This document provides an introduction to the course "Introduction to Discourse Analysis" taught by Abdelmalek El Kadoussi. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course including defining discourse and discourse analysis, examining language use in context, relationships between discourse and knowledge/society/genres/conversation, and approaches like critical discourse analysis. The course outline lists the weekly topics to be covered over 12 weeks. It emphasizes that discourse analysis considers how language varies based on factors like subject area, social context, culture, and participant identities.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
Â
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
This ppt provides summarized ideas of the relation between discourse analysis and language teaching. This ppt was used of the course "Discourse Analysis" at UCSC.
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Â
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
Â
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
This ppt provides summarized ideas of the relation between discourse analysis and language teaching. This ppt was used of the course "Discourse Analysis" at UCSC.
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Â
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Systemic Functional Linguistics: An approach to analyzing written academic di...ClmentNdoricimpa
Â
Written academic discourse refers to the way of thinking and using language that exist in the academy. Writers demonstrate knowledge and negotiate social relations with readers by means of written discourse. In order to understand these characteristics of written discourse, different approaches are followed. Some follow a linguistic approach to uncover the linguistic devices associated with coherence in a written text. Other follow a social approach to analyze the social cultural context in which a written text occurs. However, it is demonstrated that the linguistic and the social cultural elements in a written text cannot be disassociated and that an approach, which combine the two approaches is required. Such an approach is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Therefore, this paper discusses the way in which SFL is used as an approach to analyzing linguistic features of academic discourses and how those features relate to social cultural context. In this paper, it is shown that SFL provides the means to analyze not only the linguistic resources employed in a written text but also the context in which the text is used. These linguistic resources are associated with the creation of ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning at the level of lexicogrammar and discourse semantic. The context is modelled through register and genre theory.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Â
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
Â
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Â
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Â
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
đ˘ Email Access
đ˘ Bank Added
đ˘ Card Verified
đ˘ Full SSN Provided
đ˘ Phone Number Access
đ˘ Driving License Copy
đ˘ Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1âŞ(218) 203-5951âŹ
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Â
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your companyâs legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, weâll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Â
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, youâll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Â
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
Â
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdf
Â
Discourse Analysis Weeks 1,2,3 and 4.pdf
1.
2. Introduction to
Discourse Analysis
Abdelmalek El Kadoussi
Assistant Professor
Department of English Studies
Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences
Ibn Toufail University
Kenitra, Morocco
3. Week 1: Introduction to the Course
⢠This course is an introductionto the basic principlesof discourse analysis
⢠It starts by locatingdiscourse analysis in the large field of linguistics and
language-related studies and explains the importanceof knowledge of language
structure(phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics,âŚ) to knowledge of
language use (text, conversation, discourse, ...)
⢠After defining basic conceptslike discourse, discourse analysis, context, genre,
organization, coherence, discoursecommunity, it discusses how language varies
across subject areas, social contexts, cultures, communities, communicative
purposes, social roles, and identities of participants.
⢠Discourse and ideology helps the studentsto explore how discourse is used by
structuresof power and domination in different contexts (politicaldiscourse,
media discourse, âŚ)
4. Course Outline
⢠Week 1: Discourse analysis and linguistics
⢠Week 2: Defining discourse and discourse analysis (DA)
⢠Week 3: Text and context
⢠Week 4: Discourse and knowledge
⢠Week 5: Discourse and society: gender and identity
⢠Week 6: Discourse and pragmatics (1)
⢠Week 7: Discourse and pragmatics (2)
⢠Week 8: Discourse and genres
⢠Week 9: Discourse and conversation
⢠Week 10: Critical discourse analysis (1)
⢠Week 11: Critical discourse analysis (2)
⢠Week 12: Discourse analysis and research
5. Bibliography
⢠Primary resource:
⢠Paltridge, B. (2012)Discourse Analysis: An Introduction. Bloomsbury
Academic
⢠Secondary resources (availablethrough Googlesearch):
⢠Van Dijk, T. (2008)Discourse and Context:A Socio-cognitive
Approach. Cambridge University Press
⢠Van Dijk, T. (2014) Discourse and Knowledge: A Socio-cognitive
Approach . Cambridge University Press
⢠Visual resources(availablethroughYoutube search):
⢠Obamaâs victory speech 2008
⢠Linguistic analysis of Trumpâs discourse
⢠Discourse and Knowledge (T. V. Dijk 2013)
⢠Discourse and Ideology (T. V. Dijk 2013)
6. Discourse Analysis in Linguistics
⢠Linguistics is the systematic study of language
Language
Structure Use
Phonetics
phonology
Morphology
Pragmatics
Conversati
on analysis
Syntax
Semantics
Sociolinguis
tics
Discourse
analysis
Psycholingu
istics
Historical
linguistics
7. Basics of Linguistics for Discourse Analysis
⢠Levels of language analysis and their discursive implications
(Marcus Weaver-Hightower)
⢠Phonology (the sound system of language) => pronunciation,
dialects, stress, rhythm, intonation, emphasis,⌠imply meanings
about status, knowledge, psychology, ...
⢠Morphology (how words and meaningful word parts are
constructed in a language) the use of suffixes or prefixes may
imply specific meanings like: (unimportant/trivial, anti-
communist/capitalist, anti-war/pacifist, ....)
⢠Syntax (how stces are constructed in a lanuguage) there are lots
of discourses in sentence types (simple, compound, ) questions,
conditionals, the passive, .... Consider for example the difference
between: âShe killed himâ and âHe was killedâ
8. Basics of linguistics for discourse analysis
(cntd)
⢠Semantics (how meaning is made in a language) a word like
âfastâ has different meanings and functions (verb, noun, adj.,
adv., ...) depending on its linguistic context (the words
surrounding it in a text)
⢠Pragmatics (how meanings in a language are determined by
social/situational context) participants, setting, formality,
occasion. Consider the meanings of: âYou are firedâ => an
act not a statement; and âhe is firedâ => a simple descriptive
statement. âGot a lighter?â is not a question but a request,...
⢠Discourse (lanaguage use beyound the individual sentence)
how context fashions language and how text âspoken or
written- is understood in relation to its context.
9. The linguistic level of discourse
Discourse
Pragmatic
s
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
10. What is Discourse?
⢠Two main definitions corresponding to two directions in
discourse analysis
1. Discourse with capital âDâ refers to âa system of meaning or
ideology that is propagated through everyday language useâ
⢠Eg. Marriage is between a man and a woman
⢠What ideology permeates this statement? (heteronormativity
and monogamy)
⢠Ideology is the way we think the world should be/ not how we
think it is
2. discourse with small âdâ refers to recordings are instances of
communicative action through language
⢠It is language (text or talk) beyond the sentence level
11. Week 2. What is discourse analysis
⢠The term discourse analysis was first introduced by Zellig Harris
(1952) as the examination of language beyond the level of the
sentence and the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic
behavior.
⢠Discourse analysis examines patterns of language across texts and
considers the relationship between language and the social and
cultural contexts in which it is used.
⢠Discourse analysis also considers the ways that the use of language
presents different views and understandings of the world.
⢠It examines how the use of language is influenced by relationships
between participants as well as the effects the use of language has
upon social identities and relations.
⢠It also considers how views of the world, and identities, are
constructed through the use of discourse. (Paltridge 2012)
12. What is Discourse Analysis?
⢠It is the analysis of language in use.
⢠Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language
and the contexts in which it is used and is concerned with the
description and analysis of both spoken and written
interactions.
⢠Its primary purpose, as Chimombo and Roseberry (1998) argue,
is to provide a deeper understanding and appreciation of texts
and how they become meaningful to their users.
⢠Discourse analysis takes us beyond description to explanation
and helps us understand the ârules of the gameâ that language
users draw on in their everyday spoken and written interactions.
13. Context and Discourse Analysis
⢠Context is a subjective construct that accounts not only for
the uniqueness of each text but also for the common ground and
shared representations that language users draw on to
communicate with each other (van Dijk 2008)
⢠â[i]t is not the social situation that influences (or is influenced
by) discourse, but the way the participants define the
situation in which the discourse occurs (van Dijk 2008: x).
⢠In his view, contexts are not objective conditions but rather
(inter)subjective constructs that are constantly updated by
participants in their interactions with each other as members
of groups or communities.
14. Language and context
⢠Context of situation and context of culture are fundamental to
understand meaning of language
⢠In order to understand the meaning of what a person says or
writes we need to know something about the situational and
cultural context in which it is located.
⢠Language should be studied in naturally occurring contexts
(authentic not made-up) and that the analysis of meaning should
be its key focus (Carter 2004).
⢠Eg. Notice how the sentence âthe door is openâ can bear
different meanings in different contexts: to explain, to inform, to
justify, to complain, to make a request,âŚ
15. The discourse structure of texts
⢠Discourse analysts are also interested in how people organize what
they say in the sense of what they typically say first, and what they
say next and so on in a conversation or in a piece of writing.
⢠Discourse structure of texts varies across cultures (eg. Letter/email
writing âŚ)
⢠Mitchell (1957) was one the first researchers to examine the discourse
structure of texts. He looked at the ways in which people order what
they say in buying and selling interactions.
⢠He looked at the overall structure of these kinds of texts, introducing
the notion of stages into discourse analysis; that is the steps that
language users go through as they carry out particular
interactions.
⢠Mitchell discusses how language is used as, what he calls, co-
operative action and how the meaning of language lies in the
situational context in which it is used and in the context of the text as
a whole.
16. Cultural ways of speaking and writing
⢠Differentcultures often have differentways of doing things through
language.
⢠This is something that was explored by Hymes (1964)through the notion of the
ethnographyof communication.
⢠He considered aspects of speech events such as who is speaking to whom,
about what, for what purpose, where and when, and how these impact on
how we say and do things in culture-specific settings.
â˘
⢠There are culturallydifferent ways of doing things with language in different
cultures.
⢠The sequenceof events we go through may be the same in different cultures,
but the ways of using language in these events and othersorts of non-linguistic
behavior may differ. For example:
⢠Speaking: comparetheuse of expressionslike:please,sorry,excuse me, thank
you, ⌠in Moroccan and English speech situations
⢠Writing: Comparea Moroccanletter to an Englishone
17. Different views of discourse analysis
⢠2 most recurrent views: textually oriented and socially based
⢠How is the discourse of Obamaâs victory speech analyzed textually?
(video)
⢠David Crystal (2008) notes the use of âparallelismâ and âthe rule of
threeâ, where he repeats certain grammatical structures (eg âwho
clausesâ) for rhetorical effect:
⢠âIf there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place
where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our
founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our
democracy, tonight is your answer. â (CNNPolitics.com 2008)
⢠Obama also uses lists of pairs in his speech to rhetorical effect, as
in:
⢠âItâs the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat
and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American,
gay, straight, disabled and not disabled.â (ibid.)
18. Discourse analysis as socially oriented
⢠How is Obamaâs victory speech analyzed socially?
⢠Williams (2009) discusses Obamaâs speech within the context of
the political (and economic) moment of his victory, highlighting
the central message of optimism in his speech captured in the
repetition of the refrain âYes, we canâ.
⢠Higgins (2008) also discusses how this âYes, we canâ relates,
intertextually, to the call-and- response preaching of the
American church and the power that effective preachers have on
their congregations.
⢠Obamaâs reference in his speech to previous leaders, thus, draws
on the social stock of knowledge (Luckmann 2009) he shares
with his audience and their social and cultural histories.
19. Views of discourse analysis in brief
⢠Discourse analysis is a view of language at the level of text.
⢠Discourse analysis is also a view of language in use; that is,
how people achieve certain communicative goals through
the use of language, perform certain communicative acts,
participate in certain communicative events and present
themselves to others.
⢠Discourse analysis considers how people manage interactions
with each other, how people communicate within particular
groups and societies as well as how they communicate with
other groups, and with other cultures.
⢠It also focuses on how people do things beyond language,
and the ideas and beliefs that they communicate as they use
language. (Paltridge 2012:8)
20. Discourse as the social construction of reality
⢠The view of discourse as the social construction of reality sees texts as
communicative units which are embedded in social and cultural practices.
⢠The texts we write and speak both shape and are shaped by these practices.
⢠Discourse, then, is both shaped by the world as well as shaping the world.
⢠Discourse is shaped by language as well as shaping language.
⢠It is shaped by the people who use the language as well as shaping the language
that people use.
⢠Discourse is shaped, as well, by the discourse that has preceded it and that which
might follow it.
⢠Discourse is also shaped by the medium in which it occurs as well as it shapes the
possibilities for that medium.
⢠The purpose of the text also influences the discourse. Discourse also shapes the
range of possible purposes of texts (Johnstone 2007).
Reality
Discour
se
Dialectic
21. Reflect
⢠Based on textual-oriented analysis and social-
oriented analysis of the discourse of both Obama and
Trump, what conclusions do you draw?
22. Remember
⢠Cameron and Kulick say:
⢠âWords in isolation are not the issue. It is in discourse â the
use of language in specific contexts â that words acquire
meaning. We cannot understand the significance of any word
unless we attend closely to its relationship to other words and
to the discourse (indeed, the competing discourses) in which
words are always embedded. And we must bear in mind that
discourse shifts and changes constantly, which is why
arguments about words and their meanings are never settled
once and for all.â (2003: 29)
23. Discourse and socially situated identities
⢠When we speak or write we use more than just language to
display who we are, and how we want people to see us.
⢠The way we dress, the gestures we use and the way/s we act
and interact also influence how we display social identity.
⢠Gee (2011) argues, the ways we make visible and recognizable
who we are and what we are doing always involves more than
just language.
⢠It involves acting, interacting and thinking in certain ways.
24. Discourse and identity
⢠Discourses, then, involve the socially situated identities that we enact and
recognize in the different settings that we interact in.
⢠They include culture-specific ways of performing and culture-specific
ways of recognizing identities and activities.
⢠Discourses also include the different styles of language that we use to
enact and recognize these identities; that is, different social languages
(Gee 1996).
⢠Discourses also involve characteristic ways of acting, interacting and
feeling, and characteristic ways of showing emotion, gesturing,
dressing and posturing.
⢠They also involve particular ways of valuing, thinking, believing,
knowing, speaking and listening, reading and writing (Gee 2011).
25. Discourse and performance
Gee explains:
⢠Discourse is a âdanceâ that exists in the abstract as a
coordinated pattern of words, deeds, values, beliefs,
symbols, tools, objects, times, and places in the here and
now as a performance that is recognizable as just such a
coordination. Like a dance, the performance here and now is
never exactly the same. It all comes down, often, to what the
âmasters of the danceâ will allow to be recognized or will be
forced to recognize as a possible instantiation of the dance.
(36)
26. Performativity
⢠The notion of performativity derives from speech act theory and the
work of the linguistic philosopher Austin.
⢠It is based on the view that in saying something, we do it (Cameron
and Kulick 2003).
⢠That is, we bring states of affairs into being as a result of what we
say and what we do.
⢠Examples: 1. I promise ( once pronounced, I have committed myself
to doing something)
⢠2. I now pronounce you husband and wife ( once
pronounced, the couple âbecomeâ husband and wife).
⢠Performance, thus, brings the social world into being (Bucholtz and
Hall 2003).
⢠Social identities, then, are not pre-given, but are formed in the use
of language and the various other ways we display who we are,
what we think, value and feel, etc.
27. Discourse and intertextuality
⢠All texts, whether they are spoken or written, make their
meanings against the background of other texts and things that
have been said on other occasions (Lemke 1992).
⢠Texts may more or less implicitly or explicitly cite other texts;
they may refer to other texts, or they may allude to other past, or
future, texts.
⢠We thus âmake sense of every word, every utterance, or act
against the background of (some) other words, utterances, acts of
a similar kindâ (Lemke 1995: 23).
⢠All texts are, thus, in an intertextual relationship with other
texts.
28. Week 3: Discourse and Knowledge (video available
on Youtube: T. V. Dijk. A lecture at Saint Petersburg University, 2013)
⢠Knowledge of the world comes from three sources:
1. Experience and perception
2. Discourse (talk, text, image, media,..)
3. Inference (interpretation of both experience and discourse)
⢠In order to produce and understand discourse, we need a vast
amounts of knowledge (about the world and about discourse
principles)
⢠Texts are like icebergs
29. What is knowledge?
⢠Knowledge is belief in justified truth
⢠The definition of knowledge is context specific (historical,
cultural, communicative,âŚ
⢠Eg. What was true in Middle ages is no longer true nowadays
⢠What is true for Muslims is not true for Christians or
atheists
⢠=> âKnowledge is beliefs justified by the knowledge criteria
of an epistemic communityâ
30. Discourse and psychology
⢠An important notion in the relationship between discourse and
psychology in âmental modelsâ
⢠A mental model is a subjective representation of world events
in our epistemic memory
⢠What we communicate is mental models
⢠In order to understand a text we need to construe a mental
model of (visualize) the situation the text is about
⢠A text is coherent only when all the participants in the
communicative situation are able to construe a mental model of
that discourse
⢠Coherence is not inherent in texts (syntax, semantics,âŚ) but
interpreted out of subjective inferences about the world, context
and what the text is about
⢠=> Subjective mental models are based on our knowledge of
the world
31. The social cognition/psychology of discourse
⢠How we share knowledge and ideologies within and across
epistemic communities (linguistic, epistemic, ideological,
geographic,âŚ)
⢠What kind of interactions and conversations take place
⢠How people acquire, share and normalize knowledge about the
world
⢠In terms of what we share, we have to distinguish b/n:
1.Knowledge as justified true belief shared in an epistemic
community and
2.Ideologies as not justifies true beliefs shared between groups
(socialists, feminists, environmentalists,...)
⢠The sociology of knowledge has to do with âepistemic institutionsâ
(schools, universities, ...) whose aims are to produce, impart,
transmit, normalize, test, and reproduce knowledgeshared in
epistemic communities
32. Common Grounds
⢠âCommon groundsâ in interactions are important for
producing and understanding discourse
⢠Common grounds are presuppositions and implications on
âwhat I think you knowâ
⢠How common grounds are calculated depends on 5 things:
1.People know because they belong to the same epistemic
community
2.Past communication: âwhat I told you yesterdayâ
3.What happens âhereâ in the context of the conversation
4.What we are talking about
5.What I just said in the last sentence
33. Week 4: Discourse and Society: Gender
and Identity
⢠Discourse community
⢠Language as social and local
⢠Discourse and gender
⢠Discourse and identity
⢠Identity and casual conversation
⢠Discourse and ideology
⢠How to explore ideology in a text
⢠Framing and ideology
34. Discourse community
⢠A discourse community is a group of people who share
particular ways of communicating with each other.
⢠They generally have shared goals and may have shared values
and beliefs.
⢠A person is often a member of more than one discourse
community.
⢠As a university student, you may be a member of a sport club, a
volunteer organization , a political group, ...
⢠Do you have the same communicative styles, goals, values âŚ
within different groups?
⢠There can be discourse communities within discourse
communities (university => departments + disciplines + classes
+ cafeteria + athletic club + âŚ)
35. Three types of language users (Devitt 2004)
1. Communities ( with people we are with most of the time
like classmates, colleagues, âŚ),
2. Collectives (occasional meetings for specific purposes
like voluntary initiatives, campaign, ..)
3. Networks (with people we never meet with like through
social networks)
⢠Speakers often have a repertoire of social identities and
discourse community memberships.
36. Example: a call center speech community
⢠All members need to display similar discourse features
including vocabulary, terminology, voice, pace, pitch,
sincerity, feedback, âŚ.
⢠All of them need to have similar goals: to sell a product, to
provide a service, ....
⢠A member of a call center community may be a member of
other discourse communities (clubs, study groups, sports
groups, research team, ....)
37. Language as social and local
⢠As social beings, we use different languages in different social
and local situations (home, work, cafĂŠ, leisure,âŚ)
⢠Social factors that determine the choice of language:
1. Who we are
2. Who we are speaking to
3. The social context of the interaction,
4. The topic,
5. Function and goal of the interaction,
6. Social distance between speakers,
7. Formality of the setting
8. Status of each of the speakers (Holmes 2008).
38. Discourse and gender
⢠Sex is biological/natural, but gender is a social construct
⢠We are taught overtly or tacitly how to speak, dress, act, behave and
perform as males or females
⢠Simone de Beauvoir famously said: âOne is not born, but rather
becomes a womanâ.
⢠Performativity is based on the view that in saying something, we do, or
âbecomeâ it.
⢠People perform particular identities through their use of language
and other ways of expressing themselves in their interactions with each
other.
⢠Mostly, this is done unconsciously as we ârepeat actsâ such as gestures,
movement and ways of using language that signify a particular identity.
⢠These acts are not, however, natural nor are they part of the essential
attributes of a person. They are part of what people acquire/learn in their
interactions with each other
39. Discourse and gender
⢠Gendered identities are âreaffirmed and publicly displayed by
repeatedly performing particular actsâ (Cameron 1999: 444) in
accordance with historically and socially constructed cultural
norms which define femininity.
⢠Gender identity is a complex construction. All levels of
language and discourse, as well as aspects of nonverbal and
other kinds of behavior are involved in doing gender (Butler
2004).
⢠Gender is only one part of a personâs social identity. It often
interacts with other factors such as social class, age and
ethnicity (Eckert 2011).
⢠Discussion: How do females and males differ in discourse (what
do they often talk about? What discursive patterns/structures do
they follow? How much talk do they produce? âŚ.)
⢠Improvisation: casual conversation (a group of girls vs a group
of boys)
40. Reflect
⢠Compare boysâ and girlsâ talks
⢠What language features (topics of discussion,
structure, coherence, talk ratio, participation, .
turn taking, overlapping, body-language,
involvement, âŚ) characterize each?
41. Discourse and identity
⢠A person may have a number of identities, each of which is more
important at different points in time.
⢠They may have an identity as a woman, a mother, a partner and
an office worker, for example.
⢠The ways in which people display their identities includes the
way they use language and the way they interact with people.
⢠Identities are not natural, they are socially constructed, in large
part, through the use of discourse.
⢠Identity, further, is not something that is fixed and remains the
same throughout a personâs life. It is something that is constantly
constructed and re-constructed as people interact with each
other.
⢠Identity is a two-way construction. We perform it (through
discourse) and we need others to recognize it.
42. Discourse and identity
⢠It is through language, or rather through discourse, that identity
is principally forged (Swann et al. 2004)
⢠The information a person produces about oneself depends on the
context, occasion and purpose of the discourse.
⢠Eg. A group of male US college students construct heterosexual
masculinity through the talk that they engage in while watching
TV. (Cameron 1999)
⢠Identity needs not only to be performed but also to be recognized
by others.
⢠Blommaert (2005) says: âA lot of what happens in the field of
identity is done by others, not by oneselfâ.
⢠Place is an important shaper of discourse and identity.
⢠People speak both in and from a place. Place defines people,
both in their eyes and in the eyes of others (Blommaert 2005)
43. Discourse and identity
⢠Identity operates as a repertoire of styles, or ways of doing
things that are associated with culturally recognized social
typesâ(Bucholtz 2010)
⢠Questions for discussion:
1. What language and discursive features (words, images, emoticons,
âŚ) do you use on the internet in different places/spaces/contexts
(chatrooms, group discussions,âŚ)?
2. What kind of identity aspects do you perform?
3. Do you keep or change essential characteristics like name, age,
look, occupation, ethnicity, race, interests,....
4. How do you know that your interlocutors recognize your
performed or authentic identity?
44. Identity and casual conversation
⢠Despite its sometimes aimless appearance and apparently trivial
content, casual conversation is, in fact, a highly structured,
functionally motivated, semantic activity.
⢠Casual conversation is a critical linguistic site for understanding
important dimensions of our social identity as gender, sexuality,
social class membership, ethnicity, and subcultural and group
affiliations. (Eggins and Slade 1997)
⢠Casual conversation is the type of talk in which people feel most
relaxed, most spontaneous and most themselves, âyet casual
conversation is a critical site for the social construction of
realityâ.
45. Identity and casual conversation
⢠The way in which language is used in casual conversations, like
all spoken interactions, is influenced by:
1. The relationship between the people speaking,
2. The frequency with which they come into contact with each
other,
3. The degree of involvement they have with each other and
4. Their sense of affiliation for each other. (Paltridge 2012: 26)
⢠When we speak (or write) we are telling other people âsomething
about ourselvesâ (Cameron 2001: 170) and relating to people in
particular ways.
⢠There are different ways of doing identity with different people
in different situations.
46. Questions for discussion
⢠(1) What discourse communities are you a member of? Do
any of these communities overlap? How similar, or different,
is your use of language in each these communities? Complete
the chart:
Discourse community Use of language
47. Questions for discussion
⢠(2) What factors influence the way you use language when you speak? For
example, is your use of language influenced by your ethnic identity, your
level (or kind) of education, your age, your gender or your occupation?How
do you think your use of language reflects these sorts of categories?
Completethe chart below as you carry out your discussion.
Factor Use of language
Education
Age
Gender
Social class
48. Discourse and ideology
⢠Texts (spoken or written) are never ideology-free nor are they
objective. Nor can they be separated from the social realities and
processes they contribute to maintaining. Threadgold (1989)
⢠For Threadgold, spoken and written genres are not just linguistic
categories but âamong the very processes by which dominant
ideologies are reproduced, transmitted and potentially
changedâ (107).
⢠In her view, a spoken or written genre is never just the
reformulation of a linguistic model, but always the performance
of a politically and historically significant process.
49. How to explore ideology in a text?
⢠Looking at textual features in the text
⢠Interpretation of the analysis
⢠Relating the text to other texts
⢠Considering how the text is framed (Gee 2004, Blommaert
2005)
⢠Framing is about how the content of the text is presented, and
the sort of angle or perspective the writer, or speaker, is taking
⢠Foregrounding: what aspects are emphasized through
repetition and restatement (Huckin 1997)
⢠Backgrounding: what aspects are played down and relegated
(Ibid)
⢠Unpacking particular biases and
⢠Detecting ideological presuppositions
50. Framing
⢠Critical framing of texts can help us unpack some of the assumptions
underlying the use of language and what the text is aiming to do where
we stand back and look at them in relation to their social and cultural
values.
⢠It also helps remind us of the importance of considering the social,
political underpinnings of spoken and written discourse, as well as
helping us unpack the ideological thrust of seemingly ordinary, everyday
genres (Johns 2006).
⢠An area of research where this has been taken up in particular is in the
examination of media discourse.
⢠Question for discussion:
⢠In small groups, choose one event or issue and discuss how it is framed,
described and packaged; specify the choice of words, style and
metaphors; and identify the techniques used to transmit a specific
representation.
⢠Choose from the following: demonstrations, a killing, the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict, military intervention in a country, âwar on terrorâ,
âterrorismâ,âŚ.
51. Question for discussion:
⢠In small groups, choose one event or issue and
discuss how it is framed, described and packaged;
specify the choice of words, style and metaphors; and
identify the techniques used to transmit a specific
representation.
⢠Choose from the following: Coronavirus , the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict, âwar on terrorâ, âŚ.