VET4SBO Level 2 module 1 - unit 2 - v1.0 en

1. ECVET Training for Operatorsof IoT-enabledSmart Buildings (VET4SBO)
2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411
Level 2
Module 1: Selection of IoT equipment for optimal
energy efficient building automation
Unit 1.2: Selection of IoT equipment per application
domain

2. Outline
1. Revisiting the various building monitoring and control sub-
systems
2. Selection of IoT equipment and grouping to facilitate the
needs of each sub-system
3. Discussion on application use cases and suggestions of IoT
equipment

3. Outline
1. Revisiting the various building monitoring and control sub-
systems
2. Selection of IoT equipment and grouping to facilitate the
needs of each sub-system
3. Discussion on application use cases and suggestions of IoT
equipment

4. Building monitoring and control sub-systems
• Light control
• Temperature control
• Air quality monitoring
• Security and space usage
• (Drinking and Waste) water
monitoring and control

5. Building monitoring and control sub-systems
• Energy consumption
monitoring and control
• Appliances control
• Health-related monitoring

6. Building monitoring and control sub-systems
• Control operators (engineers
and technical staff)
• IoT gateways and
communication infrastructure
• Analytics (cloud, fog, edge
layers)
• Integrated IoT platforms

7. Light control
Light control is the ability to regulate the level and quality of light in a given space for specific usage
patterns
Proper light control contributes to saving energy, as well as improving occupants’ comfort
Light control levels:
• In mostcases, light controls comprise simple on/off switch
• Dimming is a more sophisticated solution, allowing users to also control the quantity of light
provided, taking into account the usage patterns, mood of occupants, etc.
• The colour of light also has a significant impact on the aesthetics of a space, and it is associated with
occupants’ comfort and well-being. Dynamic lighting strategies can be used to adjust the colour –
warm dimming, tuneable white, and/or colour tuning

8. Light control
Light control levels: (cont.)
• In addition to managing electric light, regulating the amount of daylight that enters a space is an
important aspect of light control. By using shades in conjunction with dimmers, light control systems
can create the perfect balance between the two sources of light to save energy and create
comfortable environment
• Daylightsensors can automatically adjust shades and overhead lights to maintain optimal conditions
throughout the day. Occupancy sensors can ensure that lights are never left on when a room is not in
use
• More sophisticated systems can store personalised settings for multiple lights, allowing complete
personalisationof the light control
• Advanced light control systems can work in conjunction with a security system to switch on all lights
if an intruder enters a home, etc.

9. Temperature control
Temperature control is the process in which the change of temperature of a space
is monitored (measured or otherwise detected)and heat energy is injected to or
removed from the space, in a way to achieve a desired average temperature
A thermostatis an example of a closed temperature control loop: it measures the
current room temperature continuously, compares this to a desired user-defined
set point and controls a heater and/or an air-conditioner to increase or decrease
the temperature to meet the desired set point

10. Temperature control
• Simple thermostats apply temperature control by switching the heater or air-conditioner either
on or off, thus creating overshooting and undershooting of the average temperature
• More intelligent thermostats vary the amount of heat or cooling provided by the heater or
cooler, depending on the difference between the required temperature (the "setpoint") and the
actual temperature. This method is called ”Proportional control” and minimizes
over/undershoot
• More advanced control systems use the accumulated error signal (integral) and the rate at
which the error is changing (derivative), to form more complex control decision systems, called
“PID Controllers” (typically used in industrial settings)
Following devices utilised in temperature control are HVAC heating/cooling and air-flow units, air-
conditioners, space-heaters, refrigerators, water-heaters, occupancy sensors, etc. For example,
when occupants in the room increase, temperature increases, and the control system mayopen a
valve to allow more air to the room

11. Air quality monitoring
Air quality monitoring is the process of measuring the concentration of
common air pollutants in the air, e.g. Particulate Matter (PM) 10 μm, PM
2.5 μm, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon
Monoxide/Dioxide, Benzene
Air quality monitoring systems are available for both indoor and outdoor
environments

12. Air quality monitoring
Indoor air quality monitoring systems are typically using sensors to
measure contaminants concentration
Monitoring the quality of the air and taking appropriate actions in
combination with HVAC system and/or security system or other is very
important in terms of occupants comfort and occupants trust to the
building

13. Security and Space Usage
Building security controls are measures taken to avoid, detect, counteract or
minimize security risks to a building and its assets.
Security controls can be classified as:
• Preventive controls (implemented before the event), aiming to prevent an
incident from occurring, e.g. by locking out unauthorised intruders
• Detective controls (during the event), aiming to identify and characterise an
incident in progress, e.g. by sounding the intruder alarm and alerting the
security guards or police
• Correctivecontrols (after the event), aiming to limit the extent of any damage
caused by the incident, e.g. by recovering the building to normal working
status as quickly as possible.

14. Security and Space Usage
Space and asset management
• Space in a building needs to be utilised as effectively as possible. Usage optimisation can greatly
reduce costs of premises and increase occupants’ satisfaction
• Space management allows the building operator to monitor exactly when and which areas and
facilities are being used and for how long, as well as plan and optimise space utilization and
maintenance based upon the observed data and work schedules
• Beyond space, operators can track and locate various building assets. Asset management
preventstheft and misplacement, increases productivity and notifies the user when assets
malfunction or are moved from their designated areas
Security systems employ sensors detecting motion/occupancy, window/door openings, smoke,
lights, etc.
Asset management systems, in addition, use GPS tracking and indoor localisation techniques

15. (Drinking and Waste) water monitoring and control
The Building water system consistsof pipe networks, water storage tanks, pumps and
valves to control pressures and water flows in the system
The water monitoring and control system also includes sensors measuring various
hydraulic and water quality characteristics
Hydraulic sensors measure tank water levels, water flows and pressures
Water quality sensors measure pH, chlorine concentrations, Oxidation Reduction
Potential, Total Organic Carbon, etc.

16. (Drinking and Waste) water monitoring and control
The control actions, when required, are implemented by hydraulic
actuators (e.g. valves, pumps), as well as quality actuators (e.g. chlorine
disinfection boosters)
The water control decisions are made by human operators, based on
information and analytics presented through some control centre

17. Energy consumption monitoring and control
Energy consumptionmonitoring and control is the process of measuring the real-time
consumptionof energy by devices and appliances within the building and, following
processing of the data, making decisions on how to change the usage patterns and
time-windows
Smart plugs are typically used to measure the electricity consumption of individual
devices/appliances
This data is collected and analysed by advanced analytics platforms, some also
employing artificial intelligence techniques

18. Energy consumption monitoring and control
Taking also into account the electricity pricing, weather data and the
needs of the occupants, the system decides on how, when, what to use in
order to minimise energy consumption (and thus, operational costs)
Electricity consumption monitoring and control systems can work together
with HVAC systems to manage heating and cooling for energy efficiency

19. Appliances control
Appliances in a building can be controlled through smart plugs and switches, which
turn on or off the electricity provided to an appliance
More sophisticatedmonitoring and control can only be applied if the appliances offer
access to their internal parameters, e.g. status of operation, maintenance status,on/off
function and other functions
For instance, a refrigerator can inform the building operator when cleaning needs to
take place.
Also, an air-condition can be turned on/off through a signal given directly by a
dedicated controller

20. Health-related monitoring
Health-related monitoring in buildings, refers to the monitoring of the
health status of occupants
Such monitoring can be performed by wearables which, e.g. measure
heart rate and other health indications

21. Health-related monitoring
There are also other mobile devices which have embedded sensors for health
indications of a human
Such information can be sent privately to a medical centre if/when required
In certain cases and upon a clear consent by occupants, such information can be
collected and analysed and used for a broader health monitoring and control of
occupants. This can be a use case in factories with heavy environment for the
occupants

22. Other
Beyond the monitoring and control systems discussed earlier, buildings
may employ some further side systems, like parking space control,
irrigation control for gardens, etc.
Depending on the type of the building and its functions, several other
monitoring and control systems may be applicable, however, we are
limiting the scope of this course unit to the aforementioned systems

23. Revisiting key Quality of Service Criteria
Indicative list of KPIs:
• KPI-1: Human/Occupants’ comfort
– Health protection, living/working efficiency, space utilisation and flexibility, response speed, etc.
• KPI-2: Environmental friendliness – Energy efficiency
• KPI-3: Cost effectiveness – operation and maintenance with emphasis on
effectiveness
• KPI-4: Safety and security – e.g. measures against illegal entry, fire, earthquake,
disaster and structural damages, etc.
• KPI-5: Sustainability of other KPIs

24. Outline
1. Revisiting the various building monitoring and control sub-
systems
2. Selection of IoT equipment and grouping to facilitate the
needs of each sub-system
3. Discussion on application use cases and suggestions of IoT
equipment

25. Simple IoT-enabled BAS architecture

26. Light Control

27. Temperature Control

28. Air Quality Monitoring

29. Security and Space Usage

30. (Drinking and Waste) water monitoring and control

31. Energy consumption monitoring and control

32. Appliances control

33. Health-related Monitoring

34. Outline
1. Revisiting the various building monitoring and control sub-
systems
2. Selection of IoT equipment and grouping to facilitate the
needs of each sub-system
3. Discussion on application use cases and suggestions of IoT
equipment

35. Application use cases and suggestions of IoT
equipment
Now try to revisit use cases from previous Units and suggest their
implementation guided by the aforementioned mapping and IoT
presented components

36. Disclaimer
For further information, relatedto the VET4SBO project, please visit the project’swebsite at https://smart-building-
operator.euor visit us at https://www.facebook.com/Vet4sbo.
Downloadour mobile app at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vet4sbo.mobile.
This project (2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411) has been funded with support from the European Commission (Erasmus+
Programme). Thispublicationreflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible
for any use which may be made of the informationcontainedtherein.