption, and 62% for non-renewable energy demand. These reductions were largely due to avoiding mineral fertilizers and pesticides in organic systems.
1. LIQUEFACTION OF CORN STOVERS AND ACID-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS
OF RICE STRAWS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO-BASED CHEMICALS
Authors:
Antonino, King Neil A.
Gamet, Arnold A.
Mission, Elaine. G.
Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology
The authors acknowledge the following members of our research team: Krislyn
Laurenciano, Elline Lizette San Juan, Anna Dominique Cheng, Gerald Lim, Michiko Ong
and Bianca Jamila Ludovice; and our panellists: Engr. Clydelle Rondaris, Engr. Milagros
Cabangon, Engr. Denvert Pangayao and Engr. Annalyn Laconsay-Cruz.
2. ABSTRACT
Agricultural wastes such as corn stovers and rice straws that contain lignocellulosic
materials can be used as feedstock for bio-based chemical production. Utilization of
agricultural waste in bio-based chemical production will avoid the unnecessary emission of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and will help to address decreasing supply in fossil
fuels. This study explored the utilization of corn stovers and rice straws for the production of
bio-based chemicals such as unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and furfuryl alcohol,
respectively.
Both corn stovers and rice straws underwent a series of extraction-conversion
processes. Corn stovers, consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, underwent
liquefaction and polyesterification to yield 71.96% of UPR. FTIR analysis confirmed the
presence of ester group at 1719.53 cm-1. On the other hand, rice straws which contain
pentosan, were hydrolyzed and hydrogenized to yield 78.93% of furfuryl alcohol. FTIR
analysis has confirmed the presence of alcohol group at 3338 cm-1.
Keywords: Corn Stovers, Rice Straws, Liquefaction, Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis, Unsaturated
Polyester Resin, Furfuryl Alcohol
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to the depletion of coal and petroleum reserves, petroleum-derived chemical
production is largely affected. Hence, there is a need to explore potential alternative
feedstock for the production of industrial chemicals. Biomass is an attractive potential
alternative due to its abundance and lignocellulosic contents that can be extracted and
converted to precursor chemicals. Biomass sources include agricultural crop residues such as
corn stovers and rice straws.
3. In the Philippines, corn stovers and rice straws are generally left in the field after crop
harvesting. Farmers usually burn these in the open field, causing emission of greenhouse
gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide (N2O) and particulate
matter (Gadde et al., 2009). They were utilized as feedstock to combustion boilers for
electricity production, however, this results to fouling, slagging, and corrosion of the boiler
due to alkaline and chlorine components in the ash (Zafar, 2013). There had been attempts to
feed them to cattles and sheeps but was not advisable due to its low digestibility and low
protein content (K. S. Gould, 2011). But corn stovers and rice straws were found to contain
high content of lignocellulose. Thus, corn stovers and rice straws are presently underutilized.
Concerning these issues, this study was undertaken to utilized corn stovers and rice straws in
the production of bio-based chemicals by subjecting them to a series of extraction-conversion
process. This study will benefit the agricultural sector by providing them a potential source of
income while protecting the atmosphere from unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions.
Corn stovers were analysed at the Fiber Processing & Utilization Laboratory of the
FIDA, and were found to contain 34.04% cellulose, 37.14% hemicellulose, and 16.80%
lignin on a dry basis (FTUD Report No. 023-14). These components can be subjected to
liquefaction process under acidic conditions using ethylene glycol to produce polyhydric
alcohol or polyol products (Yu et al., 2006). Polyols are chemical compounds containing
multiple hydroxyl groups and these could possibly be used for biopolymer production, such
as unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) through the process of polyesterification (Johnson
Matthey Group, 2003). Unreinforced UPRs are most commonly used for clear casting resins,
coatings, and polyester concrete (for applications such as road drainage). UPRs are also used
for structural parts (e.g. replacement of concrete clad steel), cladding panels, sheeting (e.g.
for pre-fabricated buildings), roofing tiles, pipes and also for applications such as bathroom
furniture (e.g. baths and shower trays).
4. On the other hand, rice straws are known to contain about 16.48% pentosan (Cheng et
al., 2013). This component when subjected to acid hydrolysis and subsequent dehydration
reaction to form furfuraldehyde. Furfuraldehyde is reduced into furfuryl alcohol using
complex sodium borohydrides through the process of hydrogenation (Lecher, Carl S., 2006).
Furfuryl alcohol is an organic compound that is made up of a hydroxymethyl group and a
furan ring. It is utilized as a solvent but is primarily used as an ingredient in the manufacture
of various chemical products such as synthetic resins, adhesives and wetting agent. Other
uses of furfuryl alcohol include its use in rocket fuel, and for wood treatment.
II. METHODS
The experimental procedure was divided into two cases: (1) Production of
Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR), and (2) Production of Furfuryl Alcohol. Each case
comprised of three major parts: (1) preparation and conditioning of raw materials, and (2)
extraction of major component, and (3) conversion into main product.
Case 1: Production of Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)
Figure 1 shows the flow of extraction-conversion process in producing UPR
Figure 1. Process Flow Diagram in Producing UPR
5. Corn stovers were gathered through grab sampling from a corn plantation in Brgy.
Laput, Mexico, Pampanga. The reagents were purchased from Chemodities and Patagonian
chemical suppliers located at Bambang, Manila.
1A. Preparation and Conditioning of Raw Materials
Corn stover is a collective term for corn stalks and corn leaves. The weight ratio of
corn leaves and stalks in a corn stover was determined as 3 parts leaves: 7 parts stalks. Corn
leaves were washed using tap water to remove adhering dirt while the stalks were size-
reduced to approximately 1 cm for easier handling. The corn leaves and stalks were dried in a
conventional oven at 105°C to a constant weight (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014) for
30 and 60 minutes, respectively. The dried samples were further size-reduced to
approximately 2 mm using a blender to increase the effective surface area of the cellulose and
reduce cellulose crystallinity (Mani et al., 2004; Galbe and Zacchi, 2007). The ground
samples were sieved using a no. 10 USA standard test sieve (with ASTM E-11 Specification)
made of brass frame stainless cloth having an aperture of 2 mm or 0.0787 inch.
1B. Liquefaction of Pre-treated Corn Stover
The undersize from the Tyler sieve, ethylene glycol (liquefying agent) and 18M
sulfuric acid (catalyst) having a ratio of 3:10:100 were placed in an erlenmeyer flask and
were reacted at 160°C for about 60 minutes under atmospheric pressure following the method
by Liang et al., 2006. Under the catalysis of sulfuric acid, the corn stover experienced a
partial chemical degradation and reacts with ethylene glycol to form a series of glucosides as
can be seen in Figure 2 (Liu et al., 2005).
Figure 2. Liquefaction
Reaction of the Corn Stover
Source: Yamada and Ono
(1990), Liu et al. (2005)
6. After the reaction, it was immediately quenched to prevent further degradation,
cleavage, or any unwanted reaction. Then, the liquefied product (polyol) was separated from
the residue through filtration.
1C. Polyesterification of Polyol
Polyol and phthalic acid, having a ratio of 5:1 based from Kunaver et al, 2011, were
placed in an erlenmeyer flask and heated at atmospheric pressure to produce unsaturated
polyester resin. As the process proceeds, the by-product (i.e. water) was continuously
removed to obtain higher conversion and to drive the reaction (see Figure 3) to completion
(Landsverk et. al., 2014).
Polyesterification was executed for about 160 to 180 minutes under 160 to 220ºC
(Simpson et al, 2010). When the reaction proceeded to completion, the mixture was quenched
until it cooled down. It was found out that the best combination of time and temperature for
the process was 170 minutes and 190ºC, respectively.
1D. Cross-linking via Addition of Styrene Monomer
Unsaturated polyester resin was cross-linked with styrene monomer to enhance its
thermosetting properties. The cross-linking reaction of unsaturated polyester resin and
styrene monomer is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. Polyesterification
Reaction
Source: Dodiuk, H. and Goodman,
S. (2014). Handbook of Thermoset
Plastics. 3rd
Edition. San Diego,
CA: Elsevier
Figure 4. Cross-linking Reaction of
Unsaturated Polyester Resin and
Styrene Monomer
Source: Dodiuk, H. and
Goodman, S. (2014). Handbook of
Thermoset Plastics, Third Edition.
San Diego, CA: Elsevier Inc.
7. MEKP was used as initiator in the reaction. Unsaturated polyester resin to styrene
ratio was 6:4 by weight. MEKP was added having a concentration of 1% by volume of 100
mL unsaturated polyester resin and was mixed manually for 3 minutes (Osman E. A. et. al.,
2012).
1E. Testing of the Final Product
UPR synthesized was identified using spectroscopic technique of Fourier Transform
Infra-red (FTIR). Testing was done in Adamson University’s FTIR analyzer. Results were
compared to the existing peak value for UPR which is ranging 1700 to 1727 cm-1
. FTIR
analysis falling under this range will indicate the presence of ester group in the product.
Case 2: Production of Furfuryl Alcohol
Figure 5 shows the flow of extraction-conversion process in producing furfuryl alcohol.
Figure 5. Process Flow Diagram in Producing Furfryl Alcohol
2A. Preparation and Conditioning of Raw Materials
50g of rice straws were submerged into water to remove adhering dirt. After washing,
the straws were dried at a temperature of 105°C to constant weight in an air dry oven. Then,
the size of the straws was reduced using a blender to achieve a particle size of 40-80 mesh
size and passed through 40 and 80 mesh sieve trays to collect the undersized rice straws.
8. 2B. Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Rice Straws
A ratio of 10mL of sulfuric acid for every 1 g of rice straw (10:1) was used in this part
of experimentation. The rice straws and dilute sulfuric acid of 0.24M (1.29%w/w) were
mixed in a 500-mL beaker and heated at 100°C for 30 minutes to break down the pentosan
into pentoses. Then another 30 minutes at 110°C to convert these monomers into
furfuraldehyde as shown in Fig.6. The heated mixture was quenched at room temperature
then subjected in filtration. The filtrate was then introduced to distillation to separate the
furfuraldehyde from the acid catalyst.
Figure 6: Conversion of Pentose to
Furfuraldehyde
2C. Distillation of Filtrate
After extracting the filtrate from the slurry, it was then subjected to distillation to
separate the sulfuric acid and water content from the furfuraldehyde solution. The filtrate was
first heated to 100°C (boiling point of water) for 60 minutes then the water content was
collected. After separating the water, the temperature was raised to 162°C (boiling point of
furfuraldehyde) for 30 minutes to accumulate the furfuraldehyde content. The remaining
content or the bottoms is sulfuric acid since its boiling point is at 337°C.
2D. Hydrogenation of Furfuraldehyde
Figure 7. Conversion of
furfuraldehyde to furfuryl
alcohol
9. From the stoichiometry, every one mole of furfuraldehyde obtained from distillation was
reacted with 0.25 moles of sodium borohydride and 0.75 moles of water as shown in Fig. 7.
The resulting solution was continuously stirred for 10 minutes while maintaining a
temperature of 25°C. The precipitate formed (sodium borate) was separated from the
supernate layer by centrifugation.
2E. Testing of the Final Product
Furfuryl Alcohol synthesized was identified using spectroscopic technique of Fourier
Transform Infra-red (FTIR). Testing was done in Adamson University’s FTIR analyzer.
Results were compared to the existing peak value for furfuryl alcohol which is ranging from
3200 cm-1
to 3640cm-1
. FTIR analysis falling under this range will indicate the presence of
alcohol group in the product.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Case 1:
1A. Liquefaction of Corn Stover
The percent conversions for all the trials are shown in Table 1. Based on the
experiment, the average percent conversion of all the trials has minimal differences indicating
that repeatability of the process.
Table 1. Liquefaction of Corn Stover
Parameter Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Average
Amount of Corn Stover (g) 23.4 23.7 23.7 24.1 23.4 23.7
Mass of Ethylene Glycol (g) 78.0 79.0 79.0 80.3 78.0 78.9
Mass of 18M Sulfuric Acid (g) 0.702 0.711 0.711 0.723 0.702 0.710
Mass of Slurry (g) 98.87 99.17 100.68 97.51 98.74 99.00
Mass of Cake (g) 17.85 19.66 22.43 17.83 17.09 18.97
Mass of Dried Cake (g) 12.56 13.11 12.69 12.97 12.76 12.82
Mass of Polyol (g) 76.43 74.63 73.66 75.66 77.54 75.58
Conversion (%) 53.24 50.79 52.80 52.50 52.28 52.32
The liquefied corn stover consisted of degraded stover fragments (oligosaccharides),
glucosides, and residual and decomposed liquefying reagents, all of which contained two or
10. more hydroxyl groups. The extracted product’s FTIR spectra were nearly the same as with
the standard spectra of polyol as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 9. Comparison between Extracted Polyol and FTIR Spectra of Standard Polyol:
(a) FTIR Spectra of Polyol Extracted tested by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Testing, Adamson University, 2014, and (b) FTIR spectra of the liquefied biomass-based
polyols of wood under conventional bath heating (Zheng et al., 2011)
1B. Polyesterification of Polyol
Using Design of Experiments (DOE) with two-factorial optimization having no
replication, combinations of optimal temperature and time for polyesterification were
randomly selected to avoid biases. Table 2 shows the variations suggested by DOE in
optimizing time and temperature. The combination of third trial gave the highest percent
yield amounting 71.96% wherein the time and temperature were equal to 170 minutes and
190ºC, respectively.
Table 2. Polyesterification of Polyol
Parameter Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Weight of Polyol (g) 76.43 74.63 73.66 75.66 77.54
Weight of Phthalic Acid (g) 15.29 14.93 14.73 15.13 15.51
Weight of By-product (g) 8.97 9.13 9.83 10.43 10.56
Weight of UPR (g) 56.67 58.75 63.61 65.39 67.03
Yield (%) 61.79 65.60 71.96 72.02 72.03
Copolymerization with an unsaturated monomer such as styrene forms the three-
dimensionally cross-linked polymer (i.e. unsaturated polyester resin). The unsaturated
polyester resin refers to the liquid resin made by the solution of unsaturated polyester alkyd
in styrene monomer.
11. 1C. Cross-linking with Styrene Monomer
Cross-linking of unsaturated polyester resin with styrene monomer resulted to a
homogeneous solution because both are non-polar liquids. The unsaturated polyester resin
that was mixed with styrene monomer and MEKP gave a less viscous resin. A total yield of
92.22% of unsaturated polyester resin was produced.
1D. Testing of the Final Product
The final product’s FTIR spectra conformed to the standard spectra of unsaturated
polyester resin as presented in Figure 10.
Figure 10. FTIR Spectra of Standard and Extracted Unsaturated Polyester Resin
Source: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Testing, Adamson University, 2014
Case 2:
Based from the analysis conducted by FIDA, rice straw sample contains 34.32%
hemicellulose in which 90% represents the pentosan. The experiment aims to produce
furfuryl alcohol from the acid catalyzed rice straw through hydrogenation. The percent yield
was computed to determine the amount of furfuryl alcohol recovered after conducting the
process.
2A. Acid Hydrolysis of Rice Straw
The parameters used in the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis produced furfuraldehyde are
shown in Table 3. However, the concentration of the sulfuric acid used (0.24M) is not fitted
for the process because it obtained a small amount of furfuraldehyde from the solution.
12. Further increasing the concentration may yield a higher conversion of pentosan to
Furfuraldehyde.
Table 3. Acid hydrolysis of Rice Straw
2B. Distillation of Furfuraldehyde
The parameters used in the distillation of furfuraldehyde solution are suitable for the
process as shown in Table 4. The average amount of furfuraldehyde recovered is 2.63g.
Table 4. Distillation of Pentose
2C. Hydrogenation of Furfuraldehyde
For the three replicates of hydrogenation subjected to the same parameters, the final
amount of furfuryl alcohol solution are close to one another as shown in Table 6. The
average value of Furfuryl alcohol obtained from the three replicates has a yield of 78.93%
from the process. The Furfuryl alcohol obtained from centrifugation was then subjected to
distillation and tested through Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) Analysis.
Table 6. Hydrogenation of Furfuraldehyde
Trial 1 2 3 Mean
Ratio of RS to H2SO4 sol’n (g:mL) 1:10 1:10 1:10 1:10
Ground Rice Straw (g) 30.76 30.69 30.01 30.49
H2SO4 sol’n (mL) 307.60 306.90 300.10 304.87
Amount of Filtrate (g) 298.94 299.91 299.11 299.32
Amount of Cake (g) 42.69 41.65 41.77 42.04
Trial 1 2 3 Mean
Amount of Feed (g) 298.94 299.91 299.11 299.32
Time of 1st
Distillation (min) 60 60 60 60
Amount of 1st
Distillate (g) 282.43 283.36 282.60 282.80
Time of 2nd
Distillation (min) 10 10 10 10
Amount of 2nd
Distillate (g) 2.63 2.64 2.63 2.63
Amount of Bottoms (g) 4.01 4.01 4.01 4.01
Trial 1 2 3 Mean
13. 2D. Testing of the Final Product
Furfuryl Alcohol synthesized was identified using spectroscopic technique of Fourier
Transform Infra-red (FTIR). Testing was done in Adamson University’s FTIR analyzer. The
standard furfuryl alcohol has the range peak value of 3200-3640 cm-1
. The alcohol obtained
satisfied the properties required by standard especially the FTIR peak value in which it shows
to be 3338.16 cm-1
as shown in Fig.11.
Figure 11. FTIR spectra of produced furfuryl alcohol
A. CONCLUSION
This study confirms that corn stover and rice straw were potential to be a raw material
for the production of unsaturated polyester resin and furfuryl alcohol respectively.
Unsaturated Polyester Resin can be produced from corn stover via liquefaction to obtain
polyol and then by polyesterification of polyol. Also, Furfuryl Alcohol can be produced from
rice straw thru acid catalyzed hydrolysis of rice straw to obtain the furfuraldehyde content
and then by hydrogenation of furfuraldehyde. The results of FTIR analysis confirmed that the
bio-based chemicals could be produced from agricultural biomass.
REFERENCES:
Furfuraldehyde (g) 2.63 2.64 2.63 2.63
Sodium Borohydride (g) 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
Water (g) 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
Residue (g) 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
Furfuryl Alcohol (g) 2.69 2.70 2.69 2.69
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