3. Background
Pneumoperitoneum is a common medical
problem in a recent year
As the surgical treatment increase
Usually unnoticed by practitioner due to
insidious symptom
Severe case can lead to unwanted complication
Diagnosis can be done by GP
Once diagnostic proof, severe case confirm
immediate treatment should achieved by the
patient
15. Depen on the Causes
and size :
Benign may be
asymptomatic
Vague abdominal pain
Viscus organ rupture :
Peritonitis sign
Onset Depend on
organ
Immediate laparotomy
18. DIAGNOSIS
Purpose
Entrapment of free air in the peritoneal cavity is the
key
Holistic history taking and Physical Examination
the most important
Already mentioned above !!!
Radiological Confirming
Thorax X-Ray erect Best
Right or Left Lateral Decubitus is allright !
USG, CT and MRI
19. X- Ray
Semilunar Shadow
gambaran udara (radiolusen) berupa daerah
berbentuk bulan sabit (Semilunar Shadow) diantara
diafragma kanan dan hepar atau diafragma kiri dan
20. Decubitus Abdomen Sign
Terdapat udara bebas diantara dinding abdomen
dengan hepar (panah putih). Ada cairan bebas di
rongga peritoneum (panah hitam).
21. Anterior Subhepatic Space Free Air
Linear Shape
Triangular Shape
Geograpichal Sign
Density difference
defining
24. Foot Ball Sign
>1000 ml air collected abdominal decompression
Here Comes the MASSIVE ones
25. Gas-Relief Sign, Rigler Sign or Double Wall
Sign
memvisualisasikan
dinding terluar
lingkaran usus
disebabkan udara di
luar lingkaran usus
dan udara normal
intralumen
26. Urachus Sign
udara tampak melapisi
urachus. Urachus
tampak seperti garis
tipis linier di tengah
bagian bawah
abdomen yang
berjalan dari kubah
vesika urinaria ke arah
kepala. Dasar urachus
tampak sedikit lebih
tebal daripada apeks.
29. CT - Scan
Standard Radiological examination
Not necessarily needed
Benefit :
Detect, intraluminal free air
Not depend on position and technique
What X-Ray can’t shows and if it not specific
Disadvantage :
High cost
Can’t locate perforation
Beside the intraluminal fluid is not specific for
pneumoperitoneum
31. Management
When ur patient has proven for pneumoperitoneum -
- Find the Underlying Causes
Unstable means Delay Stabilize
A , B , C Management Abdominal decompression
Stable Confirm
32. Diagnostic confirm
immediate
< 20 % can be
managed by non-
surgical approach
In patients with small
amount of
intraperitoneal air
Without sign of
peritonitis
Patients should receive
• intravenous fluid
•Absolute bowel rest
•Intravenous broad
spestrum antibiotic
•Get better on two days >
50%
34. Conclusion
Pneumoperitoneum akumulasi udara pada rongga
peritonel
Penyebab terbanyak adalah ruptur Hollow Viscus
Abdominal Organ karena berbagai sebab
Diagnosis dapat dibuat dengan anamnesis dan
pemeriksaan fisik yang teliti
Diagnosis radiologi (X-ray, CT-scan, USG, MRI)
sebagai konfirmasi sangat penting dalam
mendiagnosis
Penanganan yang cermat dan tepat waktu meliputi
stabilisasi hemodinamik dan penemuan penyakit
terkait sangat penting untuk mengurangi mortalitas
dan morbiditas pasien
35. Refferences
ME ,Breen, Dorfman M, Chan SB. 2008. Pneumoperitoneum Without Peritonitis: A
Case Report.Am J Emerg Med, 26:841. e1-2
Churchill , James D Begg . 2006. Abdominal X-rays Made Easy 2nd Edition. Elsevier
Khan, Ali Nawaz. 2011. Pneumoperitoneum Imaging : A Journal
Diunduh dari http://emedicine.medscape.com, pada 8 Oktober 2012
Daly, Barry D, J. Ashley Guthrie and Neville F. Cause of Pneumoperitoneum: A Case
Report. United Kingdom
Mansjoer , Arif,dkk. 2000.Bedah Digestif. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran Jilid 2 Edisi
Ketiga (pp 240-252). Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI.
Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry
Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo, Eds. 2008. Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine 17th
Edition. USA : The McGraw-Hill Companies.
CH, Lee. 2010. Imaging Pneumoperitoneum : A Journal
Diunduh dari
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Surgery/pneumoperitone
um.htm pada 8 Oktober 2012
Weerakkody , Yuranga dan Jeremy Jones.Pneumoperitoneum.
Diunduh dari http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pneumoperitoneum pada 8 Oktober 2012
Silberberg , Phillip. 2006. Pneumoperitoneum. Kentucky, USA.
Derveaux ,K., F Penninckx. 2007. Crash Courses of Pneumoperitoneum. University
Leuven Belgia
Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is defined as the steady-state pressure contained within the abdominal cavity (1). The normal value of IAP ranges from 0 mmHg to 7 mmHg and depends on both the elasticity of the abdominal wall and abdominal capacity. Several pathologies result in IAP increases, including abdominal trauma with intra- or extra-peritoneal bleeding, ascites, intra-abdominal tumours, intestinal injury, ileus, pancreatitis and surgical ‘packing’. Moreover, increases in IAP may be observed after massive fluid resuscitation, poly-transfusion, hypothermia and severe coagulation disorders. IAP values higher than 12 mmHg represent intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), and a significant IAP elevation reduces the microcirculatory blood flow in most organs of the abdominal cavity. The abdominal blood flow pressure is known as the abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) and can be calculated as the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and IAP (ie, APP = MAP – IAP) (1,2). Therefore, the changes in APP are strongly dependent on changes in MAP and IAPMAP2D + S / 3
Chilaiditi syndromeinterposition of the bowel (usually hepatic flexure of the colon/transverse colon) between the liver and the (right) hemidiaphragm.Subphrenic abscessSubphrenic abscesses are localised collections of pus, usually underneath the right or left hemi- diaphragm.There is a accumulation of infected fluid between the diaphragm, the liver and the spleen.linear atelectasis at the base of the lungsAtelectasis is the collapse of part or closure of alveoli resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.Linear atelectasis is collapsed areas of the lung that have a horizontal appearance.When linear atelectasis at the base of the lungs it mimics pneumoperitoneum in chest x ray.