Enterotoxemia Etiology Epidemiology pathogenesis and treatment

1. ENTEROTOXEMIA
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2. ENTEROTOXEMIA CAUSED BY
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFERINGENS
TYPE D (PULPY KIDNEY,
OVEREATING DISEASE)
SUBMITTED TO: DR ARSHAD ZAHOOR SB
SUMITTED BY: TASBEEH ULLAH JAN
C/NO : 30
DVM 7TH SEMESTER
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3. ENTEROTOXEMIA
• Occurs in sheep and goat
• Cause by Cl.perfringens
• Cl.perferingens  gram + ve , soil borne,
• Spore forming highly resistant to environment and heat
• Natural inhibitor of GIT.
• Anaerobic bacteria
• Enterotoxaemia keep in mind food poisoning
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4. DEFINATION:
• Overeating, milk colic, pulpy kidney disease, food poisoning (enterocolitis)
• Enteric disease of ruminants specially in young lambs/kids characterized
by
• Diarrhea
• Depression (Depression is serious)
• Nervous signs
• Death
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5. PERFRINGENS
• Related to enteric disease
• Poultry  enteritis
• Sheep/goat  enterotoxemia
• Cl.welchii old name of cl.perfringens
• Types of perfringens
• A
• B
• C
• D
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6. WHY DIFFERENT BACTERIA TYPES
DUE TO EXOTOXIN
A → Alpha toxin
B → alpha + beta toxin
C → alpha + beta
D→ alpha + epsilon
E → alpha + beta +iota
Drug of choice against cl.perfringens  penicillin
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7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• World wide distribution
• Prevalence rate 1-3% common practice of vaccination against this disease
has reduced but its still a common disease.
• Most common in lambs also important disease of calves and goat,
• Its rarely in adult cattle, deer, camel
• and possibly horses.
• The case fatality rate approximately 100% .
• Disease of young lamb/lids when they are give
• a) high CHO
• b) lush grasses
• c) Over weaned
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8. ETIOLOGY
• Cause by Cl.perfringens (Type D)
• Non motile, bacillus, anaerobic, gram +ve bacteria
• Classified in 5 toxino types (A,B,C,D,E)
1. Alpha (CPA)
2. Beta (CPB)
3. Epsilon (ETX)
4. Iota (ITX)
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9. • Enterotoxaemia type D  produce alpha + epsilon toxin
• Epsilon toxin is only produced By type D  effect the permeability of
membrane.
• Types D  specific to young less than 3 weeks of age.
• Can also effect older goat/cow/calves but less frequent.
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10. PATHOGENESIS
• BACTERIA present in the form of spores increase CHO, milk intake 
bacteria is already present in body but its waiting for CHO (food is a
medium for the growth of bacteria) spore germinate to Cl. In favorable
condition ( to the original shape Cl. Pref).
• Normally Cl. Needs wound but here it needs load 106 organism per gram
• Already in body + bail from feed  reach level ferment the CHO 
produce gas cause distention of the tissue ( sacrolytic  gas production) 
interfere the blood supplies  provide anorexic type environment for the
bacteria  bail produce enterotoxin destruct the GIT by damaging the
intestinal epithelium causing necrotizing enteritis  so loss of fluids +
electrolytes lead to food poisoning on  now cross the intestinal
epithelium enter to the blood stream  cause toxemia or blood poisoning
causes vascular damage to the brain also
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11. PATHOGENESIS
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12. Necrotizing enteritis Vascular damage to brain
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13. CLINICAL SIGNS
• GENERAL:
I. Fever (usually normal but during fever attack 104-105 F ̊ can be there.
II. Severely depressed + anorexic
III. Abdominal pain
IV. Diarrhea
V. Dysentery (sometimes presence of intestinal epith; (blood tinched))
VI. Anemia + dehydration
DIARRHEA
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14. CLINAL SIGNS
• Nervous signs:
I. Deep shallow respiration
II. Champing jaw
III. Teeth grinding
IV. Pressing head
V. Circular movement
VI. Muscular tremors
VII.Convulsions
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15. • Sudden death
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16. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
• Pulpy kidney
• Gram stained purple color
• Brain
• intestine
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17. DIAGNOSIS
• LABS tests
• Gram staining to detect gram +ve
• Toxin detection
• PCR
• Blood test  hyperglycemia
• Urine test  glycosurea (increases sugar)
• ELISA  to detect antibodies
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18. D.DX
• GOATS
a) Salmonellosis
b) collibacillosis
c) Coocidiosis
• sheep
I. Acute pasteurellosis
II. Rumen overload
• LEAD POSIONING
• RABIES
• PREGNANCY TOXEMIA
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19. TREATMENT
• Antibiotic (broad spectrum)
• Penicillin 10-20000 IU/ kg b,wt
• Tetracycline 10-15-20 mg/kg
• Sulphademadine 100-200mg/kg followed by 50- 100 mg/kg
• Ceftiofur sodium 1.1 mg/kg
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20. • ANTITOXIN:
• 1) ATS (antitoxin serum) epsilon ATS 200 iu /kg
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21. • ANTI BLOTTING LIKE
• Polyoxy ethylne oliec acid triglycerine (blotaryle) star pharma
• Milk of magnesia
• mucines
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22. • SUUPORTIVE THERAPY
• Thiamine vitamin B1
• Fluids + electrolytes
• Dexamethasone 0.04 mg/kg
• Probiotics
• Scorax 10ml/kg
• Selmore 
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23. PREVENTION
• Prevent overeating
• Increases time ( more time feed a day) decreases quantity
• Gradually change the feed
• Do not use grains as CHO in young age.
• Antitoxin
• vaccination
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