Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious infection of dogs caused by a Parvovirus. This slide include virology,transmission,pathogenesis,clinical sign and symptoms,diagnosis, differential diagnosis,treatment, prevention and control.

1. CANINE PARVO VIRUS
PREPARED BY:
Raj Kumar Tharu
B.V.Sc & Ah
IAAS, Paklihawa campus
Rupandehi,Nepal

2. Presentation outline :
• Introduction
• Incidence and Distribution
• Etiology
• Transmission
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical sign and symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Differential diagnosis
• Treatment
• Control and prevention

3. INTRODUCTION
• The canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is a
highly contagious viral illness that affects
dogs.
• The virus manifests itself in two different
forms.
A. intestinal form, which is characterized by
vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and lack of
appetite (anorexia).
B. cardiac form, which attacks the heart
muscles of very young puppies, often leading
to death.
.

4. INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION
• Canine parvo virus was first recognized in
1978.
• The virus is more than 98% identical in DNA
sequence to the virus of feline
panleukopenia.
• The majority of cases are seen in puppies that
are between 6 weeks and 6 months old.
• The virus present world wide today is different
from the original virus.

5. • For unknown reasons, certain dog breeds,
such as Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers,
Pit Bulls, Labrador Retrievers, German
Shepherds, English Springer Spaniels, and
Alaskan sled dogs, are particularly
vulnerable to the disease.

6. Etiology:
the causative agent is Canine parvo virus.
• The Smallest ( 18-24 nm in diameter) known DNA
virus
• Non- enveloped and lack essential lipid.
• Icosahedral in shape.
• There are two types of CPV: type 1 (CPV-1) and
type 2 (CPV-2).
• In the 1970s, CPV-1 was more common;
currently, CPV-2 is the dominant strain.

7. Transmission:
• Most cases of CPV infections are caused by a genetic
alteration of the original canine parvovirus: the canine
parvovirus type 2.
• parvovirus is spread either by direct contact with an
infected dog,
• or indirectly, by the fecal-oral route: Heavy
concentrations of the virus are found in an infected
dog’s stool, so when a healthy dog sniffs an infected
dog’s stool, it will contract the disease.
• Virus excretion occurs from 2nd – 8th day following
infection.

8. Pathogenesis:
Ingestion of minimal amount of infectious
Parvovirus
Viral replication in oropharynx
spread via bloodstream to lymph nodes, bone marrow,
intestine and cardiac muscle.

9. Marked viraemia usually, but not always, manifested by
intestinal disease and rarely cardiac sign.
death may occur due to shock, septic shock and heart
failure.

10. Clinical sign and Symptoms:
A. The major symptoms associated with
the intestinal form of a canine
parvovirus infection include:
• Severe bloody and foul smelling diarrhea.
• Lethargy.
• Anorexia.
• Severe weight loss

11. • Hypothermia rather than fever
• The wet tissue of the mouth
and eyes may become
noticeably red and the heart
may beat too rapidly.
• Vomiting
• Life threatening dehydration.

12. B. The major symptoms associated
with the cardiac form of CPV include :
• Confined to puppies of 2-8 weeks of
age, i.e in younger dogs.
• Symptoms may or may not exist.
• Death may be sudden
• Or follow a brief period of dyspnoea..

13. Diagnosis:
• Clinical sign and symptoms :
 Hypothermia (<100.4˚F; <38˚C) or
hyperthermia (>104.0˚F; >40˚C)
Leukopenia (>18,000 cells/mm3) or leukocytosis
(<5000 cells/mm3)
Tachycardia (>120 bpm)
Tachypnea (>20 breaths/min)
The presence of two or more criteria is required
for a diagnosis.

14. • For confirmatory diagnosis following
methods are recommended:
a) Animal inoculation test
b) Serum neutralization test
c) Isolation of virus
d) HA ,HI,FAT and ELISA
e) Abdominal radiograph.
f) E.C.G. Change
g) Commercial dx kit
Rapigen Parvo Ag test: CPV detection.

15. Post-mortem findings :
In the enteric form the following are seen:
• Lower and middle small intestine is dilated —
contents are watery and flocculent
• Bone marrow is depleted
In the myocardial form the following is seen:
• Lungs are heavy and oedematous, grey-pink in colour
with focal congestion
• Heart is dilated will ill-defined pale areas in the
myocardium
• May be haemorrhages in the pancreas
• Clear watery fluid in the thorax and abdomen
• Pale, flabby heart with myocardial fibrosis in more
chronic cases

16. Differential diagnosis:
Other cause of enteritis to be considered include:
• Canine distemper
• Infectious canine hepatitis
• Canine coronavirus
• Salmonellosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Haemorrhagic gastro-enteritis
• Poisonings
Other cause of myocarditis include:
• Canine distemper
• Infectious canine hepatitis
• Canine herpesvirus
• Streptococcal infection
• Congenital heart anomalies

17. Treatment:
• Use heterologous immunoglobin may give
promising result in the initial phase.
• There no specific treatment.
• Symptomatic treatment with steroid broad
spectrum antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte may
safe the life of the dog.

18. • Whole blood transfusion is warranted against
severe blood loss anaemia.
• For persistence vomition drugs like
metoclopramide ( Reglan @0.5 mg/kg b.w )
given at 8 hrs interval.
• To prevent diarrhoea loparamide or bismuth
subnitrate or other astringent preparation
maybe given.

19. Drug Class Drug Pharmacology Dosage
Gastrointestinal
protectants
Sucralfate
Reacts with hydrochloric acid to
form a
paste that binds to ulcers and
protects
from acid, bile, and pepsin
Small dogs: 0.25 g PO tid
Medium dogs: 0.5 g PO tid
Large dogs: 1 g PO tid
Ranitidine
Inhibits histamine at the H2
receptors of
parietal cells, reducing gastric
acid output
and treating or preventing gastric
ulceration
0.5–2.0 mg/kg PO, IV, or IM
bid–tid
Cimetidine Same as ranitidine 5–10 mg/kg PO, IV, or IM tid–qid
Famotidine Same as ranitidine
0.5 mg/kg PO, IV, or IM sid–bid
when
used with other gastrointestinal
protectants
Table 1. Drugs for Treating CPV-2 Infection

20. Antibiotics Metronidazole
Bactericidal, but exact
mechanism of
action is not completely
understood; it
is thought to disrupt DNA
and nucleic
acid synthesis
15 mg/kg IV bid
Ampicillin Bactericidal aminopenicillin 22 mg/kg IV tid
Cefazolin
First-generation
cephalosporin; inhibits
mucopeptide synthesis in
the cell wall,
causing the wall to become
an
ineffective barrier
22 mg/kg IV tid
Enrofloxacin
Bactericidal fluoroquinolone
that
inhibits bacterial DNA
5–20 mg/kg IV, IM, or PO sid
or divided bid

21. Antiemetics Metoclopramide
Stimulates motility of the upper
GI tract
increases lower esophageal
sphincter pressure
to prevent or reduce
gastroesophageal reflux;
antagonizes dopamine at
receptor sites
in the central nervous system to
act as an
antiemetic
0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO, IM, or SC qid;
1–2 mg/kg CRI sid
Chlorpromazine
Blocks the chemoreceptor trigger
zone and the vomiting center in
the brain
0.5 mg/kg IM or SC tid–qid
Ondansetron 5-HT3 receptor antagonist 0.11–0.176 mg/kg IV bid–tid
Plumb DC. Veterinary Drug Handbook. 4th ed. White Bear Lake, Minnesota: PharmVet Publishing; 2002.

22. Control and Prevention :
• Strict hygienic measure are to be adopted.
• Seggregate infected animal from healthy one
and treated.
• Excreta should be properly disposed and the
premises should be disinfected.
• Vaccination :

23. Types of vaccine:
1. Inactivated heterologous antigen with
adjuvent
2. Attenuated live heterologous antigen
3. Inactivated homologous antigen (cpv-2)
4. Attenuated live homologous antigen (cpv-2) in
the development phase.
Parvo dog vaccine (parvocine) of m/s serum. It is
a cell culture vaccine against gastrointeritis.
Route of immunization : i/m, s/c.

24. Primary vaccination:
• Puppies < 3 months old : 2 inj.
1st inj. between 6 and 8 week.
2nd inj. after the 12 week.
• Dogs > 3 months old : 1 inj.
• Boosters : annually
Dose:1 ml irrespective of breed, age or
size.

25. REFERENCES
• https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-
parasitic/c_dg_canine_parvovirus_infection.
• https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/parvo-parvovirus-
dogs#2-8.
• http://vetclinicmission.com/wp-
content/uploads/sites/129/2014/09/Insert-Under-
Vaccinations-Pathogenesis-of-canine-parvovirus.pdf
• http://lrd.spc.int/ext/Disease_Manual_Final/canine_parv
ovirus.html