4 signal encodingtechniques
โขDownload as PPT, PDFโข
10 likesโข17,538 views
The document discusses various techniques for encoding digital and analog data into digital and analog signals for transmission. It describes digital-to-digital encoding formats like NRZ-L, NRZ-I, AMI, and Manchester coding. It also covers analog-to-digital conversion using PCM and DM, as well as digital-to-analog modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, and PSK that can be used to transmit digital data over analog transmission systems. Finally, it discusses how analog data is modulated using AM, FM, or PM onto a carrier frequency for analog transmission.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Encoding Techniques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
lecture-6-transmission-characteristics-of-optical-fibers.pdf
This document discusses the transmission characteristics of optical fibers, specifically fiber attenuation and dispersion. It covers various topics related to these characteristics, including:
- Fiber attenuation is caused by mechanisms like material absorption, scattering, bending, and radiation loss. The lowest attenuation occurs around 1.55 micrometers.
- Fiber dispersion, including modal, chromatic, and polarization mode dispersion, causes optical pulse broadening over distance. Chromatic dispersion occurs as different wavelengths propagate at different group velocities.
- Dispersion and attenuation limit the bandwidth and data rate capacity of optical fibers. Single-mode fiber eliminates modal dispersion but chromatic dispersion remains. Advances have increased fiber bandwidth to tens of gigabits per second over
Digital communication systems
The document discusses digital communication systems and outlines topics that will be covered, including digital data communication, multiplexing techniques, digital modulation and demodulation, and performance comparisons of modulation schemes. The objectives are to provide an overview of communication systems and concepts, discuss digital transmission methods and modulation types, and enable students to design simple communication systems and discuss industry trends.
4.5 equalizers and its types
1. Equalizers are used to reduce inter-symbol interference in wireless communication and help reduce bit errors at the receiver.
2. There are two main types of equalizers - linear equalizers and non-linear equalizers. Linear equalizers include zero forcing and MMSE equalizers, while non-linear equalizers include decision feedback equalizers.
3. Adaptive equalizers automatically adapt to changing channel properties over time using algorithms like LMS and RLS to update equalizer coefficients.
Transmission impairments
This document discusses various types of transmission impairments including attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength during transmission, while distortion alters the original signal shape. There are different types of distortion such as amplitude, delay, and frequency distortion. Noise refers to random electrical signals that interfere with reception, and can come from internal or external sources. Signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure are discussed as ways to measure noise levels relative to signals.
Wavelength division multiplexing
This presentation is just a basic explanation of wavelength division multiplexing.
Hope this is useful. :)
Modulation, Frequency Modulation, Phase Modulation, Amplitude Modulation
Advantages of Modulation
Modulation
Types of Modulation
Frequency Modulation(Advt., D-Advtg, App.)
Phase Modulation(Advt., D-Advtg, App.)
Amplitude Modulation(Advt., D-Advtg, App.)
Unit 3- OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS
This document discusses optical sources and detectors used in fiber optic communications. It describes light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes as the main optical sources. LEDs use a double heterostructure to provide carrier and optical confinement for high efficiency. They emit incoherent light without an optical cavity. Laser diodes function as coherent sources using a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by cleaved facets to provide optical feedback, producing highly directional and monochromatic output. Factors such as modulation capability and fiber characteristics must be considered when choosing an optical source.
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital Receiver
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
Recommended
lecture-6-transmission-characteristics-of-optical-fibers.pdf
This document discusses the transmission characteristics of optical fibers, specifically fiber attenuation and dispersion. It covers various topics related to these characteristics, including:
- Fiber attenuation is caused by mechanisms like material absorption, scattering, bending, and radiation loss. The lowest attenuation occurs around 1.55 micrometers.
- Fiber dispersion, including modal, chromatic, and polarization mode dispersion, causes optical pulse broadening over distance. Chromatic dispersion occurs as different wavelengths propagate at different group velocities.
- Dispersion and attenuation limit the bandwidth and data rate capacity of optical fibers. Single-mode fiber eliminates modal dispersion but chromatic dispersion remains. Advances have increased fiber bandwidth to tens of gigabits per second over
Digital communication systems
The document discusses digital communication systems and outlines topics that will be covered, including digital data communication, multiplexing techniques, digital modulation and demodulation, and performance comparisons of modulation schemes. The objectives are to provide an overview of communication systems and concepts, discuss digital transmission methods and modulation types, and enable students to design simple communication systems and discuss industry trends.
4.5 equalizers and its types
1. Equalizers are used to reduce inter-symbol interference in wireless communication and help reduce bit errors at the receiver.
2. There are two main types of equalizers - linear equalizers and non-linear equalizers. Linear equalizers include zero forcing and MMSE equalizers, while non-linear equalizers include decision feedback equalizers.
3. Adaptive equalizers automatically adapt to changing channel properties over time using algorithms like LMS and RLS to update equalizer coefficients.
Transmission impairments
This document discusses various types of transmission impairments including attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength during transmission, while distortion alters the original signal shape. There are different types of distortion such as amplitude, delay, and frequency distortion. Noise refers to random electrical signals that interfere with reception, and can come from internal or external sources. Signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure are discussed as ways to measure noise levels relative to signals.
Wavelength division multiplexing
This presentation is just a basic explanation of wavelength division multiplexing.
Hope this is useful. :)
Modulation, Frequency Modulation, Phase Modulation, Amplitude Modulation
Advantages of Modulation
Modulation
Types of Modulation
Frequency Modulation(Advt., D-Advtg, App.)
Phase Modulation(Advt., D-Advtg, App.)
Amplitude Modulation(Advt., D-Advtg, App.)
Unit 3- OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS
This document discusses optical sources and detectors used in fiber optic communications. It describes light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes as the main optical sources. LEDs use a double heterostructure to provide carrier and optical confinement for high efficiency. They emit incoherent light without an optical cavity. Laser diodes function as coherent sources using a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by cleaved facets to provide optical feedback, producing highly directional and monochromatic output. Factors such as modulation capability and fiber characteristics must be considered when choosing an optical source.
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital Receiver
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Unit 5
The document discusses digital transmission systems and coherent optical communications. It covers the following key points:
1) It describes the components and operation of optical receivers, including the challenges of detecting weak signals and making decisions on transmitted data. Error sources like intersymbol interference are also discussed.
2) Bit error rate and probability of error are defined, and formulas for calculating BER under Gaussian noise are provided.
3) Eye diagrams are introduced as a way to visualize signal quality over time. Factors like timing jitter and noise amplitude are described.
4) Coherent optical receivers are overviewed, including their advantages for high data rates and constellations. Challenges in carrier recovery using optical phase-locked
Tdm and fdm
Outline:-
TDM and FDM
Basics of TDM and FDM.
Block Diagram of TDM and FDM.
Working of TDM and FDM.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a channel access method where the available bandwidth is divided into multiple non-overlapping frequency bands and each user is assigned a specific frequency band. Each user can transmit or receive independently in its assigned frequency band without interference from other users. FDMA requires expensive bandpass filters for each frequency band and has strict linearity requirements for the transmission medium. The number of channels in an FDMA system is calculated by dividing the total available bandwidth minus the guard bands by the bandwidth of each individual channel.
Multiple Access Techniques
Multiple Access Techniques:
Pre-assigned FDMA,
Demand-assigned FDMA,
Spade System,
TDMA,
Frame and burst formats of TDMA,
Reference burst,
On-board signal processing,
Network Synchronization,
Satellite-Switched TDMA
Modulation
This ppt is a detailed description of modulation. It covers almost everything of amplitude modulation.
Beamforming for 5G Networks
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Power Penalty in Optical Communication
This document discusses various factors that can degrade optical signal performance and increase the required transmission power, known as power penalty. It describes two main types of signal degradation: degradation during fiber propagation from effects like dispersion; and degradation from system components like lasers and detectors. Specific degradation factors discussed include pulse broadening from dispersion causing inter-symbol interference and reduced pulse energy, requiring increased power. Timing jitter at receivers and non-ideal extinction ratios from laser biasing can also induce power penalties. The power penalty depends on system design factors and must be considered to achieve a given error rate performance.
Error control coding techniques
This document provides an overview of error control coding techniques, specifically cyclic codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. It begins with an introduction to the need for error correcting codes and definitions of error detection and correction. It then discusses cyclic codes in more detail, covering encoding and decoding techniques like polynomial and shift register methods. LDPC codes are also explained, including their representation via Tanner graphs and decoding algorithms. The document presents examples and applications of both code types. It concludes by discussing areas for future research and summarizing that error codes can effectively protect against random and burst errors in real-time systems.
Optical fiber Communication
The document discusses various optical phenomena including reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It explains that optical fibers use total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber. Optical fibers have a core with a higher refractive index than the cladding. This allows total internal reflection to contain light within the core. The document also discusses the historical development of optical fiber communications, describing the progression from early generations with lower data rates and shorter distances to current generations with multi-terabit capacities over extremely long ranges. Overall, the document provides an overview of fundamental optical concepts and the evolution of optical fiber communication technology.
Link power and rise time budget analysis
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
fiber-optics-communications-optical-detectors
The document discusses optical detectors used in fiber optic communications systems. It describes the functioning of PIN photodetectors and avalanche photodetectors (APDs). PIN photodetectors convert received light photons into an electric current through the photoelectric effect. Their performance is characterized by quantum efficiency and responsivity. APDs have higher gain than PIN photodiodes through impact ionization, but also higher noise. Both device types aim to optimize sensitivity while minimizing noise.
Correlative level coding
This document discusses correlative-level coding and its applications in baseband pulse transmission systems. Correlative-level coding introduces controlled intersymbol interference to increase signaling rate. It allows partial response signaling and maximum likelihood detection at the receiver. Specific techniques discussed include duobinary signaling and modified duobinary signaling. The document also covers tapped-delay line equalization using adaptive algorithms like least mean square to compensate for channel distortion. Decision feedback equalization and its implementation are summarized as well. Eye patterns are described as a tool to evaluate signal quality in such systems.
Wavelength division multiplexing
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. Modern WDM systems can handle up to 160 signals and expand a basic 10 Gbit/s fiber system to a theoretical total capacity of over 1.6 Tbit/s. There are two main types: coarse WDM (CWDM) uses channel spacings of 20 nm while dense WDM (DWDM) uses narrower spacings of 0.4 nm, allowing DWDM to carry more channels. WDM reduces fiber plant requirements by allowing multiple connections over one fiber.
Source coding
The document discusses information theory and source coding. It defines information and entropy, explaining that the amount of information contained in a message depends on its probability. The entropy of a data source measures the average information content. Huffman coding is presented as a method to assign variable-length codes to symbols to minimize the average code length. Error detection and correction codes are also summarized, including parity checking, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), linear block codes, and convolutional codes.
optical time division multiplexing
This document discusses optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) systems. It outlines some of the key challenges with OTDM, including nonlinearity in fibers causing signal-to-noise ratio degradation as the number of channels increases. It also discusses the components needed for an OTDM system, including ultra-short optical pulse generation and modulation at the transmitter, and optical clock extraction and demultiplexing at the receiver. Several approaches for OTDM demultiplexing are described, such as using cascaded modulators, nonlinear optical loop mirrors, or four wave mixing in a nonlinear medium.
Optical multiplexers
Optical multiplexers allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single optical fiber link. There are different optical multiplexing techniques, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical time division multiplexing (OTDM). WDM assigns each signal a unique wavelength, while OTDM separates signals in the time domain. Optical multiplexers and demultiplexers use passive optical filters to combine and separate the wavelength signals. This increases bandwidth utilization and reduces transmission costs.
Wireless transmission
This Presentation describes about the various wireless transmission like radio waves, microwaves,light transmission
Array antennas
The document discusses different types of antenna arrays, including broadside arrays, end-fire arrays, and binomial arrays. A broadside array consists of half-wave dipoles spaced by half wavelengths that produces a highly directional radiation pattern perpendicular to the array. An end-fire array uses two half-wave dipoles spaced by half a wavelength and radiates in the plane of the dipoles. A binomial array arranges radiating sources according to binomial coefficients to reduce side lobes and optimize directivity.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
This ppt describes some of the information about OFDM i.e. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Spread spectrum modulation
This document provides an overview of spread spectrum technologies including frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). It defines spread spectrum, describes how data is modulated at different rates using DSSS, explains FHSS and DSSS in detail, and lists factors that impact wireless signal performance. Key aspects covered include the FCC regulations for unlicensed use of spread spectrum in the 2.4GHz band, how DSSS spreads and encodes data across multiple frequencies, and how FHSS rapidly hops between frequencies to transmit information.
Data encoding
Data encoding converts data into a signal form for transmission. There are different encoding methods for digital-to-digital, digital-to-analog, analog-to-analog, and analog-to-digital conversion. Common digital encoding techniques include unipolar, bipolar, and polar encoding, which represent binary data using single or multiple voltage levels. Non-return-to-zero and return-to-zero are examples that represent bits through the signal remaining at a level or returning to zero between bits. Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding are biphase techniques that provide clocking through signal transitions.
Encoding techniques
Encoding is the process of converting data into a digital format for transmission. There are different encoding techniques for analog and digital data. Common digital to digital encoding techniques include NRZ, NRZI, Manchester, and 4B/5B encoding. NRZ assigns a voltage level to represent each bit but can cause issues with long strings of the same bit. NRZI and Manchester encoding add transitions to distinguish bits and allow synchronization. 4B/5B encoding groups bits into blocks and maps them to code words, preventing long runs of the same bit. These encoding techniques allow reliable transmission of digital data over networks.
More Related Content
What's hot
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Unit 5
The document discusses digital transmission systems and coherent optical communications. It covers the following key points:
1) It describes the components and operation of optical receivers, including the challenges of detecting weak signals and making decisions on transmitted data. Error sources like intersymbol interference are also discussed.
2) Bit error rate and probability of error are defined, and formulas for calculating BER under Gaussian noise are provided.
3) Eye diagrams are introduced as a way to visualize signal quality over time. Factors like timing jitter and noise amplitude are described.
4) Coherent optical receivers are overviewed, including their advantages for high data rates and constellations. Challenges in carrier recovery using optical phase-locked
Tdm and fdm
Outline:-
TDM and FDM
Basics of TDM and FDM.
Block Diagram of TDM and FDM.
Working of TDM and FDM.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a channel access method where the available bandwidth is divided into multiple non-overlapping frequency bands and each user is assigned a specific frequency band. Each user can transmit or receive independently in its assigned frequency band without interference from other users. FDMA requires expensive bandpass filters for each frequency band and has strict linearity requirements for the transmission medium. The number of channels in an FDMA system is calculated by dividing the total available bandwidth minus the guard bands by the bandwidth of each individual channel.
Multiple Access Techniques
Multiple Access Techniques:
Pre-assigned FDMA,
Demand-assigned FDMA,
Spade System,
TDMA,
Frame and burst formats of TDMA,
Reference burst,
On-board signal processing,
Network Synchronization,
Satellite-Switched TDMA
Modulation
This ppt is a detailed description of modulation. It covers almost everything of amplitude modulation.
Beamforming for 5G Networks
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Power Penalty in Optical Communication
This document discusses various factors that can degrade optical signal performance and increase the required transmission power, known as power penalty. It describes two main types of signal degradation: degradation during fiber propagation from effects like dispersion; and degradation from system components like lasers and detectors. Specific degradation factors discussed include pulse broadening from dispersion causing inter-symbol interference and reduced pulse energy, requiring increased power. Timing jitter at receivers and non-ideal extinction ratios from laser biasing can also induce power penalties. The power penalty depends on system design factors and must be considered to achieve a given error rate performance.
Error control coding techniques
This document provides an overview of error control coding techniques, specifically cyclic codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. It begins with an introduction to the need for error correcting codes and definitions of error detection and correction. It then discusses cyclic codes in more detail, covering encoding and decoding techniques like polynomial and shift register methods. LDPC codes are also explained, including their representation via Tanner graphs and decoding algorithms. The document presents examples and applications of both code types. It concludes by discussing areas for future research and summarizing that error codes can effectively protect against random and burst errors in real-time systems.
Optical fiber Communication
The document discusses various optical phenomena including reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It explains that optical fibers use total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber. Optical fibers have a core with a higher refractive index than the cladding. This allows total internal reflection to contain light within the core. The document also discusses the historical development of optical fiber communications, describing the progression from early generations with lower data rates and shorter distances to current generations with multi-terabit capacities over extremely long ranges. Overall, the document provides an overview of fundamental optical concepts and the evolution of optical fiber communication technology.
Link power and rise time budget analysis
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
fiber-optics-communications-optical-detectors
The document discusses optical detectors used in fiber optic communications systems. It describes the functioning of PIN photodetectors and avalanche photodetectors (APDs). PIN photodetectors convert received light photons into an electric current through the photoelectric effect. Their performance is characterized by quantum efficiency and responsivity. APDs have higher gain than PIN photodiodes through impact ionization, but also higher noise. Both device types aim to optimize sensitivity while minimizing noise.
Correlative level coding
This document discusses correlative-level coding and its applications in baseband pulse transmission systems. Correlative-level coding introduces controlled intersymbol interference to increase signaling rate. It allows partial response signaling and maximum likelihood detection at the receiver. Specific techniques discussed include duobinary signaling and modified duobinary signaling. The document also covers tapped-delay line equalization using adaptive algorithms like least mean square to compensate for channel distortion. Decision feedback equalization and its implementation are summarized as well. Eye patterns are described as a tool to evaluate signal quality in such systems.
Wavelength division multiplexing
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. Modern WDM systems can handle up to 160 signals and expand a basic 10 Gbit/s fiber system to a theoretical total capacity of over 1.6 Tbit/s. There are two main types: coarse WDM (CWDM) uses channel spacings of 20 nm while dense WDM (DWDM) uses narrower spacings of 0.4 nm, allowing DWDM to carry more channels. WDM reduces fiber plant requirements by allowing multiple connections over one fiber.
Source coding
The document discusses information theory and source coding. It defines information and entropy, explaining that the amount of information contained in a message depends on its probability. The entropy of a data source measures the average information content. Huffman coding is presented as a method to assign variable-length codes to symbols to minimize the average code length. Error detection and correction codes are also summarized, including parity checking, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), linear block codes, and convolutional codes.
optical time division multiplexing
This document discusses optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) systems. It outlines some of the key challenges with OTDM, including nonlinearity in fibers causing signal-to-noise ratio degradation as the number of channels increases. It also discusses the components needed for an OTDM system, including ultra-short optical pulse generation and modulation at the transmitter, and optical clock extraction and demultiplexing at the receiver. Several approaches for OTDM demultiplexing are described, such as using cascaded modulators, nonlinear optical loop mirrors, or four wave mixing in a nonlinear medium.
Optical multiplexers
Optical multiplexers allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single optical fiber link. There are different optical multiplexing techniques, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical time division multiplexing (OTDM). WDM assigns each signal a unique wavelength, while OTDM separates signals in the time domain. Optical multiplexers and demultiplexers use passive optical filters to combine and separate the wavelength signals. This increases bandwidth utilization and reduces transmission costs.
Wireless transmission
This Presentation describes about the various wireless transmission like radio waves, microwaves,light transmission
Array antennas
The document discusses different types of antenna arrays, including broadside arrays, end-fire arrays, and binomial arrays. A broadside array consists of half-wave dipoles spaced by half wavelengths that produces a highly directional radiation pattern perpendicular to the array. An end-fire array uses two half-wave dipoles spaced by half a wavelength and radiates in the plane of the dipoles. A binomial array arranges radiating sources according to binomial coefficients to reduce side lobes and optimize directivity.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
This ppt describes some of the information about OFDM i.e. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Spread spectrum modulation
This document provides an overview of spread spectrum technologies including frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). It defines spread spectrum, describes how data is modulated at different rates using DSSS, explains FHSS and DSSS in detail, and lists factors that impact wireless signal performance. Key aspects covered include the FCC regulations for unlicensed use of spread spectrum in the 2.4GHz band, how DSSS spreads and encodes data across multiple frequencies, and how FHSS rapidly hops between frequencies to transmit information.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Data encoding
Data encoding converts data into a signal form for transmission. There are different encoding methods for digital-to-digital, digital-to-analog, analog-to-analog, and analog-to-digital conversion. Common digital encoding techniques include unipolar, bipolar, and polar encoding, which represent binary data using single or multiple voltage levels. Non-return-to-zero and return-to-zero are examples that represent bits through the signal remaining at a level or returning to zero between bits. Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding are biphase techniques that provide clocking through signal transitions.
Encoding techniques
Encoding is the process of converting data into a digital format for transmission. There are different encoding techniques for analog and digital data. Common digital to digital encoding techniques include NRZ, NRZI, Manchester, and 4B/5B encoding. NRZ assigns a voltage level to represent each bit but can cause issues with long strings of the same bit. NRZI and Manchester encoding add transitions to distinguish bits and allow synchronization. 4B/5B encoding groups bits into blocks and maps them to code words, preventing long runs of the same bit. These encoding techniques allow reliable transmission of digital data over networks.
Data Encoding
The document discusses different methods of encoding and modulating digital and analog signals for transmission. It covers digital-to-digital encoding techniques like unipolar, polar, Manchester and differential Manchester encoding. It also discusses analog-to-digital conversion techniques like PAM and PCM. Finally, it discusses analog-to-analog modulation techniques like AM, FM and PM and how they modulate parameters of a carrier signal to transmit an analog signal.
Encoding in Data Communication DC8
This chapter discusses various methods for encoding analog and digital signals for transmission, including different conversion schemes such as analog to digital and digital to digital. It examines encoding techniques like unipolar, polar, NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, Manchester, bipolar AMI, B8ZS, and HDB3 encoding. The chapter also includes examples and solutions related to signal encoding.
10 lecture - ospf part1 , introduction to ospf , areas and abr
OSPF is an IGP routing protocol that uses link-state advertisements to share routing information between neighbors quickly. Routers establish adjacencies by exchanging Hello packets to elect a Designated Router and Backup Designated Router. Areas connect routers and allow different topology tables; area 0 connects all other areas. OSPF uses the SPF algorithm for each router to calculate the shortest path tree based on interface costs and shares this information through LSAs within an area.
05 signal encoding
This document discusses various digital signal encoding techniques. It covers:
1) Digital data encoding with digital signals, including return to zero (RZ), non-return to zero level (NRZ-L), non-return to zero inverted (NRZI), bipolar AMI, pseudoternary, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding.
2) Digital data encoding with analog signals, including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), differential PSK (DPSK), and quadrature PSK (QPSK).
3) It provides examples and comparisons of the encoding techniques, discussing their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Homework exercises are assigned
Message Authentication: MAC, Hashes
Message authentication codes (MACs) and cryptographic hashes can be used to authenticate messages. MACs use a secret key and cryptographic hash function to produce an authenticator value for a message. Cryptographic hashes map messages of arbitrary length to fixed-length hash values. Both MACs and hashes allow a recipient to verify that a message was not altered by reproducing the authenticator value, but hashes do not provide a digital signature as they do not involve a secret key. MACs and hashes are useful for authenticating messages without encryption when confidentiality is not required.
L8 signal encoding techniques
1. The document discusses various techniques for encoding digital and analog data for transmission as digital or analog signals. It describes common encoding schemes like NRZ-L, Manchester, and techniques for modulating analog signals like ASK, FSK, and PSK.
2. Key digital encoding techniques covered are NRZ-L, NRZI, bipolar AMI, Manchester, and differential Manchester. Modulation of analog signals to digital signals using PCM and delta modulation are also discussed.
3. Performance tradeoffs of different encoding schemes like bandwidth requirements, error detection capabilities, and signal-to-noise ratio impacts are compared.
signal encoding techniques
This document summarizes different techniques for encoding digital data into an analog signal for transmission, including: non-return to zero (NRZ) encoding, Manchester encoding, biphase encoding, scrambling, and modulation techniques like amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). It discusses the pros and cons of different encoding schemes in terms of synchronization, error detection, bandwidth usage, and noise immunity. The document is from a textbook on data and computer communications.
15 lecture - acl part1, introduction to access control list
Access control lists allow granular control over permissions for network resources by associating a list of permissions with an object. ACLs specify access rights for users or groups and can grant or deny permissions separately. ACL rules check incoming access attempts and grant or deny access accordingly based on the permissions set in the list.
13 lecture - introduction and configuration of eigrp
This document discusses the introduction and configuration of the EIGRP routing protocol. It explains that EIGRP maintains three tables: the neighbor table, topology table containing feasible successors, and routing table containing successor routes. The document also mentions debugging and troubleshooting tools for EIGRP including variance, debug ip eigrp, and show ip EIGRP neighbors. Finally, it defines advertised distance and feasible distance metrics and indicates there will be hands-on labs for configuring EIGRP.
Chapter 5 - Signal Encoding Techniques 9e
Signal encoding techniques can be used to transmit digital data as either digital signals or analog signals. For digital data as a digital signal, common encoding schemes include NRZ, multilevel binary, and biphase, which encode bits as voltage levels or transitions. Analog data can be converted to a digital signal using techniques like PCM and DM. To transmit digital data as an analog signal, modulation schemes such as ASK, FSK, PSK are used to map bits to properties of a carrier wave. Analog data can also be transmitted directly as an analog signal using amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
Chapter 4 - Digital Transmission
The document discusses various topics related to digital transmission including:
1. Digital-to-digital conversion techniques like line coding, block coding, and scrambling that are used to represent digital data with digital signals. Line coding is always needed while block coding and scrambling may or may not be needed.
2. Analog-to-digital conversion techniques like pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation that are used to convert analog signals to digital data. PCM involves sampling, quantization, and encoding of analog signals.
3. Transmission modes including parallel transmission of multiple bits together and serial transmission of one bit at a time. Serial transmission can be asynchronous, synchronous, or isochronous depending
Viewers also liked (14)
10 lecture - ospf part1 , introduction to ospf , areas and abr
10 lecture - ospf part1 , introduction to ospf , areas and abr
ย
15 lecture - acl part1, introduction to access control list
15 lecture - acl part1, introduction to access control list
ย
13 lecture - introduction and configuration of eigrp
13 lecture - introduction and configuration of eigrp
ย
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
ย
Similar to 4 signal encodingtechniques
komdat5
This document summarizes various techniques for encoding digital and analog signals for transmission, including:
1) Digital signals can be encoded using NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding. Encoding schemes involve representing bits as voltage levels or transitions.
2) Analog signals can be digitized using PCM or delta modulation before transmission. PCM involves sampling and quantizing an analog signal into digital pulses.
3) Analog signals can also be modulated by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal before transmission. This allows for techniques like frequency division multiplexing.
05 signal encodingtechniques
This document summarizes various techniques for encoding digital and analog signals. It discusses encoding digital data into digital signals using techniques like NRZ-L, Manchester encoding, and differential Manchester encoding. It also covers converting analog data to digital signals using pulse code modulation and delta modulation. Additionally, it describes modulating digital and analog data onto analog carriers using techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying.
Lecture3 signal encoding_in_wireless
This document discusses various techniques for encoding signals for wireless transmission, including:
- Digital data must be converted to analog signals using techniques like amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. Analog signals can also be modulated to higher frequencies for transmission.
- Analog signals can be converted to digital for transmission using pulse code modulation (PCM) or delta modulation (DM). PCM assigns a binary code to analog samples while DM approximates the analog signal as a staircase function.
- Key factors in signal encoding are the signal-to-noise ratio, data rate, bandwidth, clocking, interference immunity, and cost/complexity of the scheme. Higher data rates
Presentation9
This document discusses various components and options for data communication, including analog vs digital data and signals, transmission methods, and encoding schemes. It covers analog encoding of analog and digital data using modulation techniques. It also describes digital encoding of digital data using methods like NRZ and Manchester encoding. Finally, it discusses synchronous and asynchronous transmission and error control processes like parity bits and CRC for error detection.
Lecture7 encodingmodulation
The document discusses various techniques for converting digital and analog signals for transmission through different mediums. It explains that digital data needs to be converted to either digital or analog signals depending on whether the transmission medium is digital or analog. Key techniques discussed include:
- Digital to digital encoding like Manchester encoding for digital mediums
- Analog to digital conversion like PCM for converting analog signals to digital
- Digital to analog modulation like FSK for converting digital signals to analog for analog mediums
- Analog to analog conversion like AM/FM for analog signal transmission.
ANALOG DIGITAL HYBRID MODULATION
This document discusses various analog and digital modulation techniques. It begins by explaining the differences between bit rate and baud rate. It then covers modulation schemes like ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM. It provides examples of how these techniques work and their bandwidth requirements. The document also discusses topics like phone modems, analog-to-analog modulation techniques like AM and FM, and how these radio bands are allocated.
W6_Ch5_Signal Encoding.pdf
This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital and analog signals and data. It begins by explaining how digital data can be encoded as either digital or analog signals. For digital signals, the simplest method is to assign different voltage levels to represent binary 1 and 0. For analog signals, a modem is used to convert digital data. It then discusses several specific encoding techniques in detail, including non-return to zero (NRZ) encoding, amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). It provides examples of how different encoding schemes represent binary data and compares their properties such as bandwidth and bit error rate performance.
RF module
A RF module presentation as a part of one complete course about using communication modules along with PIC-Micro-controller
Thanks.
Pass band transmission
This document discusses various digital encoding and modulation techniques used for transmitting digital and analog data over transmission channels. It describes:
- Digital signaling, where digital data is encoded into a digital signal using techniques like NRZ-L, NRZI, etc. to minimize bandwidth and errors.
- Analog signaling, where analog or digital data modulates an analog carrier signal using techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK to transmit over analog lines.
- Specific digital modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, MFSK that encode digital data onto signal properties like phase, frequency or amplitude to maximize bandwidth efficiency and minimize errors.
- How analog modulation techniques like AM, FM, PM encode analog data onto an
Chapter 2.1.pptx
This document provides an overview of the physical layer of the OSI model. It discusses various topics related to the physical layer, including:
- Data transmission methods like digital transmission, analog transmission, line coding, block coding, and sampling.
- Modulation techniques for analog signals like ASK, FSK, PSK.
- Types of networks for digital transmission like circuit switched networks, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks.
- Key aspects of these networks like connection setup/teardown, addressing schemes, routing, delays.
The physical layer is responsible for bit-level delivery over various physical media through standards that define electrical specifications, radio interfaces, optical fiber specifications and more. It also performs
Chapter 2.1.pptx
This document provides an overview of the physical layer of the OSI model. It discusses various topics related to the physical layer, including:
- Data transmission methods like digital transmission, analog transmission, line coding, block coding, and sampling.
- Modulation techniques for analog signals like ASK, FSK, PSK.
- Types of networks for digital transmission like circuit switched networks, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks.
- Key aspects of these networks like connection setup/teardown, addressing, routing, delays.
The physical layer is responsible for bit-level delivery over various physical media through standards that define electrical specifications, radio interfaces, optical fiber specifications and more. It also performs technical
Analog Transmission
Modulation is the process of varying one or more characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal based on an information signal that contains the message to be transmitted. Some key points:
1. Modulation is necessary to transmit digital data over analog mediums like phone lines or wireless signals. It converts the digital data into an analog format suitable for transmission.
2. Common analog modulation techniques vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal, while digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying.
3. More advanced techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation vary both the amplitude and phase of the carrier simultaneously to transmit more data using a given bandwidth
Modulation of digital and analog data
This document discusses various methods of modulating digital and analog data for transmission:
1. It describes digital-to-analog modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
2. It explains the relationships between bit rate, baud rate, and bandwidth for different modulation schemes. ASK, FSK, and PSK have baud rate equal to bit rate, while higher-order PSK and QAM can have higher bit rates through multiple bits per symbol.
3. Modems and standards like V.32, V.34, and V.90 are discussed in the context of mod
Unit 3 ppt
This document provides an overview of digital communication techniques including:
- Types of digital modulation like PSK, QAM, and their advantages over analog communication
- Key concepts in digital modulation like bandwidth efficiency, M-ary encoding, and eye patterns
- Techniques used to reduce interference like duobinary encoding, pulse shaping with cosine filters, and equalization methods
Dcn a03-analog transmission
The document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion and analog transmission. It describes how digital data is modulated by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an analog carrier signal. The main modulation techniques covered are amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and more advanced methods like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
Modulation of digital_and_analog_data
will provide you a basic introduction about digital modulation techniques, provide a basic introduction of ASK(Amplitude shift keying) PSK(phase shift keying) FSK(frequency shift keying) and will also provide a introduction about types of PSK
Digital modulation basics(nnm)
Digital modulation techniques allow for more efficient transmission of digital data by varying certain properties of the carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency, or phase, based on the digital bit stream. There are tradeoffs between bandwidth efficiency, power efficiency, and implementation complexity for different modulation schemes. Common digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), with higher-order schemes transmitting more than one bit per symbol. Performance metrics like bit error rate (BER) are used to evaluate and compare modulation techniques.
05 signal encodingtechniques
This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for transmission, including:
1) Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoding schemes which use different voltage levels to represent 1s and 0s without returning to a baseline between bits.
2) Manchester and differential Manchester encoding which add transitions in the middle or start of each bit to provide clocking functionality.
3) Phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK) which represent data by shifting the phase of the carrier signal.
4) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) which are used to transmit
Chapter2 The Physical Layer(1).pptx
The document discusses the physical layer of data communication. It begins by defining key concepts like data, signals, channels, and transmission modes. It then explains the theoretical basis for physical layer protocols including Nyquist's Law, Shannon-Hartley theorem, and modulation/coding techniques. Finally, it discusses multiplexing which allows transmitting multiple data sources over one physical channel using techniques like frequency division, time division, and wavelength division multiplexing.
Networking notes part2 final
what is modulation and types of it, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, Phase modulation, Digital to Analog , Analog to Digital, Amplitude Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying, Phase Shift Keying
Similar to 4 signal encodingtechniques (20)
More from Hattori Sidek
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
1) Frequency modulation (FM) varies the instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal in proportion to an input modulating signal. This produces sidebands around the carrier frequency.
2) FM is considered superior to amplitude modulation (AM) due to better fidelity, noise immunity, and transmission efficiency. However, FM requires more bandwidth than AM.
3) The modulation index determines the number of significant sidebands and bandwidth occupied. It is defined as the peak frequency deviation divided by the modulating signal frequency.
Chapter 3 am receivers
1) This document discusses different types of AM receivers including their components and characteristics. It covers AM demodulators such as envelope detectors and product detectors used to extract the audio signal from the AM carrier wave.
2) Key receiver parameters that determine performance are discussed such as selectivity, sensitivity, bandwidth improvement factor, dynamic range, fidelity and insertion loss. Selectivity refers to a receiver's ability to reject unwanted signals, while sensitivity is the minimum signal it can detect.
3) Bandwidth improvement factor reduces noise by decreasing the ratio of RF bandwidth to IF bandwidth. Dynamic range is the range between minimum and maximum usable input signals before distortion occurs.
Ch8 file processing
This chapter discusses file processing in C programming. It introduces file input/output (I/O) operations, including declaring FILE variables, opening and closing files, reading from and writing to files, and checking for end of file. The key steps are to declare a FILE pointer variable, use fopen() to open a file, perform file I/O operations like fprintf() and fscanf(), and close the file using fclose(). File opening is verified by checking if fopen() returns NULL. End of file is detected using the feof() function.
Ch6 pointers (latest)
This document discusses pointers in C programming. It defines pointers as variables that contain memory addresses and can be used to indirectly access and manipulate other variables. It covers declaring and initializing pointer variables, pointer operators like address-of and dereference, using pointers to call functions, and arrays of pointers. Examples are provided to illustrate pointers to integers, characters, and how pointers can traverse arrays by incrementing the pointer. Exercises at the end demonstrate assigning a pointer variable the address of another variable and printing the value of the object pointed to.
Ch5 array nota
The document discusses one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C programming. It covers declaring, initializing, and referencing arrays, as well as passing arrays to functions. Some key points include: declaring arrays with data type, name, and number of elements; initializing arrays at compile-time or run-time; referencing array elements with the array name and index/subscript; and passing an entire array or individual elements to functions by reference or by value. Two-dimensional arrays have rows and columns accessed by two indices/subscripts.
Ch4 functions
The document introduces functions in C programming. It discusses defining and calling library functions and user-defined functions, passing arguments to functions, returning values from functions, and writing recursive functions. Functions allow breaking programs into modular and reusable units of code. Library functions perform common tasks like input/output and math operations. User-defined functions are created to perform specific tasks. Information is passed between functions via arguments and return values.
Ch3 selection
The document discusses different types of control structures in C programming including selection structures like if, if-else, and switch statements that allow a program to select one or multiple execution paths based on conditions. It provides examples of how to use if, if-else, and switch statements to write programs that can make decisions and execute different code blocks depending on runtime values or conditions. Selection structures allow a program to execute different code for different conditions rather than just sequential execution.
Ch3 repetition
The document summarizes common repetition structures in C programming including while, do-while, for loops as well as break, continue, and exit statements. It explains that repetition structures allow code to execute repeatedly while a condition is true and covers the syntax and usage of each structure.
Ch2 introduction to c
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses fundamental C elements like data types, variables, constants, operators, and input/output functions. It explains how a basic C program is structured and compiled. Examples are provided to demonstrate simple C statements, arithmetic expressions, and how to write and run a first program that prints text. The key topics covered include basic syntax, program structure, data types, identifiers, operators, and input/output functions like printf() and scanf().
Ch1 principles of software development
The document provides an overview of software development principles including introduction to programming, problem solving and the software development approach, and algorithm representation. It discusses programming languages, problem statements, software development methods, types of errors, documentation, and techniques for representing algorithms like pseudocode and flowcharts. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
Ch7 structures
The document discusses structures in C programming. It defines structures as a way to group individual elements of different types together under a single name. Structures allow defining custom data types that can contain integers, floats, chars, arrays, pointers, and other structures. The key points covered include defining structures, initializing structure members, nested structures, arrays of structures, pointers to structures, and passing structures to functions.
13 atm
ATM uses fixed-sized cells to transfer data over both virtual channel connections (VCCs) and virtual path connections (VPCs). It supports multiple service categories including constant bit rate, variable bit rate, available bit rate and unspecified bit rate. The ATM protocol architecture defines layers for the user plane, control plane, and management plane. It uses the ATM adaptation layer to map data from upper layer services into ATM cells for transmission over the ATM layer and physical layer.
12 wireless la-ns
- Wireless LANs use wireless transmission medium and were initially more expensive and had lower data rates than wired LANs, but these issues have been addressed and wireless LAN popularity has grown rapidly.
- Wireless LANs can be used to extend existing LANs without installing new cabling, ease reconfiguration of networks, and provide connectivity in areas not suited for wired LANs, but have not replaced wired LANs overall.
- Wireless LAN technologies include infrared and spread spectrum systems operating in unlicensed bands, with spread spectrum becoming more common due to longer range and better building penetration.
11 circuit-packet
Circuit switching and packet switching are two methods for transferring data across networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations by reserving bandwidth for the duration of the call. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently across the network and reassembled at the destination. It allows for more efficient use of bandwidth by allowing packets from multiple messages to share transmission resources.
10 high speedla-ns
The document discusses high-speed local area networks (LANs). It describes how Ethernet has evolved from 10 Mbps to support speeds of 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps through different MAC protocols. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are discussed in terms of their physical specifications and configurations. The evolution of wireless LANs and the IEEE 802.3 MAC protocols including CSMA/CD and its variants are also summarized. Applications that require high-speed LANs and the technologies that enable speeds of 10 Gbps are briefly outlined.
9 lan
Local area networks can use different topologies and transmission mediums. Common topologies include bus, ring, and star. Transmission mediums include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Bridges connect different LANs and repeat frames between them in a transparent manner. Spanning tree protocols allow bridges to dynamically establish loop-free routes between LANs. Layer 2 switches improve performance over shared bus and hub architectures by providing dedicated bandwidth to each connected device.
8 spread spectrum
The document discusses different types of spread spectrum techniques used in wireless communications including frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), and code division multiple access (CDMA). It explains that spread spectrum works by spreading data over a wider bandwidth through techniques like frequency hopping or spreading each bit into multiple bits, making the signal harder to intercept or jam. The receiver is able to recover the original data by using the same spreading code or sequence as the transmitter.
7 multiplexing
Multiplexing allows multiple transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity through techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM allocates different carrier frequencies to different signals so they do not overlap. TDM interleaves multiple digital signals in time by assigning fixed time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand to make more efficient use of bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM which allocates slots even if they are empty.
6 data linkcontrol
Data link control protocols provide flow control and error control to ensure reliable data transmission. Flow control prevents buffer overflow by regulating transmission rate. Error control detects and corrects errors through techniques like error detection, acknowledgments, and retransmissions of damaged frames. Common protocols include stop-and-wait, go-back-N, and selective reject under HDLC which is a widely used standard.
5 digital datacomm
Digital data communication techniques require synchronization between transmitters and receivers. There are two main solutions:
1) Asynchronous transmission synchronizes on a per-character basis, resynchronizing with each character.
2) Synchronous transmission synchronizes transmitters and receivers at the bit level or block level, preventing timing drift through synchronized clocks.
3) Error detection and correction techniques like parity checks and cyclic redundancy checks are used to detect errors, while forward error correction allows detection and correction of errors.
More from Hattori Sidek (20)
Recently uploaded
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!ย
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
This slide will guide us through the process of predicting vendor bill products based on previous purchases from the vendor in Odoo 17.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Bossa Nโ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N Roll Records presentation by Izzy Vazquez for Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ
โ โุฅุถุบ ุจูู ุฅูุฏููู
โู
ู ุฃููู ุงูู
ูุงุฒู
ุงูุชู ุตู
ู
ุชูุง
ู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุชุดุฑูุญ ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูููููู (ูุธุฑู 3)
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
ุชุชู
ูุฒ ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุจุนูุฏุฉ ู
ูู
ูุฒุงุช :
1- ู
ูุชุฑุฌู
ุฉ ุชุฑุฌู
ุฉ ุชููุงุณุจ ุฌู
ูุน ุงูู
ุณุชููุงุช
2- ุชุญุชูู ุนูู 78 ุฑุณู
ุชูุถูุญู ููู ููู
ุฉ ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุจุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ (ููู ููู
ุฉ !!!!)
#ููู
_ู
ุงูู_ุฏุฑุฎ
3- ุฏูุฉ ุงููุชุงุจุฉ ูุงูุตูุฑ ุนุงููุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุฌุฏุงู ุฌุฏุงู
4- ูููุงูู ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุชู
ุชูุถูุญูุง ุจุดูู ุชูุตููู ุฌุฏุงู (ุชูุนุชุจุฑ ูุฏู ุงูุทุงูุจ ุฃู ุงูุทุงูุจุฉ ุจุฅููุง ู
ุนููู
ุงุช ู
ูุจูู
ุฉ ูู
ุน ุฐูู ุชู
ุชูุถูุญ ูุฐูู ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูู
ูุจูู
ุฉ ุจุดูู ุชูุตููู ุฌุฏุงู
5- ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุชุดุฑุญ ููุณูุง ุจ ููุณูุง ุจุณ ุชููู ุชุนุงู ุงูุฑุงูู
6- ุชุญุชูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ูู ุงูู ุณูุงูุฏ ุนูู ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ุชุชุถู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุชูุฑูุนุงุช ู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูููููู ุงูู
ุฐููุฑุฉ ูู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ
ูุงุฎูุฑุงู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุญูุงูู ุนูููู
ูุฅุชู
ูู ู
ููู
ุฅู ุชุฏุนููู ุจุงูุฎูุฑ ูุงูุตุญุฉ ูุงูุนุงููุฉ ููุท
ูู ุงูุชูููู ุฒู
ูุงุฆู ูุฒู
ููุงุชู ุ ุฒู
ูููู
ู
ุญู
ุฏ ุงูุฐูุจู ๐๐
๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/nrwz52lilmrw6m5kqeqn83q6vbdp8yzpย
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin ๐๐ค๐ค๐ฅฐ
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER JEE PYQ
NIPER JEE QUESTIONS
MOST FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTIONS
NIPER MEMORY BASED QUWSTIONS
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
ู
ุตุญู ุงููุฑุงุกุงุช ุงูุนุดุฑ ุฃุนุฏ ุฃุญุฑู ุงูุฎูุงู ุณู
ูุฑ ุจุณูููู.pdf
ู
ุตุญู ุงููุฑุงุกุงุช ุงูุนุดุฑ ุฃุนุฏ ุฃุญุฑู ุงูุฎูุงู ุณู
ูุฑ ุจุณูููู.pdfุณู
ูุฑ ุจุณูููู
ู
ุตุญู ุฃุญุฑู ุงูุฎูุงู ูููุฑุงุก ุงูุนุดุฑุฉุฃุนุฏ ุฃุญุฑู ุงูุฎูุงู ุจุงูุชูููู ูุตูุง ุณู
ูุฑ ุจุณูููู ุบูุฑ ุงููู ููย
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Recently uploaded (20)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
ย
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
ย
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
ย
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...
ย
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
ย
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
ย
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
ย
ู
ุตุญู ุงููุฑุงุกุงุช ุงูุนุดุฑ ุฃุนุฏ ุฃุญุฑู ุงูุฎูุงู ุณู
ูุฑ ุจุณูููู.pdf
ู
ุตุญู ุงููุฑุงุกุงุช ุงูุนุดุฑ ุฃุนุฏ ุฃุญุฑู ุงูุฎูุงู ุณู
ูุฑ ุจุณูููู.pdf
ย
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
ย
4 signal encodingtechniques
- 1. Data Communication - Signal Encoding Techniques
- 5. Types of Digital to Digital Encoding
- 7. Types of Bipolar Encoding PSEUDOTERNARY
- 16. Differential PSK 0 = signal burst of the same phase as previous signal burst 1 = signal burst of the opposite phase as previous signal burst
- 23. Analog Modulation STARTING