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Language & Communication across Cultures
The document discusses the role of language and communication from a cross-cultural perspective, highlighting the importance of effective communication in diverse cultural contexts. It covers various aspects including the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, bilingualism, and the components of communication, such as verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Additionally, it addresses barriers to intercultural communication and provides strategies for improvement, emphasizing mindfulness and emotional regulation.
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Language & Communication across Cultures
- 1. Language and Communication: Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth. A Culture and Psychology Perspective Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Ran Shan, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, February 2011
- 2. What is “communication”? What is communica-on? Why communica-on is • one of the most important • aspects of our lives? What is important in the • cross-‐culture communica-on? Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 2
- 3. Prof. Dr. HoraTjitra - Excellence in Culture, Talent and Change 14 years in Germany 7 years in China Born and grew up in Indonesia Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 3
- 4. Prof. Dr. HoraTjitra - Excellence in Culture, Talent and Change 14 years in Germany Professional activities: • Academic Teaching and Research, as well as Consulting, Coaching, Training and Assessment in the area of: 7 years in China - Cross-Cultural Awareness and Communication - Cross-Cultural Issues in HR Management - Corporate Learning and Development - Executive Coaching and Assessment - Global Leadership Development Program - Facilitation of Strategic Conference Born and grew up Large Strategic Change Projects in Indonesia - International and National project references: • BASF, Siemens, Dupont, Commerzbank, Hugo Boss, SAP, Barco, GTZ, Telkom Indonesia, etc. Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 3
- 5. Language Differences acrossCulture I=“watashi”? ”boku”? ”ore”? You=“anata”? ”kimi”? ”omae”? ...? Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 4
- 6. Language Differences acrossCulture Thoughts Culture Feelings Motives Language I=“watashi”? ”boku”? ”ore”? You=“anata”? ”kimi”? ”omae”? ...? Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 4
- 7. Language Differences acrossCulture Thoughts Culture Feelings Motives Language I=“watashi”? ”boku”? Lexicon/ ”ore”? Vocabulary You=“anata”? ”kimi”? Syntax and ”omae”? ...? Grammar Phonology Semantics Pragmatics Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 4
- 8. Culture, Language andCognition: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, 1950s. Speaker of different languages think differently. Fishman’s Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Schema Data of Language Data of Cogni3ve Behavior Characteris3cs Linguis3c Data Nonlinguis3c Data Lexical/Seman3c Level 1* Level 2 Gramma3cal Level 3 Level 4** *Least sophis:cated **Most sophis:cated Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 5
- 9. Bilingualism and Culture Bilingualismand Psychological Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 6
- 10. Bilingualism and Culture Language context would predict differences in behavior, and also in personality. Bilingualism and Psychological Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 6
- 11. Bilingualism and Culture Language context Culture-‐affilia:on would predict hypothesis differences in behavior, and also in Minority group-‐affilia:on personality. hypothesis Bilingualism and Psychological Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 6
- 12. Bilingualism and Culture Language context Culture-‐affilia:on would predict hypothesis differences in behavior, and also in Minority group-‐affilia:on personality. hypothesis Bilingualism and Psychological Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Foreign language processing difficulties Foreign language effect Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 6
- 13. Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism For much of its history and even today, the United States has remained largely monolingual. Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 7
- 14. Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism For much of its history and even today, the United States has remained largely monolingual. -- Actually, knowledge of more than one language may improve cognitive flexibility. Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 7
- 15. Components of Communication:The Two Major Modes Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 8
- 16. Components of Communication:The Two Major Modes 1.Verbal Communication Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 8
- 17. Components of Communication:The Two Major Modes 1.Verbal Communication Nonverbal 2.Nonverbal behaviors Communication Non- behaviors Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 8
- 18. Components of Communication:The Two Major Modes 1.Verbal Communication Nonverbal 2.Nonverbal behaviors Communication Non- behaviors Facial expressions Movements and gestures Posture, body orienta:on Tone and vocal characteris:cs Interpersonal space Touching behaviors Gaze and visual aLen:on Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 8
- 19. Components of Communication:The Two Major Modes 1.Verbal Communication Nonverbal 2.Nonverbal behaviors Communication Non- behaviors Facial expressions The use of :me Movements and gestures Posture, body orienta:on The type of clothing we wear Tone and vocal characteris:cs The architectural structures we live and work Interpersonal space Touching behaviors The cosme:c changes we make Gaze and visual aLen:on to our appearance Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 8
- 20. Components of Communication:The Two Major Process Encoder or Sender Decoding Encoding The process by which a person receives signals from an encoder and translates those signals into meaningful The process by which people messages. select, consciously or unconsciously, a par:cular modality and method by which to create and send a message to someone. Decoder or receiver Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 9
- 21. Components of Communication:The Two Major Process Encoder or Sender Decoding Encoding The process by which a person receives signals from an encoder and translates those signals into meaningful The process by which people messages. select, consciously or unconsciously, a par:cular modality and method by which to create and send a message to someone. Decoder or receiver Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 9
- 22. Components of Communication:Others Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 10
- 23. Components of Communication:Others The specific words and behaviors Specific verbal language Signals that are sent during Nonverbal behaviors communica:on. Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 10
- 24. Components of Communication:Others The specific words and behaviors Specific verbal language Signals that are sent during Nonverbal behaviors communica:on. The meanings that are intended or Knowledge, ideas, concepts, Messages received with the signals. thoughts, or emo:ons Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 10
- 25. Components of Communication:Others The specific words and behaviors Specific verbal language Signals that are sent during Nonverbal behaviors communica:on. The meanings that are intended or Knowledge, ideas, concepts, Messages received with the signals. thoughts, or emo:ons The specific sensory modali:es by Channels which signals are sent and Sight or sound messages are retrieved. Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 10
- 26. The Role ofCulture in the Communication Process Culture influences on: Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 11
- 27. The Role ofCulture in the Communication Process Culture influences on: Encoding Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 11
- 28. The Role ofCulture in the Communication Process Culture influences on: Encoding Decoding Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 11
- 29. The Role ofCulture in the Communication Process Culture influences on: Encoding Decoding Stereotypes Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 11
- 30. The Role ofCulture in the Communication Process Culture influences on: Encoding Decoding Stereotypes Culture filters, ethnocentrism, emo:ons, and value judgments Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 11
- 31. The Role ofCulture in the Communication Process Culture influences on: Encoding Decoding Stereotypes Culture filters, ethnocentrism, Social cogni3on emo:ons, and value judgments Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 11
- 32. Intracultural versus InterculturalCommunication (1) Intracultural Intercultural Within one culture Cross-‐culture Code and rules of Same Different encoding & decoding Uncertainty and ambiguity Nega3ve effects Stereotypes Even conflict Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 12
- 33. Intracultural versus InterculturalCommunication (2) 1 3 2 4 Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 13
- 34. Improving Intercultural Communication(1) Barriers to Effective Communication (Barna,1996) Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 14
- 35. Improving Intercultural Communication(1) Assumptions of similarities Barriers to Effective Communication (Barna,1996) Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 14
- 36. Improving Intercultural Communication(1) Assumptions of Language similarities differences Barriers to Effective Communication (Barna,1996) Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 14
- 37. Improving Intercultural Communication(1) Assumptions of Language similarities differences Barriers to Effective Nonverbal Communication (Barna,1996) misinterpretations Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 14
- 38. Improving Intercultural Communication(1) Assumptions of Language similarities differences Barriers to Effective Nonverbal Communication (Barna,1996) misinterpretations Preconceptions and stereotypes Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 14
- 39. Improving Intercultural Communication(1) Assumptions of Language similarities differences Barriers to Effective Nonverbal Communication (Barna,1996) misinterpretations Tendency to Preconceptions evaluate and stereotypes Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 14
- 40. Improving Intercultural Communication(1) Assumptions of Language similarities differences High anxiety or Barriers to Effective Nonverbal Communication tension (Barna,1996) misinterpretations Tendency to Preconceptions evaluate and stereotypes Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 14
- 41. Improving Intercultural Communication(2) Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 15
- 42. Improving Intercultural Communication(2) Mindfulness (allows people to be conscious of their own habits, mental scripts, and cultural expecta3ons concerning communica3on) Concepts to improve Uncertainty Reduc-on (one of the major goals of ini3al Communication intercultural encounters) “Face” (in collec3vis3c culture) Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 15
- 43. Improving Intercultural Communication(2) Mindfulness (allows people to be conscious of their own habits, mental scripts, and cultural expecta3ons concerning communica3on) Concepts to improve Uncertainty Reduc-on (one of the major goals of ini3al Communication intercultural encounters) “Face” (in collec3vis3c culture) Emo3onal Regula3on, Openness, Flexibility Keys to confron3ng cultural differences Cri3cal Thinking Language and Communica.on from Cross-‐cultural Perspec.ve 15
- 44. Thank You Contact usvia … Mail: hora_t@mac.com Follow: twitter@htjitra Website: http://horatjitra.com Zhejiang University, Hangzhou (China)