This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the relationship between power and language. It covers two major aspects: (1) power in discourse, which involves powerful participants controlling contributions from non-powerful participants, and (2) power behind discourse, including the hidden power of standard languages and mass media. CDA views discourse as where power relations are enacted and examines how social relations and ideologies are reflected and reproduced through language use.

2.  INTRODUCTION
 CDA
 POWER IN DISCOURSE
 Power in cross cultural encounters
 Hidden power
 POWER BEHIND DISCOURSE
 Standard language

3.  Power and language both are related
through two major aspects
1. Power in discourse
2. Power behind discourse
 Language is closely related with discourse,
it creates meanings in discourse and behind
discourse.

4.  Explores the connections between the use of language and the
social and political contexts in which it occurs.
 Explores issues such as gender, ethnicity, cultural difference,
ideology and identity and how these are both constructed and
reflected in texts.
Principles of CDA
 Discourse constructs & reflects social and political issues;
 power relations are negotiated and performed through
discourse;
 social relations are reflected and reproduced in discourse;
 ideologies are produced and reflected in the use of discourse
 Therefore, Language is used to convey underlying ideologies,
as a form of social control, i.e. language is manipulative; and
it is the role of critical linguistics to unveil the ideological
structures embodied in text and talk.

5.  The influence that you can have over the
people
 Can be physical but the most powerful
people often use words

8.  Is concerned with discourse as a place
where relations of power are actually
exercised and enacted.
 Face-to-face spoken discourse and cross
cultural discourse have a power in discourse
 When the participants are unequal then
power works

9.  No ums, uhs likes
 Use direct statements
 Use clear voice with no shaking
 Speak at a medium volume

11.  If a doctor interrupts that means he wants
to control his patient
 Doctor is powerful as he makes
Evaluation
Positive and negative attitude
 Power in discourse is to do with powerful
participants controlling and constraining
the contributions of non-powerful
participants.

12.  Grammatical forms
 Word order
 Lexical style
 Coherence
 Topic choice
 Speech acts
 Rhetorical figures
 Syntactic structures
 Turn takings
 Repairs
 Hesitation
 Negative questions are used
 Tag questions(declarative sentences)
 Directive sentences

13. 1. Contents
 What is said or done
2. Relations
 The social relations people enter into
discourse
3. Subjects
 The subject positions people can occupy

14.  When we analyze the relationship of doctor
with patient then the patient is under control
but when we analyze it from patient to doctor
then the doctor indirectly is undercontrol.

15.  What about unequal encounters where the
non-powerful people have cultural and
linguistic background different from those of
the powerful people?
 This is common in gatekeeping encounters
 For example the white people in Britain acts
like a gatekeepers for asian

17.  Involves participants who
are separated in place and
time
 The growth of this discourse
is mass media(television,
radio, film & newspapers)
 Power relations are not clear
 For example an article in a
newspaper is under control
of journalist and he is to
someone else

18.  Media uses as sources in news
reporting do not represent equally
all social groupings in the
population
 It is less clear but nevertheless
highly significant in terms of
whose perspective is adopted in
reports.
 In British media, the balance of
sources and perspectives and
ideology is overwhelmingly in
favour of existing power holders.
 The basic focus is on casuality
 The grammatical form in which the
headline is cast is that of
nominalization. Through this the
crucial aspects of the process are
left unspecified

19.  Hidden power of media is manipulated
 Power is hidden in face-to-face discourse,
for example, requests and power have a
strong relationship because of grammatical
forms

21.  It also contains hidden power
 It’s idea is that the whole social order of
discourse is put together and held together
as a hidden effect of power

22.  National language
 A part of much wider process of economic ,
political and cultural unification, which was
tied in with the emergence of capitalism out
of feudal society
 Is direct economic importance in improving
communication

23.  The variety of language which considered the
norms
 Used for educational purposes
 A yard stick for measuring the other varieties
 Spoken by minority of people with power and
position in a society
 Is the process by which conventional forms of a
language are established and maintained
Codification
 The methods used to complete the process of
standardization
 This includes the creation and use of dictionaries,
style and usage guides and traditional grammar
textbooks
 It is defined as a process of that leads to “minimal
variation in form”

24.  The relation of student and teacher
 The postcolonial literature
 The political speeches