Overview Of 13 Spatial Data Of The New BTS Site Data

Overview Of 13 Spatial Data Of The New BTS Site Data
13 Spatial data of the new BTS site data was provided by overlaying the vector coordinate values
with registered raster images created in the Mapinfo tool. I created registered raster images by
updating the control point coordinates values obtained from the GPS receiver in the Image
Registration box. I was very keen and careful while updating values and generating the registered
raster images, as any variation in measurement can cause distortion in the overlap of the images and
vector values. CE1.14 I combined the raster image of Mapinfo with Google earth for getting more
information about neighbouring BTS towers in the new location. I analysed different neighbouring
BTS tower in the satellite map for getting the information about ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
CE1.18 I used a spectrum analyser with a band of 2.4 GHz which was connected to PC for the
survey to detect the RF activity in the limited location and was used to calculate the signal as well as
the noise intensity in the region. I noticed variations in the power as I moved along from the
reference point; I noted and referred this variation was due to the channel interference of the
neighbouring BTS towers. I used the PC to generate the graphical and numerical data based on the
spectrum analyser. CE 1.19 For the accuracy of measurement and data, I simulated AirMagnet
survey tool for the detection of RF signal problems and channel interference. In the simulation
software, a tool named Signal Distribution was used for the analysis of RF signal. I used the
following formula for manually calculating the channel interference of two APs: channel
interference = (90+P) x 100/60, where P is the signal Power and swapped the corresponding signal
power to determine the strength of the interference of other AP. CE1.20 I always updated the data
and measurements and directly reported to Team leader regarding the progress and updates about
the pre–deployment survey. Pre–deployment survey report was the basic survey report for the
designing and implementing the Radio Network Design (RND). CE 1.21 I created a virtual RF
environment using an RF modelling tool called AirMagnet planner. I installed a single AP in the
location site and simulated different virtual APs on the floor
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

DATAAND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
SOLUTIONS MANUAL DATAAND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS EIGHTH EDITION
CHAPTERS 1 – 12 WILLIAM STALLINGS Copyright 2007: William Stallings © 2007 by
William Stallings All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, in any form or
by any means, or posted on the Internet, without permission in writing from the author. Selected
solutions may be shared with students, provided that they are not available, unsecured, on the Web.
–2– NOTICE This manual contains solutions to all of the review questions and homework
problems in Data and Computer Communications, Eighth Edition. If you spot an error in a solution
or in the wording of a problem, I would greatly appreciate it if you would forward the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.5 A case could be made either way. First, look at the functions performed at the network layer to
deal with the communications network (hiding the details from the upper layers). The network layer
is responsible for routing data through the network, but with a broadcast network, routing is not
needed. Other functions, such as sequencing, flow control, error control between end systems, can
be accomplished at layer 2, because the link layer will be a protocol directly between the two end
systems, with no intervening switches. So it would seem that a network layer is not needed. Second,
consider the network layer from the point of view of the upper layer using it. The upper layer sees
itself attached to an access point into a network supporting communication with multiple devices.
The layer for assuring that data sent across a network is delivered to one of a number of other end
systems is the network layer. This argues for inclusion of a network layer. –6– In fact, the OSI
layer 2 is split into two sublayers. The lower sublayer is concerned with medium access control
(MAC), assuring that only one end system at a time transmits; the MAC sublayer is also responsible
for addressing other end systems across the LAN. The upper sublayer is called Logical Link Control
(LLC). LLC performs traditional link control functions. With the MAC/LLC combination, no
network layer is needed (but an internet layer may be

Report On Cellular Systems And Computer Science
Report on Cellular Technology
Submitted by,
Ganesh Babu kavuri
Under the guidance,
Bijan Karimi Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science Tailgate School of
Engineering University of New Haven
Serial# Topics
1. Objective
2. Cellular Concepts and basics
3. Cellular system Architecture
4. Multiple Access schemes for cellular system
5. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
6. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
7. Single Carrier– Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC–FDMA)
8. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
9. TDMA Frame
10. TDMA Evolution
11. Global System for Mobile (GSM)
12. GSM Network Architecture
13. Interim Standard–136
14. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
15. TDD FDD Duplex Schemes
16. Cellular handoff
17. Summary
18. References
OBJECTIVE
Cellular systems are widely used today and cellular technology needs to offer very efficient use of
the available frequency spectrum. With billions of mobile phones in use around the globe today.
Cellular refers to a network technology that facilitates mobile device communication over areas
comprised of cells and transceivers, which are also known as base stations or cell sites. In a cellular
network, the most widely used mobile transceivers are mobile phones, or cell phones.

The Design Of Qam Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical...
The Design of QAM Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical OFDM System
Kalpesh Borade1, Swati Kadlag1
1Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis
International University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India kalpeshborade.r@gmail.com,
swatik@sitpune.edu.in
Abstract. Coherent Optical–Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO–OFDM) technique is
extensively reconnoitered for next generation optical communication system emerges attractive
pathway towards future implementation of 1 Tb/s Ethernet systems. This paper proposed the design
of 100 Gb/s CO–OFDM system based on the dual polarization of signal. The performance of 100
Gb/s CO–OFDM system using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) format transmitted over
576 km optical link using standard SMF is evaluated. The performance of the system in terms of
signal–to–noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), laser linewidth, chromatic dispersion and
receiving constellation diagram to accomplish excellent system. Eventually, dual polarization based
CO–OFDM system has high spectral efficiency as compared to conventional CO–OFDM and
invokes enhance track for the high–speed optical communication system.
Keyword: Optical OFDM, Coherent detection, Chromatic dispersion, QAM, DCF. Introduction
Now a day, in telecommunication field lot of antagonism between telecom service providers to
provide good quality of broadband services with high speed. In recent year broadband
communication

Automatic Frequency Planning & Optimization
Automatic Frequency Planning and Optimization Algorithm for Cellular Networks Muhammad
Umair, Waleed Bin Shahid, Masab Javed Abbasi, Department of Electrical Engineering Royal
Institute of Technology (KTH) SE100–44 Stockholm, SWEDEN E–mail: mumair@kth.se,
waleed.shahid@mcs.edu.pk , masab.abbasi–pc@telenor.com.pk Abstract– Frequency planning in
ever growing cellular networks is an extremely arduous task. Any effort to lay down manual
frequency plans promulgates inefficiency in the cellular radio systems. The extensive deployment
and penetration of cellular networks necessitate the need to carry out automatic frequency planning.
This paper presents a novel and ingenious algorithm for automatic generation and optimization of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
II. PREPARING INPUT DATA FOR ALGORITHM A. Development of Hypothetical Grid for
Topographical Analysis The very first step is to divide the geographical area under consideration
into square regions of identical dimensions. These small regions are called bins. The concept of bin
facilitates in analyzing the topography because the network parameters are changing with changing
values of geographical coordinates, and by following the hypothetical grid approach it has been
assumed that network parameters do not change within a bin, which is basically a small unit area.
An important aspect to be highlighted here is that keeping the size of the bin smaller enhances
accuracy. So, in this regard the dimensions of these bins have been set to be so minute that the bin
can be approximated to have the same value of longitude and latitude. Also due to this minute area
of bins, it is assumed that the signal strength does not change or deteriorate in a particular bin. The
coverage area of each of the base station in the network is a calculation of the total number of bins
for which that particular base station acts as the best server. B. Inter Cell Dependency Matrix
(ICDM) Development of an efficient frequency planning algorithm requires in–depth knowledge of
the cellular environment and live system measurements can also be of great help in this regard. As
the ICDM

Cell Network Operators And Mobile Network Operator
1 SMALL CELL BACKHAUL: Small cell backhaul connects small cells with mobile network
operator. As mobile network operators begin to deploy growing numbers of small cells in order to
meet the rapidly increasing demand for mobile data capacity, and to utilize the maximum spectrum
we use backhaul. The major challenge facing them is how to provide efficient and cost–effective
backhaul solution. 2 BACKHAUL REQUIREMENT: For designing this backhaul one should
consider the type of environment, transmission technique, topology and motivation for deployment
of small cell. There are different topology like star, tree, ring and mesh topology which is
implemented among the small cell to the backhaul. Transmission technologies followed in backhaul
solutions are Point–to–Point microwave, Point–to–Multipoint microwave, Leased lines, xDSL (e.g.
VDSL2), Point–to–Point Fiber ,PLC(Power Line Communication) and WiMAX. 3 TYPES OF
BACKHAUL: 3.1WIRED BACKHAUL: Wired backhaul solutions have played a key role in
mobile base station backhaul over the years due to their high performance, better reliability,
scalability, high data rates and high availability. Wired backhaul solutions helps small cell by
working with new site types, likes streetlamps, rooftop and wall mounts. It should be able to meet
lower cost than those associated with macro cell backhaul. The overall backhaul solution may be the
combination of both wired and wireless, with the wired solution linking to wireless hub sites.

Analysis
http://www.scribd.com/doc/45020601/BCF–BTS–TRX Some Relations–1– : Some Relations–1–
One BSC=6 BCSU (Base control signaling unit). One BCSU = support 110 TRX. 1 TRX=8 time
slots. Total no. of TRX = 110 *6=660 TRX in single BSC One BSC = One LAC One BSC= 660* 8
=time slots but if dual rate is implemented that it consider as two slots. One BSC= two Lac also but
for cityone LAC b/c it effects SD blocking and LAC updation on that channel. Some Relations–2– :
Some Relations–2– One BSC= 1 to 248 BCF. One BSC= 1 to 248 BTS One BTS means = one
sector of anyconfiguration One BCF means= one site of three or four sector BCF= Base control
function. BTS= Basetransceiver system. NSEI= is hardware and software device which supports the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It occurs betweenallocation of SD and before TCH allocation. Sometimes SD drop occurs because
queuing is not activated inthe system. If SD drop is high plz look on parameters like– overshooting ,
shift the SD time slot , may behardware issue, interference, change the values of RXP, PMAX, may
be issue of uplink or downlink issue inthat cells for UL put a TMA in that cell and for DL provide
tilt ,re orient that antenna If SD Drop is high: : If SD Drop is high: If SD drop is high plz look on
parameters like– Overshooting Shift the SD time slotHardware issue Interference Change the values
of RXP PMAX It may be uplink or downlink issue in whichcells for UL put a TMA in that cell and
for DL provide tilt Re orient that antenna Reasons of SD Drop: : Reasons of SD Drop: Hardware
Fault. Interference. MAIO mismatch. Bad Coverage. High TR Fail. Outage.Overshooting. Abis
Drop. High Path Loss. Wrong Parameter Planning. Due to ICM Band(CDMA) High
LAPDUtilization Heavy blocking and DR feature being used extensively Solutions for removal of
SD Drop: : Solutions for removal of SD Drop: Interference: Check the BCCH Plan (C/I or C/A).
Co–BSIC & Co BCCH.Use latest ND 111 and MapInfo to find out proper frequency to reduce
interference. Arrange Drive Test: Thebest way to find the real issues for Interference makes DT.
Check interference by Interference scanning.Check clean BCCH by frequency scanning.
Overshooting: : Overshooting:

This report fulfills the specific requirement for...
This report fulfills the specific requirement for documentation as specified in FIT 5083 Assignment
1. In this technical report, we will identify the various steps and techniques used in deployment of
wireless network. Initially, what is networking or network infrastructure? Networking mean to
connect two or more devices and configure them in such a way that they can communicate with
each other. In networking, network infrastructure means to connect the software and hardware part
rather than actual connection between two devices. Now days, wireless network connections are
highly on demand because it's easy to access and it does not require any cabling structure.
Architecture and deployment of wireless network basically depends on coverage ... Show more
What type of devices will be using the network: It's very important to determine the device and
application requirements based on bandwidth, protocols and frequency. In wireless network,
bandwidth, protocols and sometime environmental conditions affect the speed of the channel so we
need to calculate the aggregate throughputs before designing the network. Today, users carry Wi–Fi
devices such as notebooks, laptops, tablets and Smartphone's so total throughput must be calculated
by estimating number of connections rather than the number of the seats. Some common wireless
networking standards such as 802.11a/b/g/n invented in the IEEE association must be supported by
wireless network. For better performance and for faster devices (802.11n devices), dual–ratio access
points should be deployed. Table1 [3] illustrate the different IEEE standards and throughput.
Wireless networking Standards
(Devices) Throughput (Mbps)
802.11b 7.2
802.11b/g mix 13
802.11g 25
802.11a 25
802.11n–HT20 1ss MCS7 25
802.11n–HT20 2ss MCS15 70
802.11n–HT40 2ss MCS15 160 Table–1[3]
How will the wireless network be used:
Before designing process it's very important to analyze the usage of the network? For example,
network will be used for business purpose (in offices), schools or hotels etc. If network will be used
for business activities like for banks and other offices so administrator needs to deploy network for

The Year Of The Drones
THE YEAR OF THE DRONES Recommendations for Airborne Solutions Ltd Airborne Solutions
Ltd, upon operating, may encounter various torts issues. An action may lie in trespass to land,
private nuisance, or action on the case for wilful injury. 1. Trespass to land – Aerial Trespass AS Ltd
may be liable for trespass if their drones intrude into airspace at a height that is necessary for the
occupier's ordinary use and enjoyment of the land. For an action in trespass, the plaintiff has the
onus of proving that the trespass occurred, and then it would be for AS Ltd to justify its actions
(McHale v Watson). The elements that need to be satisfied for AS Ltd to be liable for trespass
include: a. Title to sue Possession ensures entitlement to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Therefore Causby suggests that AS Ltd activity poses the risk of committing a tort, even if drones
are flown above the supposed height requirements and lies within the Civil Liability Act . However
in general AS Ltd will not infringe the rights of the possessor of land if their drones are flown above
the height required for the ordinary use of the land (30 metres above cars, buildings or people as
recommended by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA)) . CASA however has issued around
100 warnings to drone users for safety breaches, flying below the required height. AS Ltd's
likelihood of being liable for trespass is therefore increased. If flown below this height, the intrusion
into airspace will likely amount to a trespass. c. Intent of intrusion Intention is essential in trespass
as outlined in Holmes v Mather. This element would likely be satisfied by AS Ltd, as their use of
drones and fulfilment of clients' desires, requires extensive planning. This strongly suggests
intention in intrusion. Defences a. The mere flight itself The ordinary action of flying over property
does not necessarily constitute a trespass. This is outlined in the Civil Liability Act , which states
that trespass is not

The Channel Satellite And Mobile Communications Arm
Abstract The characteristics of the channel satellite and mobile communications arm is an important
and fast–growing wireless communications and play an important role in the transfer of information
through the media of spread from the transmitter to the receiver with the minimum error rate.
Information transmitted from mobiles using satellite space channel suffers from attenuation in
amplitude and phase difference caused by multipath which is affected by the environment. These
disabilities are described in the channel usually by the phenomena that characterize signal
propagation in different environments such as urban areas. A different factor which take into
consideration to evaluate performance represented additive white Gaussian ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Why is this renaissance happening now? What exactly will the systems do for customers? Why are
so many smart people and companies throwing such enormous amounts of capital into the sky? And
what do these systems mean for terrestrial operators? These are some of the questions we aim to
answer. The renaissance of satellite communications: Satellites have been used in
telecommunications since the mid–1960s. For a decade or so, they carried the bulk of international
telephone calls, which they still do on routes to small and developing countries. In addition, VSAT
(very small aperture terminal) networks provide essential communications for large companies, big
ships, and disaster relief. But the use of satellites on any wider scale has been ruled out by their
traditional disadvantages (high cost, expensive and bulky terminal equipment, and annoying delays
in voice transmission), and by advances in competing media such as undersea fiber–optic cable. The
signs now, however, are that satellites are about to emerge as a powerful force in communications,
as they have already done in television broadcasting. Three factors explain why: Technological
advances are improving the price/performance ratio of

Advantage Of Fuzzy Logic
Abstract: It is a well known widely accepted fact that the static spectrum allocation has led to the
under exploitation of the available frequency band. This problem can be mitigated by cognitive
radio technology. It is a concept which with its learning ability is aware about its environment and
intelligently adapts to it with objectives like reliable communication, efficient utilization of
spectrum and minimal or no interference among users.
Various techniques have been suggested in the research works to access the spectrum dynamically in
a cognitive radio environment. These techniques basically use the concepts of Artificial Intelligence.
Game theory, Markov chain models, Auctioning, Neural Networks, Multi Agent Systems and Fuzzy
Logic approaches ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fuzzy logic is an attractive technique particularly in cases where target problems are difficult to
model with traditional mathematical models, but are easier to understand by human at the same time
With the characteristic of future cognitive radio in mind, the capability of fuzzy logic offer good
potential to be applied. Instead of using complicated mathematical formulations, fuzzy logic uses
human–understandable fuzzy sets and inference rules (e.g. IF, THEN, ELSE, AND, OR, NOT) to
obtain the solution that satisfies the desired system objectives. The main advantage of fuzzy logic is
its low complexity. Therefore, fuzzy logic is suitable for real–time cognitive radio applications in
which the response time is critical to system performance. A fuzzy logic control system can be used
to obtain the solution to a problem given imprecise, noisy, and incomplete input information. In
general, there are three major components in a fuzzy logic control system: fuzzifier, fuzzy logic
processor, and defuzzifier (Figure 4.4). While the fuzzifier is used to map the crisp inputs into fuzzy
sets, the fuzzy logic processor implements an inference engine to obtain the solution based on
predefined sets of rules. Then, the defuzzifier is applied to transform the solution to the crisp output.
Fuzzy logic is often used in decision making to select the best suited SU for spectrum access at a
given time. This technique when combined with neural networks is used in CR networks, multihop
routing or for detecting unauthorized

International Research And Development At The High...
International research and development are being conducted to come across the high capacity
demand in transport network, mostly for 100 G Ethernet and beyond. The two main subjects that
need to be identified to raise the data rate to 100 Gb/s per wavelength are.
 Bandwidth expansion
One direct method for increasing the capacity of a system is to raise the transmission bandwidth per
wavelength either optically or electronically. In optical communication, there are two broadly used
techniques for increasing the capacity of the transmission. The first technique is to spread–out the
bandwidth by adding numerous optical carriers. This technique has already been slow and deployed
and it is known as Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Wavelength Division Multiplexing
can benefit to extend the transmission bandwidth by adding various transceivers for the current
optical fiber links deprived of the need to install other fiber links. WDM is considered as one of the
most cost effective methods to raise the optical fiber link quantity. The second technique is to extend
the electronic bandwidth per wavelength relying on the CMOS technology.
However, the present digital to analog converters (DAC)/ (ADC) can only support upto 6 GHz
bandwidth. It became a challenge to realize 100 Gb/s transmission in a cost effective manner. But,
recently DAC/ADC realized more than 30 GS/s with more than a 20 GHz analog bandwidth. This
can support a 100 Gb/s transmission.
 Enhancing the spectral

Future Mobile Applications Demand Novel Wireless...
Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologies due to new
challenges as– sociated with the shortage of spectrums, low–power radio architectures, and
communication security. For example, though mmWave can fulfill some of the spectrum demands,
it can still struggle to meet the growing demands for higher data connectivity over a myriad of
devices, e.g., Internet of Things (IoT) []. Therefore, more bands in the electromagnetic domains will
be needed. Besides, in current and future wearable devices, battery lifetime is the critical design
constraint that limits the sensor performance and data throughput []. In addition, security in wireless
communication is another significant challenge since future mobile devices ... Show more content
When a longer range is demanded, the power consumption of the UWB transceiver increases
dramatically. Since RF trans– mission follows the "inverse square law" that the power density is
proportional to the inverse square of the distance. In practice, when considering obstacles, multipath
and fading, which is a big problem of impulse radio, the scenario can be even worse. In other words,
increasing RF transmission distance will cost lots of power of RF devices, and shorten their battery
lifetime. This power–bandwidth trade–off of UWB can be alleviated by taking advantage of optical
wireless communications, which offers huge unlicensed bandwidth, high spatial re–use capability,
and low co–channel interference. Therefore, by creating a UWB/Optical relay, the communication
range of a UWB terminal can be extended without interfering other communications. On the other
hand, optical communication has a shortcoming of directivity, so handling mobility is more
challenging in optical systems than RF systems. This weakness can be overcome by using UWB as
radio terminals since impulse radio has less directional constraints. Moreover, since optical signals
One application example of the proposed system is illustrated in Fig. 1 (b). In this scenario, multiple
mobile sensors distributed over a geographical area need to transmit data to a remote destination
node. Here

Nt1110 Research Paper
Coursework – part1 Name of student Abdalfettah Asharaa UoB number 14022053 File number 3
Test data a Number of signals 4 f v t Signal 1 72 1 0 Signal 2 281 9 2 Signal 3 456 6 3 491 10 1 Test
data b Number of signals 5 f v t cos or exp? Signal 1 44 7 3 cos Signal 2 299 4 5 cos Signal 3 338
14 6 cos Signal 4 55 10 – exp Signal 5 571 9 – exp Test data c i) Enter your numerical answers in
the boxes below f v t Signal 1 348 13 4 Signal 2 397 11 2.87 ≈ 3 Signal 3 491 3 5.84 ≈ 6 ii) The
same formula that used to analyse the value of "t" in the "test_data_b" is also used in the
"test_data_c". The formula is: Theta= tan–1 (imag/real) t= (Theta x 16)/ π. It is clear that the signal
can be seen in figure 1, is a non–stationary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Students are asked to generate BER curves against SNR, and to add at least one of these to their
report, together with 100 to 200 words of description. Marks will be given for output curves that are
smooth and regular, and also for plots that show output over a wide range of SNR. After running the
file or the m–file given in simulation.zip "sim_multiple_hiperlan2a_1.m", got the curve that
displays BER "bit error rat" against SNR "signal to noise ratio". Using BER is to calculate the
performance of the transmitter, the receiver and the channel system. Figure 7 below represents the
BER curve against SNR and the received signal for the default value of SNR (1:10). It is clear that
the curve is not smooth and regular as result of the low value of the SNR and the error or the target
number of the error. Figure 7: The BER curve and the received signal for SNR value of 10. Also,
The BER curve can be improved by the target number of the error. It means that the value of that
number can be adjusted in Error Rate Calculation block in the "commhiperlan2a.mdl" in the
simulation.zip folder. In the previous RER curve in the figure 7, the value of the target number of
error was 1000,

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multiple Antena
3.9.3 Advantages of multiple antenna systems
Array gain: Array gain is the average increase in the SNR at the receiver that arises from coherent
combining effect of Multiple Antennas. The signals arriving at the receiver have different
amplitudes and phases. The receiver can combine the signals coherently to enhance the resultant
signal. This can improve the reliability, and hence the capacity of the system.
Spatial Diversity (SD) gain: Signal power will fluctuate in a wireless channel. When signal power
drops significantly the channel is said to be in thefade. Diversity is used to combat fading. Spatial
diversity is the supply of multiple, independent copies of a signal at the receiver. Thus, we exploit
the rich scattering nature of the channel, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6Else » 3–hop system is continued.
3.11 Genetic MIMO
In the genetic method, the chromosomes are the set of solutions for the optimization problems. Over
multiple iterations, these chromosomes crossover, mutate and evolve to get the optimal solutions. If
the chromosomes pass their solution as aparameter to the next order, then these chromosomes are
considered as fit. The genetic algorithm is defined below:
The initialization stage: A set of N chromosomes is randomly set. Each chromosome consists of a
vector K. This vector K indicates the schedule of the user. The user is scheduled if the value of K is
1 whereas the user is not scheduled if the value of K is 0. The chromosomes are constrained to be
between 1 and k0, i.e. if there are multiple k0 available, then they all can be scheduled at one time.
There is also a second part of the chromosome known as the tail. The tail of the chromosome
indicates a user precoding order. But the tail is left off since for the block diagonalization we do not
need the encoding order. So only the genetic algorithm is used to schedule users in the context of
zero–forcing beam

Optical Communication : A Form Of Telecommunication System
Optical communication is a form of telecommunication system in which light is used as the mode of
transmission. An optical communication system consists of transmitter, receiver and channel. The
transmitter basically works as an encoder, it encodes the message as an optical signal, the channel
helps the signal to propagate and the receiver will work to decode the optical signal and get the
message. [1]
If we roll back early we will find that people used different types of body languages and sign
languages which can be termed as non–technological optical communication. Whereas
technological optical communication has examples like flags, smoke signal, line, beacon fire. The
Heliograph technology is used to send signal codes with the help of mirror and sunlight. If the
mirror is moved, the reflected sunlight also changes its direction. Thus the receiver becomes aware
of the signal. This technology is used in Morse codes used by the Navy ships.[2] Mariners prefer
flares if there is an emergency where the use of lighthouses and navigation lights is also common in
case of navigational hazards. To ensure safety aircrafts use landing lights when they land. To
communicate with the planes which have critical problems like radio failure, the airport control
tower uses Aldis lamp. In modern days free space optical communication has a vast range of
applications and uses.
1.2 Types of Optical Communication
There are two types of optical communication. They are,
Optical fiber

Description Of An Energy Efficient Multi Channel Routing...
Multichannel approach for LEACH
B.Brahma Reddy, ECE, VBIT, Hyderabad, India, reddybb@hotmail.com
K.Kishan Rao, Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Warangal, India, prof_kkr@rediffmail.com
Abstract: LEACH TDMA schedules of each cluster are built independently. This can lead to
collisions among clusters if the same channel is allotted to more than one overlapping clusters at the
same time. To reduce this type of interference, in LEACH each cluster communicates using different
CDMA codes. Thus, when a node is elected as CH, it chooses randomly from a list of spreading
codes and informs all the nodes in the cluster to transmit using this spreading code. Hence all
clusters can have intra–cluster communication in parallel. However, in large WSNs, as number of
clusters increases self–noise generated by these codes may cross threshold limit and reach capacity
limit. This forces to look at multiple channel use for improved throughput and energy–efficiency.
We present an energy–efficient multi–channel routing protocol (CFCA) for wireless sensor
networks. By computing the size of each cluster and identifying non–overlapping clusters, the
proposed method allows channel reuse within WSN. This algorithm optimizes number of channels
required for the given WSN.
Key words: LEACH, Collision–free Multichannel, Cross–layer, Beacon–enabled, Energy–
efficiency, Frequency reuse in WSN
I. Introduction
The main goal of communication protocols in WSNs is to maximize energy efficiency in order to

Essay On Dynamic Channel
Dynamic Load Balancing Using Selective Borrowing in Wireless Network. Mohammad Aghaz
Khan M. Tech. Scholar Department of Computer Science Al–Falah School of Engineering &
Technology, Faridabad. Jawed Ahmed Astt. Professor Department of Computer Science, Jamia
Hamdard, New Delhi Keywords : Efficiency, Channel allocation, Mobile communication, FCA,
DCA, Resource flexibility, CBWL, LBSB Abstract The demand for mobile communication has been
growing day by day. Resource flexibility is one of the most important issues in the coming
generation of mobile communication. Radio frequency channels are a scarce resource and have to
be reused as much as possible. Different techniques are required to increase the efficiency &
flexibility of the network to deal with new services and to adopt the new traffic profiles and
characteristics Many channel assignment schemes such as fixed channel assignment (FCA),
dynamic channel assignment (DCA) and hybrid channel assignment (HCA) have been proposed to
assign frequencies to cells with a goal to maximize the frequency reuse. In this paper, we make a
review of the characteristics of various channel assignment specially dynamic (LBSB )schemes.

Directional Receiver Design For Interference Management
1. Introduction A Macrocell user operating in the same band as femtocell users may cause
unacceptably high interference levels, if it is close to the femtocell base station supporting the
aforementioned femtocell users, and far away from its own macrocell base station. Additionally, the
fact that femtocells can be deployed in an ad hoc fashion anywhere within a macrocell, and can be
removed as easily, adds to the critical importance of interference management. Notwithstanding the
importance of this issue, the concerns listed above renders jointly optimal design of the two
networks impractical due to the complexity and overhead associated with a large dynamic network.
Consequently, a computationally manageable yet effective interference management strategy is
needed. Interference management has been an important design element for multiuser systems in the
past two decades. Judicious receiver design for interference limited systems, e.g., CDMA, and
multiuser MIMO, proves useful for interference cancellation [3]. In addition to multiuser detection,
transmit power control [4], and joint design of transmitters and receivers [5], [6] offer interference
mitigation needed in interference limited systems. We note that while our approach does not involve
explicit frequency partitioning between the tiers, i.e., relies solely on the space dimensions, allowing
for greater flexibility, it is possible to have our scheme accompany a frequency partitioning scheme
and increase the number

Essay on Introducing SMART Antennas to Improve Throughput
1. Purpose and scope of the system In the current wireless networking standards, omni–directional
antennas are used to establish connection between the base station and the user. The radiation
emitted from this antenna is spread uniformly in a horizontal manner. These antennas are employed
because the base station is not aware of the location of the user. Hence most of the radiated beam is
lost or dispersed. Furthermore radiation from neighboring base stations with the same frequency
will cause interference. If it is possible to concentrate the beam/radiation only the user and introduce
nulls in the area of the interference, most of the radiated power can be made useful and gives users
with extended range. Introducing SMART antennas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phased array antennas are to be used, whose array elements in a pattern (linear, circular, planar)
collectively give a directional pattern and by changing the phase of the current to these elements the
radiation pattern can be steered. Algorithms that is needed to achieve this is – DOA (Direction of
Arrival) and Adaptive Beamforming algorithm.
Many algorithms are developed:
Direction of Arrival Algorithms:
MUSIC – Multiple Signal Classification It is a subspace based DoA algorithm. Subspace algorithms
provide high resolution and are more accurate. The physical size of the array aperture is not a
concern. MUSIC algorithm is widely preferred. It involves extensive search through all possible
steering vectors. [1][2]
ESPRIT – Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques The algorithm is
robust than MUSIC algorithm. Complexity and storage requirements are lower than for MUSIC
algorithm. It explorers the rotational invariance property in the signal subspace created by two
subarrays derived from original array with a translation invariance structure.[2]
Root–MUSIC Polynomial version of MUSIC algorithm.
MVDR – Minimum Variance Distortion–less Response algorithm Aim of this algorithm is to
minimize the power contributed by noise and any signals coming from the interferer.
Beamforming Algorithms
There are two types of beamforming techniques. They are switched beam and adaptive array
system. Switched beam techniques use

Using Ofdm Transmitter And Receivers
Now a day's communication is an important factor and requirement high data rate for the
communication and also require the error free environment. So for these entire requirements we use
OFDM. OFDM is used for both wired and wireless communication. OFDM belongs to a broader
class of multicarrier modulation (MCM) in which the data information is carried over many lower
rate subcarrier [1]. OFDM is a solution of intersymbol interference (ISI). ISI is caused by dispersive
channel.
As higher data rate requirement for this OFDM is very important and for the subcarrier modulation
using the different type of modulation technique such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
or Phase Shift Modulation (PSK) [3]. The Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) are very effectively use in OFDM transmitter and receiver. These
algorithms are very important for the OFDM to prove higher scalability above the channel
dispersion and the data rate [5].There are so many restrictions in optical fiber communication like
modal dispersion, Chromatic Dispersion (CD), Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) [11]. OFDM
play important role to eliminate these restriction by using different modulation technique. Coherent
optical OFDM (CO–OFDM) is an important technique for high data rate. CO–OFDM eliminates the
Chromatic Dispersion (CD) and the Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)[8] The main two
advantages of OFDM are its robustness against channel dispersion and its ease

Topology, Infrastructure, And Network
Topology Infrastructure While category 5 enhanced (CAT 5e) is the current standard for network
connections, the ABC Company is looking to expand in the future. With this in mind, category 6
enhanced (CAT 6e) is recommended for the proposed cabling infrastructure. While CAT 5e provides
good electromagnetic interference (EMI) protection, it only has a limit of 1–gigabit transmission
speed. CAT 6e, provides EMI protection also, but has the capability of up–to 10–gigabit
transmission between clients and servers. Because of how quickly networking technology advances
and equipment speed evolves, CAT 6e cabling would be the optimal choice for the growing ABC
Company. To utilize CAT 6e cabling efficiently, proper network configuration and ... Show more
Each switch is interconnected via multimode fiber optics between the floors. In addition, one port
per IDF will host an interconnected CAT 6e cable for redundancy in case the fiber optic cable
becomes unserviceable; having both a fiber optic cable and a CAT 6e cabling interconnecting the
network switches creates a fault tolerant network. Furthermore, to accommodate the transient nature
of ABC Company's employees during their day–to–day operations, a wireless access point (WAP)
will be installed centrally on each floor. Because of the location of each WAP, there is a chance of
signal bleed over between floors. To mitigate this possibility, each floor will have a non–
overlapping channel assigned to it; floor one will use channel 1, floor two will utilize channel 6, and
floor three will employ channel 11. Furthermore, the antenna strength will be configured so there is
minimal signal bleed over outside of the confines of the office while still having full connectivity
within the confines of the building. With this wireless architecture, employees can move from floor
to floor and maintain network connectivity without co–channel interference from channel bleed
over. When employees are traveling, the implementation of terminal access controller access–
control system plus (TACACS+) servers will allow remote access via a virtual private network
(VPN). Between WAP and TACACS+ employees have the ability to be mobile while using their

Essay On Summing Circuit
a simple phase lock summing circuit which is very easy to implement.EGC can engage in the
reception of diversity with coherent modulation. As in EGC the diversity branches are combined
with equal gain but they have conjugate phase. Maximum ratio combining technique requires
summing circuits, weighting and co–phasing. Each of the signals from different branches are
weighted and co–phased with a gain factor which is proportional to the SNR before summing or
combining. The applied weighting to the diversity branches has to be adjusted according the SNR.
Techniques used in MIMO system In wireless communication system MIMO is used to provide
better performance as compared with others conventional systems. The multiple data stream is
provided in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
V–BLAST algorithm at the receiver is used to mitigate the interference between different streams
and try to generate the original data stream at the receiver. V–BLAST used optimal combining and
interference cancellation technique. The signal which is having the best SNR is retrieved at the
receiver. In the figure shown below which illustrates the good performance achieved at the receiver.
V–BLAST technique is referred as non–linear technique as it generates the best signals for
cancellation. Transmitter Processing Only In this technique of MIMO system, the signals processing
occurs at the transmitter only as the signal processing is restricted at the transmitter therefore it is
more beneficial for downlink scenario, because no signals is required at the mobile station. In case
of downlink system there is N number of antennas at the receiver with having N number of data
stream and each of it is multiplexed and output. There were three techniques used by the MIMO
system with antenna processing at the transmitter and having a simple receive structure which is the
transient zero forcing scheme, Filter bank method and transmit MMSE. All the interference has been
cut by the transmit zero forcing technique whereas the filter bank method is used to minimise the
signal to interference ratio in all sub–channels. Processing at Both the Receiver and

The Importance Of Interpersonal Communication
Communication is the behaviours, whether they be verbal or non–verbal, that one individual
perceives from another (Judith Dwyer, 2016). The efficient communication between a sender and
receiver plays a crucial role between organisations and personal use as it allows us as
communicators, to comprehend the fundamentals and processes which flow from the sender, to the
receiver to ensure a dynamic and clear communication is achieved. Effective communication plays a
crucial role in the delivering of messages to boost the productivity of a workplace, although it is not
always easy for this to be accomplished as it may be deterred through hurdles that could effectively
result in messages be misinterpreted from the sender to receiver. This is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Issues comprising the notion of communication barriers which deceive the intended meaning of
messages (Dwyer, 2016). The most common communication barrier is noise, the disruption of the
communication flow that consequences in the misconception of messages. (Dwyer, 2016). Noise
can effectively become a major hurdle in the process of communication, and if ineffective, may
ultimately lead to the interruption in the channel of communication between the sender and receiver.
This will result in misunderstanding, confusion and ambiguous communication. (Dwyer, 2016). The
foremost influence of noise is recognised in Shannon Weaver's 'transmission model of
communication' which expresses the effect that noise can contribute in the flow of communication.
(Seen in figure 1.1) The noise source exemplified in Figure 1.1. may be external, physiological or
psychological. Additionally, Physical noises refers to the external distractions in the environment,
such as a phone. (Dwyer 2016) Physiological noise refers to the distractions which effects an
individual eg. headache. Psychological noise refers to mental commotions created from the thoughts
of communicators, such as bias or assumptions. (George L. Grice and John F. Skinner, 2004).
Although various forms of noise exist, they are all mutual in the way of

Case Herman Miller
Introduction
Herman Miller is an American company that was founded in 1905 in Zeeland, Michigan as the Star
Furniture Co. They are the major American company of office furniture and equipment. In 1919
Dirk Jan De Pree became the president of the company and renamed the company The Michigan
Star Furniture Co. Then Dirk and his father Herman Miller buy 51% of the company in 1923 and
renamed Herman Miller Furniture Company, and in 1960 became Herman Miller Inc.
They started selling quality furniture, bedrooms and other things made of wood but in 1930 because
of the Great depression they started to look for other market and products so the company could
survive this economic situation that affect all the US. Because of this they started ... Show more
But in the long term the distribution channels would be clear and without interferences again. Also it
would be possible to have a clear marketing direction and therefore planning is possible again in the
future without interferences of the different distributors with each others. That would practicably
mean that Vreni should decide to get out of the contract of Asal Products, Inc. even when there
would be legal problems. Moreover, the business relationships to this company could be worsened
in the long run.
Another alternative should be to create a plant in Europe so now they don't have top ay all the taxes
they have to pay so they can export their products, in that way they will be able to give better prices
to their clients, and they will supposed to have a better service and more quality because they where
the pioneers in those products.
The last alternative could be to create a better marketing about their products, to compare their
brand with the competition so the market can understand that the differences between prices is
because of the good quality, the brand name, the knowledge, and that they are the only ones, the
expert ones on those kind of products.
Finally we think that a great alternative also could be to open a new market, for example if the
competitors are taking some of the market that they used to have when they

Data Analysis Of DNA By The Standard Crystallographic Method
The structure of 2 was determined by the standard crystallographic method, using a colorless plate
crystal (0.028 × 0.034 × 0.046 mm3) of 2 for single crystal data analysis. All the data were collected
using a Bruker SMART BREEZE diffractometer equipped with a 1K CCD area detector using
graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation at 200 K. A hemisphere of data was collected using a
narrow–frame method with the scan widths of 0.30° in omega and an exposure time of 5 s/frame.
The first 50 frames were remeasured at the end of the data collection to monitor the instrument and
crystal stability. The maximum correction applied to the intensities was 2σ(I). All the calculations
were performed using the WinGX–98 crystallographic software package ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The specific surface area was estimated by the Langmuir surface area based the CO2 adsorption at
195 K.
2.6 Second–order nonlinear optical measurements
Powder second–harmonic generating (SHG) measurements of polycrystalline material 2 were
performed using a modified Kurtz–NLO system using 1064 nm radiation [33]. A DAWA Q–
switched Nd:YAG laser, operating at 20 Hz, was used for the measurements. Because the SHG
efficiency has been shown to depend strongly on the particle size, polycrystalline samples were
ground and sieved (Newark Wire Cloth Co.) into distinct particle size ranges (20–45, 45–63, 63–75,
75–90, 90–125, 125–150, 150–200, 200–250, >250 μm). To make relevant comparisons with the
known SHG materials, crystalline α–SiO2 and LiNbO3 were also ground and sieved into the same
particle size ranges. Powders with the particle size in the range 45–63 µm were used for comparing
the SHG intensities. All the powder samples with different particle sizes were placed in separate
capillary tubes. No index matching fluid was used in any of the experiments. The SHG light, i.e.,
532 nm green light, was collected in reflection and detected using a photomultiplier tube
(Hamamatsu). To detect only the SHG light, a 532 nm narrow–pass interference filter was attached
to the tube. A digital oscilloscope (Tektronix TDS1032) was used to view the SHG signal. A detailed
description of the equipment and the methodology used has been published [34].
3. Results and

Connectivity And Coverage Of Wsns Are Based On Upon A Lot...
The research efforts that addressed for the connectivity and coverage issues in WSNs are based on
upon a lot of theories and assumptions. The basic concepts of connectivity and coverage are
essential for understanding this issue. In this section, we describe the notions of connectivity and
coverage, the category of sensor nodes, sensing models and communication models.
A. Connectivity and coverage
We consider a WSN in which the sensor nodes have both sensing ability and short distance wireless
communication ability. The objective of the deployment of the WSN is to keep the FoI under strict
surveillance/collect data and then forward the obtained information to a designated gateway/data
sink. Hence, coverage and connectivity are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, we consider this connected WSN as 1–connected. Depends on the different
connectivity/failure resilience requirement, the stronger types of connectivity need to be considered,
i.e., k–connectivity. Based on the definition of connectivity in the graph theory, which is "it asks for
the minimum number of elements (nodes or edges) that need to be removed to disconnect the
remaining nodes from each other", k–connectivity means that the network can keep its connectivity
by removing at most k–1 nodes from itself. In this case, a network with k–connectivity and k>1 has
much better fault tolerance/resilience than a network with only 1–connectivity. Since the nodes in a
WSN could be failed randomly which are caused by battery depletion or wireless interference,
preserving the k–connectivity is critical for WSN and could extend the life time of a WSN. Li et al.
[6] provided a good survey on connectivity and coverage in WSNs.
Besides the connectivity, the concept of coverage is another fundamental need to be understood for
designing a WSN based system. The coverage is always considered as a measurable metric to
evaluate the level of the monitoring for a specific FoI. Based on specified requirements of different
applications, the

Essay On Multi Diversity Techniques
The combining diversity techniques are used to increase the performance of wireless or wired
communication system by collected all the uncorrelated faded signal from different diversity
branches and combine them all in such a way that improve the communication system and in results
gives the optimize received signal power and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Depending on the
sophistication of the system, the signals can be added directly (equal gain combining) or weighted
and added coherently (maximal–ratio combining). Such a system provides the greatest resistance to
fading but since all the receive paths must remain energized, it is also consumes the most power.
5.1 MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINING (MRC)
Maximum ratio combining technique requires ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the normal process of equal gain combining each individual signal branch is coherently combined
but some noise component added non–coherently. As compare to the other combining diversity
techniques maximum ratio combining is the expensive technique to use because it needs a very
expensive design at the receiver to adjust the gain in every branch. However equal gain combining
uses a simple phase lock summing circuit which is very easy to implement.EGC can engage in the
reception of diversity with coherent modulation. As in EGC the diversity branches are combined
with equal gain but they have conjugate phase. The structure of equal gain combining is shown as
below:
5.3 SELECTION COMBINING:
Selection combining is used fir very high frequency and ultra high frequency as maximum ratio
combing and equal gain combing is not suitable to work under these high frequencies because
tracking performance is not easy in a frequency changing or multipath fading. A simple
implementation procedure is used in selection combining and is more beneficial then maximum
ratio combining and equal gain combining. In this technique the highest signal level branch is
selected. In short selection combining is used to look after all the diversity branches and

Wireless Access And The Transmission Bandwidth
Abstract– The demand for wireless access is permanently growing and the transmission bandwidth
is limited. Higher data rates and signal quality is always desired among the users; therefore a more
efficient use of the frequency resource is needed to fill the user capacity needs. Space Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) is used to increase the capacity given by regular multiple access
techniques (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA) using the user position information to provide access to
the best communication channel based on their spatial location. This paper presents Smart Antenna
techniques applied to SDMA systems as an efficient frequency usage technique.
Key Words – Base station, Beamforming, Code division multiple–access (CDMA), Dynamic
Channel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spectrum is limited, but multiple access techniques allow a large number of mobile users to
share the same allocated spectrum efficiently and use the same bandwidth at the same time without
degrading the existing quality of service.
Sending and receiving simultaneously information to and from the base station is desirable among
wireless communication systems. Equipping these base stations with smart antenna arrays enable
beam steering in contrast to sectorized single antenna systems. This make possible to Base Stations
to send data to specific users on the down–link or to receive directed data on the up–link by reusing
channels within a cell for Mobile Stations (MS), spatially separated by smart antenna arrays.
Cellular system divides the area into cells where mobile units are located and aims to increase the
capacity of the channel with an efficient level of quality of service. Channel access can be achieved
through: Frequency division multiple–access (FDMA), Time division multiple–access (TDMA),
Code division multiple–access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple access (SDMA). In this paper
we will focus on SDMA systems.
SMART ANTENNAAND SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS HISTORY
Smart antennas were developed by the military but as the cellular phone users grew in the 1980s, the
commercial area became more interested in the field. SDMA idea was first introduced in 1947 by
Douglas H. Ring when he wrote about a new way to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of FDMA
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a design for multiple antenna full–duplex (FD) eNodeB (eNB)
and user equipment (UE) transceiver, based on recent progress in the area of self–interference
cancellation (SIC). For FD communication, .i.e., simultaneous in–band uplink and downlink
operation, same subcarriers are allocated to UE in both uplink and downlink. Hence, contrary to
traditional LTE, we propose using single–carrier frequency division multiple accesses (SC–FDMA)
for downlink along with the conventional method of using it for uplink. Taking advantage of
channel reciprocity in the case of FD communication and multiple antennas at eNB, use of singular
value decomposition (SVD) in the downlink allows multiple user (MU) to operate ... Show more
This signal is then converted to the frequency domain by taking the N–point DFT, which is given

Network Coverage Based On Cell Size Essay
Heterogeneous Network The operators are using better modulation schemes [1], better coding rate,
multi antenna technique for increased throughput and efficiency. But this alone will not suffice as
the resources are limited and there are near far problems associated with a macro cell. One
alternative to increasing the throughput and quality of service is through cell split. To increase the
capacity of a cell, a large cell is divided into smaller cells with each cell having its own serving base
station and serving an area much less than that of a macro cell. A cell can split into micro, Pico and
Femto cells. A micro cell serves an area of less than 2kms with the base station having a transmit
power range of 5 watts. With further reduction in the transmit power, a cell known as Pico cell can
serve an area of 100 meters or less and is mostly used to provide coverage in buildings. A Femto cell
with transmission power of less than 200 Mw provides the least amount of coverage. Fig. 1 Network
coverage based on cell size Thus while Macro cell can provide a wider coverage, in high density
areas small cells can be used for data offloading, both indoors and outdoors. This architecture shown
in Fig. 1 results in Heterogeneous Network. Thus Het–nets have been introduced in the LTE–
Advanced to provide increased throughput and capacity [5]. But there are some implementation
issues associated with Het– Nets 1.2 Het–Net Implementation

Evaluating A Resource Allocation Scheme For Coordinated...
The research has shown that Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) transmission can provide significant
gains in terms of the overall capacity of cell and cell–edge user throughput. The main purpose of
this paper is to enhance the throughput of cell and , the cell–edge user's, and the fairness among user
equipment terminals (UEs) in LTE–Advanced (LTE–A) systems using CoMP In this paper we
propose a resource allocation scheme for coordinated multipoint (CoMP). The transmit power is
allocated to spatial layer. The transmit power is allocated to spatial layer under the total base station
power constraint and the per base station power constraint Keywords : LTE A, CoMP, UE, MIMO,
3GPP Introduction In order to maintain the competitiveness of the 3GPP cellular system, Long Term
Evolution (LTE), is developed. For downlink transmission the technique selected is Orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). In this time and frequency resources are reused in
adjacent cells, inter cell interference becomes the crucial limiting factor. This problem can be
overcome by using interference mitigation techniques. The interference mitigation techniques are
interference cancellation, interference coordination and the third one is interference randomization
currently investigated within 3GPP [1]. However, by using these techniques also the performance or
improvements offered by the mitigation techniques are limited since inter cell interference is
difficult to remove completely. A

Advantages And Disadvantages Of LTE Networks
These technologies bring the network closer to mobile users and improve spectral efficiency (SE)
per unit arena (i.e capacity). Due to lower power and smaller physical size, pico/ femto/ relay cells
can also be deployed to eliminate coverage holes and relay cells can be used in backhaul, where
wire line backhaul is unavailable or not economical [150]–[152]. The heterogeneous deployment of
LTE networks comprising of conventional Macro cell base stations overlaid with LPNs. The often
random and unplanned location of these access points can cause severe interference problems
especially for cell edge users. This problem was typically addressed by coordinating base–station
transmissions to minimize interference. Figure 2.10 shows a heterogeneous ... Show more content
Disadvantages: Despite the benefits that can be achieved by this technique, there are some
challenges that need to be addressed, including management of the interfaces between
heterogeneous environments and the dead zone problem. Towards this direction, 3GPP LTE
standard has introduced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) methods since Release 8
specifications. ICIC was developed to deal with interference issues at cell–edge and mitigates
interference on traffic channels only in heterogeneous network. These limitations were bypassed
with Release 10 specifications which introduced enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (e–
ICIC). Enhancements were brought to deal with interference issues in Heterogeneous Networks and
mitigate interference on traffic and control channels. In such networks, two major scenarios for
severe inter cell interference should be highlighted: macro–pico scenario with Cell Range–
Extension (CRE) and macro–femto scenario with Closed–Subscriber–Group

Lab Report
CE3.13 Since I had previous experiences in using the survey software, I recommended the usage of
Ekahau site survey. Even though there are different survey tools were available in the market, the
reason I selected this tool is that it facilitates WLAN planning at the pre–deployment stage. I
advised Mr. Surya, who was the lead systems engineer, to use of this tool for the detection of the
coverage holes and co–channel interference zones in the various location of campus. Ekahau
wireless adapter was used to analyse the coverage holes and Ekahau site survey software was used
to monitor the coverage holes. Heat maps to detect the holes in coverage and analysed the coverage
distribution in software tools. Since this project was aimed to cover ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The main reason why I chose the Cisco Catalyst 2960 instead of other brands was that it is
stackable. I was impressed with one of the best feature this switch that if network switch fails, other
switches will take the responsibility and divide the workload of forwarding packets equally. I
noticed that other benefit of using this network switch is that it can act as a single logical switch
when it is stacked. Moreover, I assessed the compatibility and noted that it was compatible with
802.11 standards which were currently implemented in The ANU.
CE3.17 I ensured that Cisco devices were used for the network infrastructure design. Since aim of
this project was design a high performing network, I assessed the network access scheme provided
by the Cisco, Identity Services Engine (ISE) developed to tackle any potential threats in the
networks. I integrated the use of network access control for securing the network nodes, which
connects multiple departments, several access points and thousands of users in the University. Since
Cisco devices were introduced in the new design system, it will automatically generate network
admission control appliance to provide more security by assuring security policy compliance on all
devices while accessing the university network.
CE3.18 High gain–antennas were one of the important requirements of this new network
architecture design. I was tasked with design selection and implementation process

Mapinfo Case Analysis
CE1.13 I used the Raster image option in Mapinfo for generating detailed topographical features
and calculating the geographical distances and areas. I developed a two stage process for the
creation of raster image. First, I initialized the vector coordinate values of the new location site
obtained from the GPS receiver from the database Mapinfo software. Second step was the
integration of the scanned aerial photographs obtained from Google Earth and paper map of the site
location provided by the surveying agency, Survey of India. I added the coordinate values manually
in the MapInfo table tool box, as there were some areas where GPS signal was unavailable.
CE1.14 I noticed that the spatial data of the new BTS site data were provided by ... Show more
I documented all measurements and findings based on the land survey and submitted reports to
Team leader for further verification of the report.
CE1.17 I was in–charge for submitting pre–deployment survey report for installation of the new
BTS tower. I investigated the terrain feature obtained from the Mapinfo software. The information
obtained from Mapinfo was used as the basis for the identifying the ideal location for the cell site.
CE1.18 I conducted a wireless survey by using a wireless adapter for detecting the existing active
access points and measuring the signal strength in new location site. Since pre–deployment survey
was initial process for coverage site survey, I decided temporary access point as the reference point
and applied trial and error method to identify different AP located on the new site within the limited
boundary.
CE1.19 I used a spectrum analyzer with a band of 2.4 GHz which was connected to the PC for the
the noise intensity in the region. I measured the attenuation factor and signal attenuation with
respect to distance. For the accuracy of these factors, I used unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz bands and I
noted the variations in the power as I moved along from the reference point; I noted and referred
this variation was due to the channel interference

Mapinfo Essay
CE1.12 I used the Raster image option in Mapinfo for generating detailed topographical features
and calculating the geographical distances and areas. I developed a two stage process for the
creation of raster image. First, I initialized the vector coordinate values of the new location site
obtained from the GPS receiver from the database Mapinfo software. Second step was the
integration of the scanned aerial photographs obtained from Google Earth and paper map of the site
location provided by the surveying agency, Survey of India. I added the coordinate values manually
in the MapInfo table tool box, as there were some areas where GPS signal was unavailable.
CE1.13 I noticed that the spatial data of the new BTS site data were provided by ... Show more
I documented all measurements and findings based on the land survey and submitted reports to
Team lead for further verification of the report.
CE1.16 I was in–charge for submitting pre–deployment survey report for installation of the new
BTS tower. I investigated the terrain feature obtained from the Mapinfo software. The information
obtained from Mapinfo was used as the basis for the identifying the ideal location for the cell site.
CE1.17 I conducted a wireless survey by using a wireless adapter for detecting the existing active
access points and measuring the signal strength in new location site. Since pre–deployment survey
was initial process for coverage site survey, I decided temporary access point as the reference point
and applied trial and error method to identify different AP located on the new site within the limited
boundary.
CE1.18 I used a spectrum analyser with a band of 2.4 GHz which was connected to the PC for the
the noise intensity in the region. I noticed variations in the power as I moved along from the
reference point; I noted and referred this variation was due to the channel interference of the
neighbouring BTS towers. I used the PC to generate the graphical and numerical data based on the
spectrum analyser.
CE 1.19 For the accuracy of measurement and data, I

An Sociological And Psychological Aspects Of The...
Describe communication, evaluate the stages of the communication process and assess the key
aspects of each process.
Evaluate the importance of successful communication and explain how interference can affect
communication by using one of the communication models by looking at the impact communication
had on the receiver, explaining factors like Source, Nature, Level, Time, Frequency, Use, Form and
Type.
Critically evaluate the sociological and psychological aspects of modern communication methods.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of the modern communication methods and how the
introduction of conferencing, computer, teleworking and other new technologies have affected
society both sociologically and psychologically
Evaluate the key ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thirdly there will be a critical evaluation of the sociological and psychological aspects of modern
communication, looking at how the introduction of new communication technology has altered
society.
The Shannon–Weaver communication model represents communication between a sender and
receiver, it was the first model for communication theorised. It is composed of the following stages:
sender, encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, and feedback. There is an additional factor that can
distort communication, which is noise. In 1948, when Shannon and Weaver 's The Mathematical
Theory of Communication was published, noise represented interference on a telephone line. Today
however, noise is a metaphor for any form of interruption during the communication process.
A sender wanting to send a message must first encode it in a meaningful form for the receiver.
Encoding is the translation of an idea or concept into a message, it is one of the key stages in the
communication process. The sender must be cognisant of the receiver 's knowledge and use symbols
understandable to the receiver. These symbols may be verbal or non–verbal, examples of which are
words and gestures. Improper encoding is a barrier to communication as it will inhibit the decoding
of the message and distort the information. An example of poor encoding would be an advertisement
using the same message throughout multiple countries in which some words

The Importance Of Optical Communication
Design of Non optical Carrier Single Sideband and wavelength reused DWDM passive optical
network with Wired/Wireless Services Incorporating OFDM
Abstract– In this work, an integrated passive optical network and free space optical communication
system based on no–carrier single sideband modulation is proposed. Optical orthogonal frequency
multiplexing is employed with dense wavelength division multiplexing to support 16 channels over
300 km bidirectional single mode fiber to enhance spectral efficiency and reduce inter–symbol
interference. Moreover, wavelength reuse is also realized to design cost effective optical network
units. Results revealed that the proposed framework successfully accomplished the 300 km
symmetrical distance and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature of OFDM system provides us that there are significantly three kinds of the OFDM such as
direct detection, coherent detection and heterodyne detection. However, all the aforementioned
types can be used in the systems based on the specifications or user demands [7]. To understand the
cost effective system, direct detection and heterodyne reception are ideal beneficiaries [8]. In any
case, regardless the utilization of single photo–detector in reception of OFDM signals and offers the
cost effective modulation, it experiences short separation transmissions [9]. Due to phase matching
at the receiver, CO–OFDM is considered as the unmistakable and potential contender for long
separation transmissions [10]. Till now, different methodologies are exhibited to create a dependable
OFDM signals incorporating double side band and single side band modulation [11]. Disadvantage
in the former modulation such as double side band (DSB) modulation, is the bandwidth inefficiency
and limiting effects of power fading because of dispersion effects [12]. Unexpectedly, single
sideband balance offers more noteworthy insusceptibility or resistance to scattering impacts and
procures less data transmission in the optical fiber [13]. Also, it is studied that the optical carrier to
signal power ratio (CSPR) is vital parameter in the frameworks that utilized the single side band
adjustment in OFDM. Nonlinearities are because of high power, in the fiber,

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