This document provides information on building management systems (BMS) and their role in managing different sub-systems like HVAC, lighting, security, air quality, and water systems. It describes the components and functions of HVAC, lighting, security, air quality monitoring and water systems. It also discusses communication and interface protocols commonly used for BMS, including BACnet, LONtalk, Modbus, PROFIBUS, KNX, and others. The document aims to outline the fundamentals of operating smart buildings through effective BMS.

1. ECVET Training for Operatorsof IoT-enabledSmart Buildings (VET4SBO)
2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411
Level 1
Module 2: Fundamentals of Building Management
Systems for effective operation, occupants’ comfort,
energy efficiency (HVAC, lighting, security, indoor air
quality, water distribution/monitoring)
Unit 2.2: Role of BMS in managing the different sub-
systems

2. Outline
1. Role of BMS in managing the different sub-systems
– HVAC system (also cooling, humidity, gas, etc.)
– Lighting system
– Security system
– Air quality monitoring system
– Water systems,
– etc.
2. Communicationand interface protocolsfor BMS

3. Outline
1. Role of BMS in managing the different sub-systems
– HVAC system (also cooling, humidity, gas, etc.)
– Lighting system
– Security system
– Air quality monitoring system
– Water systems,
– etc.
2. Communicationand interface protocolsfor BMS

4. HVAC system
• HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.
• HVAC systems are, effectively, everything from your air conditioner at home to the large
systems used in industrial complexes and apartment blocks.
• A good HVAC system aims to provide thermal control and indoor comfort, and is designed
using the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
• They’re typically deployed in large industrial buildings, skyscrapers, apartment blocks, and
large interior environments.
• They’re also an essential component of environments where there are health regulations
requiring that temperature and humidity be kept at certain levels, using air taken from
outside.

5. HVAC system – HVAC types
• Single stage system, designed to produce just heating or cooling. These tend to be
inexpensive, however, they are also rather inefficient and will typically be working at
capacity even when it’s not required.
• More advanced models will offer variable fan speeds to cut down on power use, however
they remain inefficient when compared to multi-stagesystems andare thus more expensive
to run over the long term.
• Zoned systems, on the other hand, have been designed to heat or cool individual parts of
apartments, by using zone valves and dampers inside the vents and ductwork that
selectively block the flow of air. Intended for larger spaces.

6. HVAC system – HVAC types
• HVAC systems can also be built to offer humidity control, and both humidifiers and
dehumidifiers can be added as options to heating and cooling systems with possibility to
install separate humidifier or dehumidifier systems.

7. HVAC system – Heating systems
• According to the U.S. Department of Energy, modern conventional heating
systems can achieve efficiencies as high as 97 percent.
• Heating systems can take a couple of different forms:
• Some are furnaces that burn material to provide heated air through the ductwork.
• Another popular choice is boilers that heat water for steam radiators, or forced-water
systems with baseboard radiators, electric heat, and heat pumps.
• Radiant floor is another option , also known as a hydronic heating system. These use
piping under a floor, and are made up of flexible tubes that are filled with water or a
glycol solution.
• Heat pumps which use energy from different natural resources and they are usually
positioned under ground. They can be 300% more efficient then standardgas pumps.

8. HVAC system – Heating systems
Heat Pump Radiantfloor

9. HVAC system – Cooling systems
• Air conditioners come in many forms, from the massive boxes designed to
cool an entire house to a portable window-mountedbox that can be pulled
out and used in cooler climates to handle short

10. HVAC system – Basics
• The following image shows basic functioning of the HVAC systems
• The buildingautomationdevice (computer or wall-mounted
gadgets usually) can be used to determine whether to heat
or cool the space, and to what temperature
• The system then either heatsor cools the coilsinside
• When air brought in from the outside is pushed through
these coils, it is either heated or cooled before being pushed
into the living space
• At the same time, airwill be displacedfrom the room back
into the system.

11. Outline
1. Role of BMS in managing the different sub-systems
– HVAC system (also cooling, humidity, gas, etc.)
– Lighting system
– Security system
– Air quality monitoring system
– Water systems,
– etc.
2. Communicationand interface protocolsfor BMS

12. Lighting System
• As building automation systems (BAS) continue to evolve and improve,
facility directors can use these systems’ capabilities to integrate lighting and
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
• Energy audits provide vital information about how the building is operating,
reveal energy efficiency opportunities, and make sure HVAC, lighting and
other building systems are operating effectively and efficiently.
• Audits often uncover opportunities to reduce energy consumption by
upgrading indoor and outdoor lighting technologies. Most often, this includes
replacing older technology lighting fixtures, ballasts, and lamps with LED
technologies.

13. Lighting System
• In most buildings, lighting and HVAC systems are operated separately.
• Advanced BAS technology integrates lighting and HVAC controls into a single
automated platform.
• The result is improved comfort for building occupants and reduced energy
consumptionfor the organization.
• The most advanced platforms offer organizations one system simplicity.
Facility teams can manage the integrated system from a single dashboard
rather than making manual adjustmentson multiple platforms. These
dashboards can be accessed from any computer or mobile device, which
benefits the operator.

14. Lighting System
• Integrated lighting and HVAC controls create an optimum indoor
environment.
• They can share the same sensors to determine whether a room is occupied
and automatically adjust the lighting and temperature to ideal settings.
• The BAS can turn off lights and raise or lower the temperature to save energy
when the room is empty.
• Most buildings already have the technology backbone installed to
accommodatethe integration of lighting and HVAC controls with their
existing BAS or with an upgraded system.

15. Lighting System
• A rule of thumb in the industry is that 1 kWh of air conditioning energy is
saved for every 3 kWh of lighting energy.
• This, however, is often not accurate because it does not account for different
climates. A retrofit in a building in Northern Germany, obviously, will not yield
the same air conditioning energy savings benefit as in a building in Spain.

16. Benefits of lighting integration
• Higher energy efficiency
• Chilled beams have inherent energy-efficient capabilities that are also
present when integrated with lighting.
• Traditional HVAC systems use air, whereas chilled beams take advantage
of water’s increased volumetric heat capacity to regulate a space’s
temperature. It’s because of this that they can typically reduce HVAC
energy consumptionby up to 50% to 60% as compared with traditional
systems.
• Lower total lifecycle costs
• Beyond lower energy costs for building owners, there are also reduced
installation costs associated with integrated systems. There’s decreased
complication during install.

17. Benefits of lighting integration
• Lower total lifecycle costs
• Integrated lighting and chilled-beam systems also have the potential to
reduce building height.
• As chilled-beam systems are designed with around 70% less air than
traditional all-air systems, the ductwork is considerably smaller.
• Better indoor environment for occupants
• More enhanced aesthetics
• The integration of lighting and chilled beam reduces the visual mass of
the systemsin the ceiling plane, allowing for a less cluttered look without
sacrificing a quality HVAC system.

18. Benefits of lighting integration
• Future potential for integration and innovation
• Future possibilities will expand beyond just lighting and HVAC to
encompass a range of possibilities, from building safety requirements like
fire suppression, security systems,and carbon monoxide detectorsto
other building benefits like occupancy sensors and sound bars for
intercom systemsor other sound-projection needs.
• Not only will the products integrate, but the associated controls will as
well.

19. Outline
1. Role of BMS in managing the different sub-systems
– HVAC system (also cooling, humidity, gas, etc.)
– Lighting system
– Security system
– Air quality monitoring system
– Water systems,
– etc.
2. Communicationand interface protocolsfor BMS

20. Security systems
• Building security systems consistof lights, cameras, motion detectors, interior and exterior
door locks and alarms.
• Some systems mayeven control the fire alarms and sprinkler system. This information is
generally displayed in the security rooms and recorded onto either hard drives or removable
storage devices.
• Security systems are not typically integrated into the BAS system. Instead, it is an entirely
separate system with its own cables, wires and WiFi portals, which can make the BAS and
security systems somewhatredundant and increase building operating costs.

21. Security systems
• For building owners and property managers who want to simplify their
systems and make them more efficient and effective, merging the BAS with
the security system is the right choice. When BAS and security are merged,
system redundancies and control conflicts are eliminated. This means that
when the BAS system wants to turn off all the non-essential lights and the
security system wants to turn on all the security lights and cameras, the
predefined controls are not conflicted.
• HVAC systems based on integrated information systems can be attacked from
remote hosts by using internet connection. These are standard hacker attacks
with possibilities to destroy information system directly, or by inserting
malware software.
• Physical destruction of the system can be performed by thieves, or other
individuals who destroy or steal vital componentsof the system.

22. Security systems
• HVAC systems can be used as a means to bridge air-gapped networks with
the outside world, allowing remote attackers to send commands to malware
placed inside a target’s isolated network.

23. Security systems
• Integrated HVAC Security Systems

24. Security systems
Integrated security system with
BAS

25. Outline
1. Role of BMS in managing the different sub-systems
– HVAC system (also cooling, humidity, gas, etc.)
– Lighting system
– Security system
– Air quality monitoring system
– Water systems,
– etc.
2. Communicationand interface protocolsfor BMS

26. Air quality monitoring system
• Reliable and optimal monitoring and control of ventilation system are
essential for a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system to
maintain adequate indoor air quality with least energy consumption.
• What are the componentsof an HVAC system that will provide the air quality
necessary to foster a healthy atmosphere?
• A properly designed ventilation system is critical because ventilation provides the right
balance of gases and ensures that the air doesn’t contain too much carbon dioxide.

27. Air quality monitoring system
• Reliableand optimalmonitoring and controlof ventilationsystem are essential for a heating,
ventilationand air conditioning(HVAC) system to maintainadequateindoorair qualitywith least
energy consumption.
• What are the componentsof an HVAC system that will provide the air qualitynecessary to foster a
healthyatmosphere?
• A properly designed ventilation systemis critical because ventilationprovidesthe right balanceof
gases and ensures that the air doesn’t containtoo much carbon dioxide.
• It also controls odors and removes contaminantsfrom occupied spaces. Sometimes correcting
ventilationproblemsis just a matter of relocatingintakes, adding makeup air or moving
ductwork.
• An importantpart of healthyindoorair qualitysolutionsis humidity control. When maintenance
is overlooked, condensatelines and drain lines can become clogged with sentiment. The result is
the moisture that your HVAC system is removing from the air to become trapped. All that
accumulatingwater is a breeding ground for mold, mildew and bacteria,which collects inside
your equipmentand can even travelto your ducts.

28. Air quality control strategies
• Ventilation - removes emissions
• Air Cleaning
• Filters: Standard (panel, pleated, bag, etc.); Electrostatic ; Sorption
• Humidification
• Desired Range 30 - 40% ; Means Steam & Water
Source Emission
Reduce Remove
Naturalventilation
Mechanicalventilation

29. Outline
1. Role of BMS in managing the different sub-systems
– HVAC system (also cooling, humidity, gas, etc.)
– Lighting system
– Security system
– Air quality monitoring system
– Water systems
– etc.
2. Communicationand interface protocolsfor BMS

30. All-Water systems
• In an all-water system, heated and cooled water is distributed from a central system to
conditioned spaces [4, 5].
• This type of system is relatively small compared to other types because of the use of pipes as
distribution containers and the water has higher heat capacity and density than air, which
requires the lower volume to transfer heat.
• All-water heating-only systemsinclude several delivery devices such as floor radiators,
baseboard radiators, unit heaters, and convectors.
• However, all-water cooling-only systemsare unusual such as valance units mounted in the
ceiling. The primary type that is used in buildings to condition the entire space is a fan-coil
unit.

31. Air-Water systems
• Air-water systems are introduced as a hybrid system to combine both advantages of all-air
and all-water systems .
• The volume of the combined is reduced, and the outdoor ventilation is produced to properly
condition the desired zone. The water medium is responsible for carrying the thermal load in
a building by 80–90%through heating and cooling water, while air medium conditions the
remainder.
• There are two main types:
• fan-coil units and
• induction units.

32. Air-Water systems – Fan-coil units
• Fan-coil units for air-water systems
are similar to that of all-water
systems except that the supply air
and the conditioned water are
provided to the desired zone from
a central air handling unit and
central water systems (e.g., boilers
or chillers).
• The ventilation air can be
separately delivered into space or
connected to the fan-coil units.
The major types of fan-coil
systems, are 2 pipes or 4-pipes
systems

33. Air-Water systems – Induction units
• Induction units are externally similar to fan-coil
units but internally different.
• An induction unit induces the air flow in a room
through cabinet by using high-velocity airflow
from a central air handling unit, which replaces
the forced convection of the fan in the fan-coil by
the induction or buoyancy effect of the induction
unit.
• This can be performed as mixing the primary air
from the central unit and the secondary air from
the room to produce a suitable and conditioned
air into the room/zone.

34. Outline
1. Role of BMS in managing the different sub-systems
– HVAC system (also cooling, humidity, gas, etc.)
– Lighting system
– Security system
– Air quality monitoring system
– Water systems
– etc.
2. Communicationand interface protocolsfor BMS

35. Communication and interface protocols used in
legacy BMS
• Communication protocol mostly used for BMS application are BACnet
(Building Automation Controller network), LONtalk (Local Operating Network),
Modbus.

36. BA integration of different protocols
• Over the last few decades, incompatibilities and limited opportunities for the integration of BA
systems among products of different vendors have frustrated real estate developers, building owners
and operators, consultants and system integrators.
• Although great progress has been made on the interoperability of BA systems, the compatibility
problem is still one of the major headaches troubling professionals today.
• In a typical BAS, usually different communication protocols are employed, even among the products
of one company. A popular way to integrate the products of various protocols has been to employ a
gateway, which has the role of converting a protocol to another protocol, mapping data points from
one protocol to another protocol.

37. Some standard communication protocols for BA
• PROFIBUS (PROcess Fieldbus) is a widely accepted open automation and field network standard,
which is supported by an industry supplying a wide range of equipment, tools and support.
• PROFIBUS was introduced in 1989 as a German standard, DIN 19245, later adopted as International
Standard EN 50170. The PROFIBUS standard is now incorporated into IEC 61158, the international
fieldbus standard.
• The PROFIBUS family consists of three compatible versions offering very high integrity and a
capability appropriate to the need, including:
– PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Periphery)
– PROFIBUS FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification)
– PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation)

38. Some standard communication protocols for BA
• The European InstallationBus (EIB) is a fieldbus designed to enhance electrical installations in
homes and buildings of all sizes by separating the transmission of control information from the
traditional main wiring.
• EIB is based on an open specification maintained until recently by the EIB Association(EIBA). The key
parts of it were included in CEN1998 and EIA1999. In2002, EIB was merged with Batibus and
European Home System (EHS). The target of this merger was to create a single European Home and
Building Electronic System standard.
• The new KNX standard (Konnex2004)seeks to combine their best aspects.
• EIB/KNX already provided the choice of dedicated twisted- pair cabling and power line transmission
as well as a simple form of IP tunnelling.

39. Some standard communication protocols for BA
• The main EIB/KNX medium is the twisted- pair cabling variant now known as KNX
TP1. The single twisted pair carries the signal as well as 29 V DC to power devices
with up to 50 mW from Class 2 (Safety Extra Low Voltage) power supply. Data is
transmitted using a balanced base band signal with 9,600 bps.
• KNX RF uses a sub- band in the 868 MHz frequency band reserved for short- range
devices by European regulatory bodies which is limited by a duty cycle requirement
of less than 1 percent.

40. Electrical Installations of the Intelligent Buildings

41. KNX and the Internet of Things
• Internet of things is a buzzwordin the world of information technology.
Everyday objects become intelligent and communicate via the internet.
This also means that the possibilities for home and building automation
are increasing.
• An office where many different objects are connected with each other
is no longer a dream but has become reality.
• With KNX IoT solution the aim is to reduce the knowledge required and
open the current KNX ecosystem to non-KNX IT specialists through ‘out-
of-the-box’ operation, while still allowing advanced configuration and
adaption by specialists.
• Leveraging standards ensures that the value of KNX products is
increased and long-term support can be guaranteed in a constantly
changing IoT world. KNX has the advantage of a large KNX install base,
which allows drawing on a wealth of experience that will help
successfully extending the KNX integration into the Internet of Things.
• The KNX IoT solution is defined in partnership with key KNX
manufacturers and standardisationbodies (like Fairhair and the Thread
group).

42. BACnet
• BACnet - A Data CommunicationProtocol for Building Automation and Control Networks.
• Developed under the auspices of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
• BACnet is an American national standard, a European standard, a national standardin more
than 30 countries, and an ISO global standard.
• The protocol is supported and maintained by ASHRAEStanding Standard Project Committee
135 whose members have created and provided the content for this Website.

43. BACnet
• BACnet has been under active development since June of 1987 when the first meeting of
Standard Project Committee 135P (SPC 135P) took place at the ASHRAE Annual Meeting in
Nashville, Tennessee.
• The "P" in "135P" meant that the standardwas in the process of being "proposed.“
• Finally, in 1995, ANSI/ASHRAEStandard 135 was published and BACnet was officially born!
• In 2003, BACnetachieved the status of an International Organizationfor Standardization
standard (ISO 16484-5).
• The same year, BACnet's companion standard, ANSI/ASHRAEStandard 135.1 and BACnet
protocol published internationally as ISO 16484-6.

44. BACnet
• BACnet devices physically resemble other standard control devices.
• BACnet is simply a set of rules for communicating between building automationdevices, the
microprocessors of these devices are programmed so they will understand the same language
and conform to BACnet requirements.
• The physical nature of the device itself remains unchanged.
• Buildings of all sizes are capable of being controlled by BACnet systems.
• BACnet control systems maybe simple, with very few devices, or they may be very complex.
• The BACnet standard is open-ended yet has stringent criteria for device interoperation.
• Thus, BACnet is robust enough for large, complex facilities, yet economically viable for small
buildings.

45. LonTalk
• LonTalk protocol is designed for communicationin control networks.
• These networks use short messages (few bytes) for communication,multiple
communicationmedia, low bandwidth, multivendor equipment.
• The support cost for this kind of networks is low.
• Originally developed by Echelon Corporation for networking devices.
• It is popular for the automation of various functions in industrial
control, home automation, transportation, and buildings systems such
as lighting and HVAC;
• The protocol has now been adopted as an open international control
networking standard in the ISO/IEC 14908 family of standards.

46. Modbus
• MODBUS© Protocol is a messaging structure, widely used to establish master-
slave communicationbetween intelligent devices.
• A MODBUS message sent from a master to a slave contains the address of the
slave, the 'command' (e.g. 'read register' or 'write register'), the data, and a
check sum (LRC or CRC).
• Since Modbus protocol is just a messaging structure, it is independent of the
underlying physical layer.
• It is traditionally implemented using RS232, RS422, or RS485
• It is a widely accepted protocol due to its ease of use and reliability.
• Modbus RTU is widely used within Building Management Systems (BMS) and
Industrial Automation Systems (IAS).

47. Modbus
• Wide acceptance is due in large part to MODBUS RTU’s ease of use.
• MODBUS RTU messages are a simple 16-bit CRC (Cyclic-Redundant Checksum).
• The simplicity of these messages is to ensure reliability. Due to this simplicity, the
basic 16-bit MODBUS RTU register structure can be used to pack in floating point,
tables, ASCII text, queues, and other unrelated data.
• MODBUS is considered an application layer messaging protocol, providing
Master/Slave communication between devices connected together through buses or
networks.
• On the OSI model, MODBUS is positioned at level 7.
• MODBUS is intended to be a request/reply protocol and delivers services specified by
function codes. The function codes of MODBUS are elements of MODBUS’
request/reply PDUs (Protocol Data Unit).

48. Disclaimer
For further information, relatedto the VET4SBO project, please visit the project’swebsite at https://smart-building-
operator.euor visit us at https://www.facebook.com/Vet4sbo.
Downloadour mobile app at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vet4sbo.mobile.
This project (2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411) has been funded with support from the European Commission (Erasmus+
Programme). Thispublicationreflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible
for any use which may be made of the informationcontainedtherein.