Notes On Acids And Bases Essay

Notes On Acids And Bases Essay
Regina Preis (201640153)
Aleksandra Ziembinska (201646248)
Craig Bamford (201513488)
Sofia Sonia Chrysochoou (201647422)
CL218 Laboratory 4: Acids and Bases
Introduction
Concrete is a unique and extensive conducive construction material by virtue of its excellent
compressive strength.
Structures and structural elements made of concrete must therefore also be able to withstand
chemically attacking substances, which are constantly acting on them because this affects the
concrete strength.
This laboratory examines the effects of acids and bases on the strength of the concrete.
Methodology
Six concrete blocks with the curing of 28 days were used to study the effects of acids and bases.
Three blocks consist of sand and cement (Mortar mix) and the other three consist of sand, cement
and aggregate (Pea gravel mix).
Using the callipers the dimensions of the concrete blocks were measured. Using the balance the
masses of the concrete blocks and photos values were determined.
The cement specimens were examined under microscope
All concrete blocks were placed in separate plastic bags .The sufficient sulphuric acid solution was
added to the bags with 2 specimens (mortar mix and pea gravel).The sufficient sodium hydroxide
solution was added to the other bags with 2specimens (mortar mix and pea gravel) and water was
added to the bags with final 2 mortar mix and pea gravel specimens.
All plastic bags were sealed and the mass of each block has been determined again, so that the
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U.s. Military Bases Economic Benefits Essay
Despite the numerous amounts of struggles Okinawa has to face with the presence of U.S. military
bases, there are some benefits for Okinawa. First of all, the U.S. military bases bring economic
benefits to Okinawa. After large portions of Okinawa 's land was taken by the U.S. military, the
agricultural industry in Okinawa, which was the main industry in Okinawa, suffered
catastrophically. In response, the U.S. military increased the pay for the local workers they hire and
urged the Okinawans in the agricultural industries to come work for the U.S. military.
Approximately 70,000 local workers were hired by the U.S. military at most in the 1960s. In 2014,
the U.S. military base employs about 8,600 people from Okinawa and is considered as the second
largest employer in Okinawa, which is right below the Okinawan Prefectural government. (The
United States Marine Corps) The population of Okinawa in 2014 was approximately 1,400,000,
excluding the U.S. service men and their family members. (Okinawa Prefecture Planning
Department Statistics Division) Though the number of Okinawan workers hired to work in the
military has decreased to less than one percent of the population, there are several benefits for the
workers. For example, the economic fluctuation does not have a large impact on their job because as
long as the military bases are present, the demand for workers will not disappear. Some of the work
contents for Okinawans hired to work on base are selling resources

Acid-Base Titration Lab
Authors: Quentin McCorvey, Scott McCartney, Craig Mathews, and Ross Mather. T.A. Maia
Popova, Professor Yasmin Jessa. 144 Section C. October 15, 2014.
Abstract:
While the goal of this lab was mainly to be able to perform an acid–base titration. Complete a
traditional titration and then and a pH electrode titration. Calculate the molarity of citric acid from
the titration volume of NaOH. Calculations should be fairly close in average and the ending point
should coincide with the equivalence point. All while effectively being able to compare and contrast
the two methods to detect the endpoints of an acid–base titration.
Introduction:
The goal of this lab is to understand the difference between polyprotic and monoprotic acids and to
be able to understand and perform an acid–base titration.
Method:
Traditional Titration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After recording the volume of the NaOH. Obtain the 7–UP in an Erlenmeyer flask at about 40.0 mL
also containing 60.0 mL of water and 5 drops of indicator drops. After each trial repeat these steps.
Add the NaOH solution to the flask in 2 mL increments until a faint pink color appears and remains.
This is the endpoint of the titration. The titrant volume is the initial volume subtracted from the final
volume. After this is completed subtract 4 mL from the titrant volume and rapidly add that amount
to the new trial. Continue by adding NaOH drop wise into the flask until the faint pink color
persists. This should be done 3 times for a total of 4

The Pros And Cons Of US Military Bases
The Pros and Cons of US military bases overseas
Lee Mueller
Dr. Sooh–Rhee Ryu
POLS 260
16 December 2016
According to Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense James R. Blaker, military bases are
"installations routinely used by military forces" that supply their personnel with the means and
equipment to respond to a threat within the land it occupies (The Editors, 2011). As the world's only
superpower, the US possesses more military bases in foreign countries than any other state in the
entire world. In the year 2015, it was reported that the US had approximately 800 military bases in
more than 70 countries worldwide (Vine, 2015). By projecting power abroad, the US influences
transnational and global actors in an effort to maintain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To answer this we must look at the stability and political environments that encompass a state
because they play a large role in the ability of other actors to occupy land that it controls. For this
reason, the US should only associate with countries that follow their same beliefs. The US must be
cautious as to what countries that they decide to ally themselves with in order to analyze potential
political outcomes (Lostumbo, Michael J., McNerney, Michael J., Peltz, Eric, 2013). Factors that
can play a role can include a countries economic growth, annual GDP, or if there is ethnic conflict
within the territory. If analyzed in an efficient way, the argument can be made to allow for the
structuring and development of overseas bases in underdeveloped and/or developed

Bases And Bases Of Hinduism
The word Hindu according to Kumar came from the combination of the first letter of the Himalayan
mountain and Bindu Sarov ara and the last compound letter of the word Bindu.
Overview:
Hinduism is considered as the world's third largest religion, it contains thousands of different sects
and groups evolving in India since 1500 BCE because of their Indian traditions, beliefs, tolerant
philosophies and weird point views. By Cristian Violatti: "the Hindu insight claims that the Oneness
expresses itself in many different forms". Hinduism is the dominant religion in India and nearby
countries like Nepal and Sri Lanka...It's not a religion as the word it seems but a socio–religious
body shape of Indian society with its specific meanings and reflects.
Why it's a heterogeneous religion? Because of the vast variety of languages, lifestyles, dialects and
especially rich geography.
Its manifestations collaborate in exercises such as natural childlike, stories, legends and Yoga that
we know today. Hinduism is the most spreader religion, but not the only in India so there are
different ones among regions and villages and individuals.
Bases of Hinduism:
Foundations and establishments of Hinduism can be found in the teachings of ancient sages or
rishis, it is also associated with other Indian Religions Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
Throughout history, Hinduism has been many key teachings and figures by different philosophies
and written holy books.
As previously, Hinduism is not a word we

Acid Base Balance Case Study
Maintenance of acid and based balance in the body is essential for normal function of biological
processes, mainly because of the dependence of pH level for enzyme function. The body
concentration of acids and bases is controlled so that the pH of extracellular body fluids is
maintained within the range of 7.35 to 7.45. The body maintain this balance by a mechanism that
generate buffer and eliminate acids and bases. A base is an ion or molecule that can accept or
combine with a hydrogen ion and an acid is a molecule that can release a hydrogen. (Grossman,
Port, 2014). Acids and bases exist as a buffer system. For example, a mixture of a weak acid can
reversibly become base or a mixture of a weak base can reversibly become acid. There are two type
of acid–base imbalance; metabolic and respiratory.
Metabolic imbalance is a disorder that produce an alteration in the plasma bicarbonate concentration
from the addition to or the loss from the extracellular fluid of nonvolatile acid or alkali. A reduction
in pH because of a decrease in bicarbonate is called metabolic alkalosis. Respiratory imbalance
involves an alteration in partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to an increase or decrease in alveolar
ventilation. Respiratory acidosis is the result of a decrease in pH, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One hot afternoon in a small market community, she grabbed some fruit juice from a street vendor.
Several hours later, she developed abdominal cramping and diarrhea. The diarrhea became so severe
that she missed three days of the tour and stayed in her hotel room. By the end of her illness, she felt
weak and tired. Her head ached, but the mild fever had disappeared, and she was able to join her
new friends for the rest of the tour. Based on the information collected, and the symptoms displayed,
Shauna is experiencing metabolic

Career Episode : India Bsc ( Base Station Controller )...
CAREER EPISODE – 1
MTNL India BSC (Base Station Controller) traffic migration
CE 1.1 Introduction:–
Duration : Jan 2008 – June 2008
Geographic Location : Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
Position Held : Engineering Student (College project)
In final year of my bachelor's degree I got the opportunity to work with MTNL (Indian
Government's owned telecom company) on BSC (Base Station Controller) migration as part of
training and project. The migration involved both the circuit switched as well as packet switched
part.
MTNL was set up by the Government of India to upgrade the quality of telecom services, expand
the telecom network, and introduce new services and to raise revenue for telecom development
needs of Indias key metros with services ranging from 2G, 3G, LTE to high speed broadband
services.
CE 1.2 Background and Nature of the Work:
CE 1.2.1 Introduction:
As a telecommunication engineering student I studied and came to know that there are two basic
technologies in mobile phones on which our wireless network is based on. These are: CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access ) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services.
My project of migrating call traffic of BSC was based on GSM technology. After getting familiar
with the

Acid-Base Imbalance
Acid–Base Imbalance
Janet J Memoli
Grand Canyon University NUR 641E
September 30, 2015
Acid– Base Imbalance One of the basic concepts that new nurses need to learn is that homeostasis in
the body is maintained by the acid base balance in the body. That concept is critical when looking at
arterial blood gases. This can help guide the nurse to anticipate what the doctor will order and the
education that she needs to give the patient and the family. This case study should help to illustrate
the point.
Case Study The case study that was given to us is a 22 year old woman who reports being "sick with
the flu" She has been vomiting and having difficulty keeping food and drink down. In addition she
has been taking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High pH is alkalosis, low pH is acidosis.. Next you look at carbon dioxide and bicarbonate.
Bicarbonate will go the same way as pH. So if the pH is high then the bicarbonate will be up, if the
pH is low then the bicarbonate will be low. Carbon dioxide is the opposite. If the pH is high then the
carbon dioxide is low, if the ph is low then the carbon dioxide is high ( Fournier, 2011). The possible
causes of this acid base imbalance are the vomiting and the overuse of antacids. As the name implies
it is bicarbonate which has been added to the body. The vomiting reduces the extracellular fluid and
this in turn leads to a release of angiotensin and aldersterone. This release then increases the
bicarbonate absorption and increased hydrogen ion and potassium excreted. This patient may also
have hypokalemia which is very common in metabolic alkalosis and would need to be replaced if it
occurred ( Thomas, 2015). The respiratory rate would also slow to try and compensate for the
alkalosis. The treatment for this patient is to replace the fluid which should stop the release of
angiotensin and aldersterone. This should be accomplished with normal saline. If there is
hypokalemia you would need to supplement with potassium. A proton pump inhibitor would also
need to be used like prilosec to prevent further losses in hydrogen ions. If she was on any diuretics
they need to be discontinued and if renal failure is

Acid-Base Titration Lab Report
Beau Renegar
May 3rd, 2017
Acid–Base Titration Lab Report
The purpose of this lab was to determine the molarity of a sulfuric acid solution. The materials used
include a buret, a pipet, two 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, water, phenophthalein, potassium
hydroxide, and sulfuric acid. Safety concerns included working with potentially dangerous
substances like sulfuric acid.
Procedure and Observations
Procedure
Data and Observations
1. Pipet 10.00 mL of the sulfuric acid solution into each of the 250–mL Erlenmeyer flasks
10.00 mL solution measured into the flasks
2. Add some water to the sulfuric acid solution to see amount in flask
Amount of water does not matter because it does not affect the moles of sulfuric acid
3. Add several drops of phenolphthalein ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We started with a 10.00 mL of sulfuric acid solution that was pipetted into an Erlenmeyer flask. The
volume and concentration of the base must be known so that we know three of the four
volumes/concentrations. The base concentration was given and the volume was obtained during the
experiment. The titration resulted in the two flasks having the desired pale pink color. The volume
of the base was obtained using the buret. After titration with KOH, the results of the two titrations
are the molarities 0.01357 M and 0.01235

Explain Why The Ions That Are Responsible For A Strong Base
The ions that are responsible for making a solution of a base or an acid is H+ or a proton. The pH
scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. On the pH scale there are numbers that indicate
how strong or weak the acid or the base is. On the pH scale the numbers range from 0–14. 0 – 2
stands for a strong acidic, 3 – 5 for a weak acidic, 6 – 8 means the solution is neutral, 9 – 11 for a
weak base, and 12 – 14 for a strong base. There are three theories that are used to define a base and
an acid. The first theory is the " The Arrhenius Theory " this theory says an acid produces hydrogen
ions, H+ in water solution and a base produces hydroxide ions, OH− in water solution. The second
theory is " The Bronsted – Lowry Theory ". This

Persuasive Speech : Base Jumping
You stand there as nervous as you have ever been. You take a deep breath, looking down at how
high up you are, but you know in only a matter of seconds you will be on the ground, and this will
all seem silly. Holding your breath in nervousness, you jump without even thinking about how
stupid you are for making this decision. Or was it a good decision? WAIT, there is no time to think.
All you are focused on is inflating this canopy before you splat on the ground. There is a whole
community of people who do this as a sport. It is called BASE jumping. Just make sure you know
what you are doing before you jump. You will have very little time to react while you are plunging
towards the ground. Think to yourself, is this a good decision?
What is BASE jumping? BASE jumping is jumping off heights with very little equipment. When
people BASE jump, they are launching without a previously inflated canopy, which makes it very
dangerous. Everything that is immobile, and or vertical, can be, or is considered BASE jumpable.
You jump, and you only have a matter of seconds before you can inflate the canopy, and land safely.
It can be considered even more dangerous than parachuting. Lots of people are experts at BASE
jumping, and would recommend trying it. BASE jumping is it's own sport. In July 1980, officials
and permits were first issued by the National Parks. Now, people enjoy it as it's own sport, and it is
very different than all of the others. It is actually more popular

Notes On A Macro Porous Strong Base Anion Exchange Resin...
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.2 DOWEX TAN 1
DOWEX TAN 1 is a macro porous strong base anion exchange resin with quaternary amine
functionally designed for the removal of large natural organic compounds (NOM) from drinking
water to reduce color and THM precursors. The resin was obtained from DOW chemicals. The
resins are opaque white beads with particle size ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 mm and total exchange
capacity is greater than 0.7meq/ml.
3.1.2 IRA–67
Weak base anion exchanger IRA67 was obtained from (company name)...............................
...............................................................................................................
3.1.3 Chemicals, Glass wares and Plastic wares
Table .... Contains lists out some silent details of chemicals, reagents and other materials used in for
the study.
Table .... Different chemicals, reagents, glass wares and plastic wares used in study
S.No. Chemical/Reagent/Glassware/Plasticware Sources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.1.4 Instruments used: The following instruments are used for the studies.
3.1.4.1 Spectrophotometer: A double beam UV–Visible/NIR spectrophotometer modal DR–5000
from Hach (USA) was used for determination of phosphate in aqueous samples estimation.
3.1.4.2 Deionized water unit: De–ionized water used in the study was obtained from MilliQ Water
Purification System (Elix 3 UV Water Purification System, Millipore) was used for distilled water.
3.1.4.3 Shaker: A Platform shaker from Sara Instruments (Roorkee) was used in the study in order to
create turbulence and also to achieve

A Memo to the President from a Military Base
This is a memo is in response the recent events at the San Onofre nuclear facility and the military's
capabilities in the region and potential responses to the problem. In the tri state area California,
Nevada, Arizona. We have 29 military bases with several others in the surrounding states (Colorado,
New Mexico and Oregon). This disaster is, depending on the wind, a serious threat to at least:
southern California, central Arizona and northern Mexico. However we have reason to believe that
this could affect southern Nevada and central California as well. It is for tis reason that our first and
foremost priority should be evacuation and containment of contamination. For this task all four
military branches and the coast guard are equipped and willing to asset in these two tasks; however
some of the military bases in the region must be evacuated first so that they may return to help in the
evacuation. This evacuation of military personal would also allow for military bases to be used as
evacuation centers for a more smooth, coordinated and centralized evacuation. Mr. President, the
military is at your complete disposal and is prepared to do what is necessary to help in the
evacuation process. While we (the military) have 29 bases in the region several of our largest bases
are in close proximity to the blast and could be/ are in habitable and inoperable. Camp/ Marine Air
station Pendleton are both in such a close proximity that it is in operable, inhabitable, and for all

Extended Response Task: Acid And Bases
Extended Response Task– Acid and Bases
Introduction:
A buffer solution is a solution (consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a
weak base and its conjugate acid), which minimises changes in pH when small quantities of acids or
bases are added to it. In a way, it is used to consistently moderate the pH of a solution, and is
measured using the Acid Dissociation Constant.
General Formula:
HA⇋H^++A^–
NaA⇋N^++A^–
Where HA is a weak acid, N+ is a salt, and A– is a weak base.
Example of a basic buffer: 1.0 M of NH3 solution.
N〖H_3〗_((aq) )+H_2 O_((l) )⇌N〖H_4^+〗_((aq))+OH_((aq))^–
If enough NH4Cl is added to the solution for [NH4+] to reach 1.0 M, according to Le Chatelier's
Principle (that if a constraint is applied to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift so as to
tend to counteract the effect of the constraint), the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the blood reaches tissue where [O2] is low, the equilibrium shifts to the left per Le Chatelier's
principle, releasing O2.
If the [H+] is too high, the equilibrium cannot shift right enough in the lungs and cannot form
enough oxyhemoglobin. This condition is called acidosis, which causes headaches and fatigue from
the depletion of oxygen to the cells.
Acidosis can occur temporarily during exercise as the demand for energy exceeds the supply of
available oxygen to complete the oxidation of glucose to CO2. The glucose is converted to the
acidic metabolism product lactic acid.
As the tissues become starved for oxygen, lactic acid is produced to decrease the pH. This decrease
shifts the equilibrium to the left, delivering more O2 to the tissues. Moreover, it stimulates an
increase in breathing rate, eliminating CO2 whilst furnishing O2.
The Hb buffer system is effective in this scenario because it successfully delivered O2 to the tissues,
as depletion of oxygen in tissues make further activity impossible.

Acid Base Balance Research Paper
Acid–base balance in the body is important to maintain our normal functions. The regulation of
hydrogen ions is essential for the body to perform normally and to achieve homeostasis. Our bodies
maintain a pH level between a small margin of 7.35 to 7.45. If the pH level becomes too low, the
body goes into a state called acidosis. On the contrary, if it elevates too far, the body enters into a
state called alkalosis.
Acidosis is caused by an overproduction of acid in the blood, an excessive loss of bicarbonate from
the blood, or by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. Acidosis is categorized into two separate
categories; Metabolic acidosis and Respiratory acidosis. As the pH in the blood lowers, the body
starts to react to the drop. Respirations can become faster and deeper to try and release carbon
dioxide which is slightly acidic, and the kidneys will excrete more acid into the urine. If the body
cannot compensate for the drop in pH, it can enter into a coma.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just as in acidosis, the two types of alkalosis are metabolic and respiratory. When the pH becomes
too high due to too much base in the blood, the body can start to have uncontrolled skeletal muscle
contractions.
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when the body gains too much base or loses too much acid. Some causes
of this would be vomiting for long periods of time where stomach acid is lost or too much fluid and
electrolytes such as sodium or potassium is lost. Ingestion of large amounts of a base can also cause
alkalosis. An overactive adrenal gland and the use of diuretics are also a major cause of metabolic
alkalosis. Treatment of metabolic alkalosis includes the replacement water and electrolyte loss and
treating the underlying issue of alkalosis. Diluted acid can also be given for alkalotic

The purpose of this lab is to determine a weak acid and its acid dissociation constant (Ka) through a
process of an acid–base titration. A sample of the unknown weak acid was made into a 100 mL
solution, where 20 mL was take out for titration; phenolphthalein was added in as the indicator.
NaOH, as the titrant, is dripped into the weak acid solution until a slight change in coloration (from
clear to pink) was noted. At this point in time, the titrated solution is diluted with 20 mL more of the
weak acid; the pH is then measured by a pH probe. This process was done a second time for
comparative accuracy. Throughout this lab, there were a few concepts that were used and applied.
This experiment revolved around a titration: the addition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The solid given probably was not a pure Hydrogen sulfite ion based compound, therefore bringing
to question the possibility of other compounds inadvertently reacting in the titration. When the acid
was dissolved, some of the impurities might have followed suit and dissipated. If that were so, the
impurities could also take effect on the reaction when the titrant, NaOH, was introduced to the
solution. If the impurity was acidic in nature, it would require the solution to take in more titrant
than necessary for a indicator color change. This would also make the pH (and concurrently the
pKa) at midpoint slightly lower than actuality. Because there is a greater presence of acid, the pH
would be lower, and a lower pH, would mean a lower pKa. Consequently, the acid dissociation
constant would be larger than the accurate value. If the impurity was basic in nature, it would cause
the inverse: it would take less NaOH to titrate the solution until the indicator changes color. A more
basic solution would also make the pH of the solution at midpoint, slightly larger than the needed
value. Ergo, the Ka value would be smaller than that of HSO3–. Another lab error would be from the
usage of phenolphthalein: the indicator's color change is not an instant occurrence. As a result, one
would stop the release of the titrant a little bit of time after the reaction has reached the equivalence
point. This, in turn would mean an

Acid Base Titration Lab
What is the Concentration of Acetic Acid in Each Sample of Vinegar? Throughout this Acid–base
titration and neutralization reaction lab, the goal was to determine the concentration of acetic acid
within three given samples of vinegar. This titration is based on the argument that acids and bases
neutralize each other when they are mixed together using an exact stoichiometric ratio. During this
investigation we determined the concentration by performing an acid–base titration with the use of
an universoul indicator. We also verified the data using a stoichiometric ratio and other molar
equations. We completed the lab in this way in order to receive the most accurate results we could,
despite experimental errors. In sample A of vinegar, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In sample A, the concentration of acetic acid was: 11.2 moles. In sample B, the concentration of
acetic acid was: .432 moles. In sample C, the concentration of acetic acid was: .8064 moles. In order
to determine these values we had to record data on the amount of titrant we added to the burette and
then had to average these amounts after completing 3 trails. For example, in sample A, Trial 1, we
first filled the burette to 1, after this amount ran out, we stopped the flow of the titrant, and filled the
burette up to 37. When this still wasn't enough, we had to add more titrant, filling it up to 38. To
determine the final amount of titrant used in this first trial, we subtracted these values from one
another. After doing this, we added that amount, as well as the final amounts from the following two
trials in order to determine the average amount of titrant added. In sample B, trial 1, we started the
burette at 22.5 and ended at 50. We did not have to add extra titrant to the burette before the change
in color occurred. From this data, we then determined the change in the amount of titrant from the
beginning point to the end point. Then after retrieving the data from the next two trails, we were
able to average the amount of titrant used for sample B. In sample C, we started off with the the
amount of titrant at 23, and ending at 39. We also did not

Acid-Base Lab
"Acid/Base" lab's purpose was to introduce extractions of one of the four neutral organic compounds
(4–chlorobenzophene, biphenyl, trans–stilbene, and trans–chalcone). We then were asked to test the
solubility of our selected neutral compound with hexane, water, methanol, and ethyl acetate to find
the solvent that only dissolved the neutral compound while introduced to heat. Once the solvent was
chosen, we purified the compound by recrystallization, and then concluded that my neutral organic
compound was trans–stilbene.
₪ Introduction ₪ It's essential for any chemist to grasp acid/base chemistry. It's a method of
purification, once the experiment is completed. However, it's the groundwork of pKa values, which
helps identify the acid, conjugate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also another factor is finding a solvent at which ones compound dissolves in when heat is
introduced and insoluble at room temperature, but it should also crystalize when introduced to cold
temperatures. My compound had the melting point of trans–stilbene at 121–123°C which, was just
lower than the PubChem recorded melting temperature of 122–125°C. Concluded that my neutral
organic compound was trans–stilbene because of the mixed melting points similarity. If the
experiment were repeated it would be important to possibly have students use pipets or some
measured method to rinse their product during recrystallization so that mistakes such as over rinsing
occur less and are more precise. Also another improvement that could be made is to perform more
tests to the acid that had been a nucleophile to better identify its transformation. Other wise the lab
that was performed was parallel to that of work in the extraction of medicines and other compounds
that are marketed as pure at a less grand scale, but demonstrated the importance of acid/base
chemistry.
Supplemental

Gotthard Base Tunnel Advantages And Disadvantages
The Gotthard base tunnel is the longest rail tunnel in the world with a length of 57.09 km. It is the
largest tunnel that is part of a larger project called the NRLA (New Railway Link through the Alps).
The scale of this project meant there would also be an enormous price tag, which was approximately
11.34 billion euro (CHF 12.2 billion) upon completion. The scale and price of such a project meant
it needed many reasons to be justifiable and beneficial to the Swiss economy.
Several issues arose both before the project had begun and also throughout its undertaking. These
issues were however solved in a typically Swiss fashion; precisely, efficiently and effectively. The
issues that were encountered on this project ranged from the geology of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These benefits include reducing road crashes and air pollution to having another gateway that could
link northern and southern Europe together. The benefits of this project are as follows:
The project has a positive impact on the environment as it aims to reduce road traffic, involving
trucks that pass through Switzerland. The construction of the tunnel will shift the bulk of transport
from trucks to trains. There are many benefits to reducing the amount of traffic passing through the
country. Firstly, roads will not have to be expanded which means both money and resources can be
used on other projects that could benefit the environment, this will also help to reduce the amount of
traffic. Also, by reducing the amount of traffic, which currently consists of over 2000 trucks passing
through the Gotthard road tunnel daily (one million trucks per year), emissions will be reduced,
thereby protecting and preserving the delicate alpine flora and fauna. Another added benefit that is
not immediately obvious is that due to traffic being reduced, road accidents involving trucks will

With Reference to Acid-Base Balance Explore the Role of...
School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies.
With reference to acid–base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood
pH?
'We live and die at the cellular level' (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular
function. Acid–base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between
the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William,
Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+.
Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the
lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis
Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis CO2
CO2
H+
H+
pH pH Normal blood pH (7.35–7.45)
Normal blood pH (7.35–7.45)
Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre
Breathing becomes slower and shallower
Breathing becomes slower and shallower
Breathing becomes deeper and faster
Breathing becomes deeper and faster
pH pH H+
H+
CO2
CO2
Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis

Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis
Fig.2: Respiratory regulation of blood pH.
Simple act of breathing also regulates blood's pH.. When the ventilation rate increases, more CO2
will be excreted, leading to decreased H+ concentration and raise in pH. Contrarily, when the
ventilation rate decreases, less carbon dioxide will get excreted, leading to its accumulation,
therefore increase in H+ and decrease in blood's pH (Tortora, Derrickson, 2009, p.1002).
As we can see, lungs and brain control blood's pH minute by minute.
When the respiratory system fails to control the pH of the blood through ventilation it can lead to
respiratory acidosis or alkalosis.
Respiratory acidosis is an excess of carbonic acid that is caused by conditions resulting in
hypoventilation and CO2 retention. The major effect of acidosis

Titration Of A Concentration And The Acid Base Titration
Summary
The purpose of this experiment was to find the molarity of a concentration and the acid–base
titration. In part A of this experiment, the molarity of an assigned concentration which was 0.040,
was found using formulas that represent molarity. Part B of this experiment, which was titration of
an acid and base, was found by a series of steps that involved dropping Sodium Hydroxide from a
buret into vinegar, until the perfect shade of pale pink occurred. With the Phenolphthalein, too much
acid causes the base to turn a dark pink. The molarity was then found of the titration. So the end
results will determine M HCH3O2.
Introduction A solution is a homogenous mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes. The
substance that dissolves in the solute is the solvent, and the solute is what gets dissolved. Solutions
can vary in concentration in great ratio differences. It is very important to be able to correctly
prepare solutions. There is always a proper amount of solution to be made to have a desired amount
of produced. So in the medical world, too much solute will most likely have harmful effects like
overdosing and too little could result in ineffective treatment. Also the money spent on solutions
could also be another reason for correct preparation of solutions, because the success of the drug has
an effect on future sales and profit. Solutions that are dilute, are weak, and solutions that are
concentrated are strong. A precise means of describing concentration is 1.

Acid Base Titration Lab Report
Acid Base Titrations
Najib Chowdhury CHM1311–C03 Yayha Albkuri
Introduction:
Acids and Bases
The experiment involves with the investigation of the unknown solutions used and the determination
of their concentrations. The techniques and their expected outcomes are elaborated further in detail
in the following report. For the most part, Arrhenius's definition of an acid and base is employed in
this experiment as it is sufficient for this case. Acid can be represented visually using this equation:
〖HNO〗_3 (aq)⟺ H^(+ ) (aq)+ 〖〖NO〗_3〗^– (aq)
As per Arrhenius's definition, HNO3 donates its H+. Likewise, the base has the same underlying
design. In this case, NaOH donates a hydroxide ion.
NaOH (aq)⟺〖Na〗^+ (aq)+ 〖OH〗^(– ) (aq)
Concentration
For determining the concentration of an acid, it is imperative that the amount (in moles) of an acid
being used is known that is being mixed with a certain amount of water (in litres). The equation for
concentration is:
Concentration (mol/L)=(amount of acid(mol))/(volume of water (L))
Safety Precautions:
The experiment deals with the use of organic solutions that are corrosive in nature, the use of extra
precautions is strongly advised. It is highly recommended that the magnetic stirrer is not disturbed
during the dissolution of different solution, as

What Do Acids And Bases Of Varying Ph Levels Have On The...
What effect do acids and bases of varying PH levels have on the efficiency of catalase? Catalysts are
an extremely important part of the experiment, but to understand catalyst you first must understand
Activation energy. Activation Energy is "the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate
atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical
transport." (Encyclopedia Britannica, "activation energy | chemistry"). A Catalyst is "is a substance
which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. When the
reaction has finished, you would have exactly the same mass of catalyst as you had at the
beginning." A catalyst provides an "alternate route" for a reaction, one which has lower activation
energy, there for speeding up the reaction by requiring the reaction to need less energy to begin, but
only in specific conditions will they work to their full potential. (Clark, "The effect of catalysts on
rates of reaction") An enzyme is a "catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which
chemical reactions proceed without it being altered in the process". Catalysts work optimally in
certain PHs, and can be altered when in temperatures and PH levels that are different then what they
are used to (http://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme). Acids and bases are both materials that can
inhibit the efficiency of a catalyst in a reaction. Materials can be considered acids or bases
depending on their

La Base de datos denominada Proteínas Multifacéticas
En una extensa revisión de la literatura los científicos desarrolladores de la base de datos lograron
recolectar 288 proteínas que han sido reportadas bajo la clasificación de "moonlight proteins"; con
las cuales desarrollaron la base de datos conocida como Multitasking Proteins DataBase o
Moonlighting Proteins DataBase. Esta base de datos se puede acceder por medio de la dirección
http://wallace.uab.es/multitask/ (Hernández, 2013).
En general la base de datos provee información sobre las funciones que realiza cada una de las
proteínas "moonlight" disponibles en la base de datos junto con su NCBI y UniProt "accesion
number", el estado oligomerico y monomerico de la proteína, código PDB y referencias
bibliográficas sobre las funciones designadas a cada proteína. Dentro de las características de la base
de datos hay que mencionar que los desarrolladores nombraron como función canónica a la primera
función que fue descubierta de la proteína y "moonlight" a la segunda función que haya sido
descubierta de la misma proteína. Multitasking Proteins DataBase posee un formato y diseño
sencillo que facilita la obtención de información sobre las proteínas moonlight disponibles en la
base de datos. El grupo de trabajo que desarrollo la base utilizaron MySQL que es un sistema de
gestión de bases de datos muy rápida y utilizada para la creación de aplicaciones web. Este sistema
se caracteriza en que provee una colección estructurada de tablas que contiene la información que se
desea

Acids And Bases Lab
In the lab experiment called Acids and bases; the lab was design for participant to figure out whether
certain household chemicals are acids or base and what color they can turn in to when being added
to cabbage juice. An acid are a solution that has lose hydrogen ions that usually taste sour. However,
some household solutions are acids such as vinegar and citrus fruit juices. Bases are solution that
pull hydrogen ions out of solution and into themselves and it usually feels slippery. In this
experiment we will be using red cabbage to indicator the change of colors in the solutions. Some
chemicals serve as indicators of how many H+ ions are in a substance. That is, they indicate whether
a chemical is an acid or a base. There is such an indicator in red cabbage. My hypothesis is when I
add vinegar, and lemon juice into the purplish cabbage juice the color will be a pinkish color.
Procedures:
Peel off three or four strips of cabbage leaves and boil then for 10–15 minutes
Pour the purplish cabbage liquid through a strainer to get out small chunks of cabbage. Set aside the
liquid to use for the experiment
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Get some kitchen substances such as; dish soap, baking soda, and lemon juice but it can be whatever
you have at your house.
Grab three glasses that are already fill with cabbage juice
Add three drops of dish soap in the first glass of cabbage juice and stir with a spoon notice that the
color change to blue.
Do the same with the kitchen substances with the two other glasses
Next grab the other three glasses and add three drops of vinegar in the first glass and three drop of
sudsy ammonia and watch what happen to the colors, it should be changing back and forth if not add
some more drops.
Now get paper towel, add soak them in the cabbage juice and set it aside and let it dry. Test some of
the liquid that you created again using the paper.
Result and

Role Of Eglin Air Force Base During World War II
Looking back to World War II, nobody ever thinks about who contributed to the war and how he or
she contributed whether it be money, work, or even his or her own life. Few people in Florida and
even in our local area understand the important role Eglin Air Force Base played during World War
II. The primary mission of the Base during World War II was to perform operational suitability
testing for the Army Air Corps.
Eglin Air Force Base was originally started as Valparaiso Airport in 1933. There was a purchase of
an arrow–head shaped parcel of 137 acres. The area was cleared for use as an airdrome. "On 1
March 1935, application was made for an FERA grant to pave the runways and to build an office, a
barracks 30 x 120, a mess hall and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accelerated aircraft and armament test began in September 1941, three months before Pearl Harbor.
In May 1941, the Army Air Corps designated Eglin as the Air Corps Proving Ground, removing it
from the jurisdiction of the Southeast Air Corps Training Command and placing the base
immediately under the control of the Chief of Air Corps. The primary purpose of the Proving
Ground was to provide a station for tactical test of aircraft armament and accessory equipment and
of aviation tactics and techniques.
Due to increasing size, Eglin Field was renamed Eglin Field Military Reservation in recognition of
its importance to the Air Corps. "Appropriations of $202,536 were announced by Congressman Bob
Sikes of Crestview in mid–April 1941 for construction and installation of water, sewage, electrical
facilities, sidewalks, roads, fences, parking areas, landscaping and for the construction of a sewage
disposal plant. Submitted to the WPA headquarters in Washington, DC in late March, the request
received presidential approval in April. Work continued apace on some projects on a 24 hour a day
basis." In order to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, the
Army Air Corps became the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) in June 1941. Following the 7 Dec.
1941 attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entry into World War II, Eglin became a

Acid Base Status Essay
Discuss how changes in acid–base status of a patient can arise and the mechanisms available in the
body to rectify these.
In the body, blood has many different roles. However, one of its main functions is to maintain the
balance between acidity and alkalinity.
Blood acidity increases when the level of acidic compounds in the body rise, or when the level of
alkaline compounds in the body fall. The bodies balance between acidity and alkalinity is known as
the 'acid–base balance'.
The blood's acid–base balance is precisely controlled because even a minor deviation from the
normal range can severely affect many organs. The body uses different mechanisms to control the
blood's acid–base balance.
Effective management of the acid base balance in patients can be a very challenging task. It relies on
an accurate diagnosis of which disorder is specifically affecting the patient. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Some can be easily reversed, however, some can be fatal.
The release of growth hormone is normal in metabolic acidic adults, though insulin–line growth
factor–1 (IGF–1) is reduced by metabolic acidosis. Alongside this acute acidosis reduces plasma and
tissue levels of IGF–1. Together these irregularities can cause impaired growth in infants and
children. Acidosis can cause the thyroid hormone to be depressed, this could affect the energy
metabolism and cell function in the body. (Davies, Carter and Wells, 2004).
The main consequence of metabolic alkalosis is decreased ventilation, causing in hypoventilation.
Cerebral blood flow is also decreased due to vasoconstriction, this may result in confusion or even
seizures. In hospitalised patient it is mostly occurs due to large doses of penicillin based drugs,
causing severe Hypokalemia.
As with metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis can affect the central nervous system. Resulting in
headaches, confusion, apathy and motor disturbances such as

Lewis Base Research
Description
Everyday, we encounter solutions that can be classified as bases. What exactly is a base? A scientist
named Gilbert N. Lewis came up with the definition of a basic solution, which we now refer to as a
Lewis base, which we will discuss in this lesson.
!!!What Is a Lewis Base?
What makes a solution a base? Bases are solutions that are generally described as bitter and slippery
or slimy feeling. However, how can we tell in an acid–base chemical reaction, which chemical
compound is a base? There are various definitions from different scientists on what a base is. In
1923, a scientist named Gilbert N. Lewis came up with a definition of a base. This definition of a
base is now referred to as a Lewis base.
Gilbert N. Lewis
¬¬A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hydroxide ion acts as a Lewis base.
The anion (negatively charged hydroxide ion) acts as a Lewis base
!!!Lesson Summary
In 1923, Gilbert N. Lewis came up with the definition base, which we now refer to as Lewis base. A
__Lewis base__ is a compound that is an electron pair donor or a nucleophile, which is a substance
that donates electrons. In an acid–base reaction, we can recognize the Lewis base as the compound
that donates its nonbonding electrons.
Lewis bases are typically compounds that contain nonbonding pairs. Phosphine (PH3), organic
compounds containing phosphorus (P), amines and anions act as Lewis bases because nonbonding
pairs are present in these compounds. These nonbonding pairs of electrons are then donated in an
acid–base chemical reaction.
Pictures

G.N. Lewis Picture http://www.quotessays.com/images150_/gilbert–newton–lewis–1.jpg References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis

Acid Base Balance
Acid–Base Balance
Kelly Heffron
Grand Canyon University NUR–614
September 16, 2015
Acid–Base Balance
The acid base balance is a homeostatic process that aides the body in maintaining a pH in the arterial
blood between 7.35–7.45 (Patient, 2015). The body works together through multi–systems to ensure
that acidity or alkalinity never take over within the blood. The purpose of the following paper is
define the classification of the acid–base balance, define the factors from the case study, explain the
pathophysiology, describe the compensatory mechanisms, pharmacological interventions, and the
educational needs of patients with an imbalance.
Classification
In the following case study, the patient presents with metabolic alkalosis. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another major factor that the patient did was self–prescribe antacids for the stomach issues (Grand
Canyon University, 2015). Metabolic alkalosis occurs from excessive intake of antacids. Antacids
are calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate (Human Touch of Chemistry,
2015). With the vomiting and loss of gastric secretions, HCO3 began to build–up in the body. For
the stomach upset, the patient began to add more HCO3 formularies to the stomach, which increased
the levels of HCO3 in the body.
Pathophysiology
There are different ways that metabolic alkalosis can occur. Generally, the imbalance occurs from a
loss of hydrogen ions, a shift of hydrogen ions into the intracellular space, and administration of
antacids (Medscape, 2015). Hydrogen ions are lost from the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract,
which occurs from vomiting and diarrhea. When hydrogen ions are excreted from the body,
bicarbonate ions are added to the intracellular space (Medscape, 2015).
Compensation Mechanism
When homeostasis is disrupted, the body will respond in several ways. Depending upon the
imbalance, the body will work to quickly correct the problem and restore the body to homeostatic
state. There are organ systems involved to correct the issues, like the renal and respiratory systems.
When the body breathes, the lungs blow off carbon dioxide that has built up in the body.
Renal Compensation In the case study, the patient was suffering with

Background And Setting Of An Air Force Base Essay
Comments: Extra stuff is here about the background and setting. For people not familiar with the
setting of an Air Force Base, I've written background and setting descriptions.
Skip to the Observation section if desired.
I was disappointed that my hypothesis did not prove correct. However, by walking through the store
after the observation time some of my hypothesis was vindicated when I found people forming
groups inside the store.
I like to watch group dynamics. The interactions between people draw my eyes' attention. The
human dynamic makes this interesting, but only if they are interacting. As far as my lens goes, if
people aren't interacting, there's nothing happening.
Background. When people agree to defend the United States by putting on a military uniform, they
are commonly referred to as being "in" the military. Many papers have been written about being "in"
the military, but I think the meaning is unique and personal to each member of the armed forces. To
me, after 17 years of being on active duty wearing the Air Force uniform, I am "in" the military just
as a non–military person is "in" society. The military lifestyle is a microcosm of the larger American
way of life. In our ranks we have upstanding citizens, caring parents, honest and hard–working men
and women as our airmen, soldiers, sailors and marines. We have married, single, homosexual and
heterosexual people. We have pedophiles, wife–beaters, thieves and embezzlers. The services draw
from the population of

The purpose of the Acid–Base Titration Lab was to determine the concentration of sodium
hydroxide by titration against a standard solution. A titration is a laboratory method used to
determine the concentration of an acid or a base in a solution by performing a neutralization reaction
with a standard solution. It detects the equivalence point between the acid and base where they
neutralize each other. The materials used in this procedure were HCL solution, water, ring stand,
burette, burette clamp, unknown concentration of NaOH, phenolphthalein, erlenmeyer flask, and
graduated cylinder. To start the procedure, obtain a burette, and rinse the burette with water and
check if the burette is able to release the solution. Next the ring stand must ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Trial two started with 0 mL of NaOH and ended at 17.3 mL. On trial three NaOH started at 0 mL
and it ended at 21.5 mL. The molarity of HCL was 0.1 M and its volume was 20 mL. The average of
sodium hydroxide used was 19 mL. Using the dilution equation, 0.1 M of hydrochloric acid
multiplied by 20 mL of hydrochloric acid is 2. Taking 2 divided by 19 mL of sodium hydroxide
gives 0.105 M as the molarity for NaOH. The calculated unknown molarity of NaOH was 0.105 M.
This compares to the known theoretical molarity of NaOH which was 0.1 M. The molarity of
sodium hydroxide from the experiment is close to its theoretical hydroxide meaning the results of
the experiment were accurate. The final volumes of NaOH were also close to each other therefore
the results were both accurate and precise. Hydrochloric acid is an example of an strong acid and
sodium hydroxide is an example of a strong base. When a strong acid and a strong base react, the
neutralize each other. Carrying out a titration between a strong acid and a strong base is done to find
the equivalence point. The point at which chemically equal amounts of the acid and base have been
mixed and neutralized each other. Neutralization between a strong acid and base such as HCl and
NaOH will result in a solution with a pH of 7.0. If the final solution does not have a pH of 7.0 errors
that might have occurred include misjudging of color indicator, using a contaminated

Base Jumping Is Becoming Known As One Of The Most Extreme...
Base jumping is becoming known as one of the most extreme sports the world knows. To
successfully BASE jump one must bound from an "exit point", and free fall from very high places.
People say it's too dangerous, and should be outlawed completely. On the other hand, people like the
late Dean Potter used to successfully jump with his dog in a backpack as he would leap off cliffs
falling as much as 3000 feet towards the ground. BASE jumping is amazing, and isn't for everyone,
but it should at the least remain someone's choice to do it or not in my opinion.
Its known as BASE jumping, and BASE is an acronym that stands for buildings, antennae, spans,
and earth such as cliffs and mountains (Tara L. Allman). These are all places BASE jumpers hurdle
from. They go to these places to perform their sport, leaping off into the void and free falling.
Before smashing into the ground, they deploy their parachute. There is a high likelihood you will die
if you make any mistakes. So you are effectively saving your own life every time you do it. Simple
right? Not by a long shot. This sport is a huge undertaking. You start off a student, and only after
years learning under a mentor, do you get to wear the invisible badge of BASE Jumper. BASE
jumping is widely viewed by the public as dangerous and too risky. In many countries and states of
the US, BASE jumping is illegal. In addition, not only is the act of jumping illegal, but BASE
jumpers are often trespassing on someone's property to

Base Jumping
Extreme sports are becoming a bigger and bigger hobby for people all around the world everyday.
Kids are being brought into these sports at young ages where they can barely walk. It becomes a part
of their lives and something they go to for when they are bored. There is an adrenaline rush that
keeps people coming back for more and more. The sports become a thrill for them and they continue
to want to do bigger and better things within their sports. Extreme sports can have their negatives
such as the expenses that they bring forth, and the injuries that are possible. As I have grown up
always wanting to do something of extreme nature, I have seen injuries happen. I have witnessed
people total out a several thousand dollar ATV while simply ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Currently the main crowd that is being drawn into these extreme sports includes males fro the age of
12 to 24 according to the latest demographics from ESPN (Ruibal). Many people lives for the rush
that comes with these extreme sports and that is why they chose to continue to participate in them.
Kids today are putting everything into their extreme sports, in some cases they might try and find
any extra work to make a little bit of extra money so that they can save up for a new part or even a
completely new set up for their sport. They live for the rush that they get from the sport and they are
becoming a part of the

Acid-Base Neutralization Reaction
What is an Acid–Base Neutralization Reaction? Acid–base neutralization reactions are ubiquitous,
yet they play an immense role in various contexts of life. For instance, they help maintain
homeostasis in the biological systems and regulate the conditions of soil in agriculture. In general,
neutralization reactions required two reactants: an acid and a base, which combine to form water and
a salt. A neutralization reaction is a "reaction between an acid and a base" (Burdge 365). In this case,
the acid is often an Arrhenius acid–a substance that ionizes in water to produce protons (H+), while
the base is often an Arrhenius base–a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions
(OH–). A neutralization reaction between an acid and a base typically occurs in an aqueous
environment in which all the reactants are dissolved in water. The products of a neutralization
reaction are water, which is formed from the protons (H+) of the acid and the hydroxide ions (OH–)
of the base, and a salt, which is "an ionic compound made up of the cation from the base and the
anion from an acid" (Burdge 365). A simple example of a neutralization reaction is the reaction
between aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) and aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Hydrochloric
acid donates its protons (H+), and sodium hydroxide donates its hydroxide ions (OH–) to form
liquid water. Then, the remaining chloride ions (Cl–) from hydrochloric acid combines with the
sodium cations (Na+) to produce the aqueous

Acids Bases Ph Lab
Experiment 5 titled "Acids, Bases, Salt, and pH". The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with
some properties of salt, bases, and acids, measure acidity (pH), and correlate abnormal acidity of
blood or urine. The activities for this lab is to measure the pH of some acid solutions and base
solutions using pH paper/meter, and neutralize an acid solution by reacting with base solutions. To
begin this experiment (Acid), there will be bottles of different acids (hydrochloric, nitric acid,
sulfuric, and acetic acids) on top of the bench. Place one drop of each acid on a blue and red litmus
paper and then place a drop of each liquid on (pH) paper. Record the observations. For the Base,
place one drop of each liquid (sodium hydroxide, ammonium

Essay On Acid-Base Extraction
Discussion
By using acid–base extraction techniques, a three–component mixture was separated into its
individual components which included an acidic, basic, and neutral component as previously
mentioned. A separatory funnel was the mechanism used to carry out this procedure. Its easy
handling allowed for thorough mixing of the solution. It was equipped with a stopper which was
opened to release pressure from inside the funnel caused by the heat from one's hands and also the
reactions taking place within it (1). Without inverting the funnel and relieving pressure the funnel
would've exploded. The stopcock was useful for precisely drawing off each layer. However, if the
separatory funnel had been shaken too violently an emulsion would've formed. An emulsion is when
the layers do not clearly separate. Instead, one cloudy layer will form. During this procedure an
emulsion was avoided by using proper gently swirling technique.
Acid–base extraction works on the principle that most organic compounds are more soluble in
organic solvents than in water (4). Extractions are also dependent on the assumption that immiscible
solvents of different densities will settle on top of one another accordingly. Diethyl ether was the
chosen extraction solvent for this procedure because it is slightly soluble in water, and organic
compounds are most often soluble in it, and also its low boiling point. The only drawback of using
diethyl ether was its high flammability. Diethyl ether readily

Notes On Antacid Potency And Its Effects On Their...
Mary Pyrdol
Honors Chemistry P3 Group 3
Topic: Antacid Potency
Due Date: 9/30/16
Background Research
For the scientists project, they are researching different brands of antacid and their potency to
further expand their knowledge of acids, bases, and neutralization. Their problem statement is
'which liquid antacid brand is most potent?' In the scientist's experiment, their independent variable
is the brand of liquid antacid. The dependent variable is the amount of drops of antacid it takes for
the acid inside the graduated cylinder to become neutralized. The constant is the amount of grape
juice and lemon juice (drops) in each graduated cylinder.
In a chemical reaction with an acid and base combination, the base neutralizes the acid. Antacids
follow this process once entered your body to soothe an upset stomach during heartburn. The
scientist's hypothesis is if a brand uses the least amount of average drops to neutralize the acid, then
it is most potent. In order to test the hypothesis in the scientist's experiment, they will test different
brands of liquid antacid against each other to find out which is most potent in neutralizing lemon
juice (acid). They will do this by having 3 different graduated cylinders, each filled with 10 drops of
non–sugar grape juice (a natural acid–base indicator which changes color based upon what the pH
of another liquid is when it makes contact with it) and 10 drops of lemon juice (acid). Each brand
will have its own graduated cylinder. For

Life on a Military Base
As we sat on the sea wall, I noticed the look of discomfort in Jackson's eyes. Ever since he had
moved from Fort Bragg to my hometown, we had been best friends. It was the summer of 7th grade
and we were preparing to go on a school sponsored fishing trip. As we stepped aboard the boat,
Jackson pulled me away from the other kids and in a hushed tone muttered, "There's something I
want to talk to you about. It's my dad."
In that instant I knew. The mix of gravity and sorrow in his expression revealed everything. Jackson
explained that his father, a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army, had been ordered to relocate
to Germany for a new assignment. Like many of my friends from military families, Jackson would
move out of my life within weeks, swept away by the needs of the United States military.
Growing up near Macdill Air Force Base in Tampa, I met and befriended many children like Jackson
with military parents. To the average civilian, they were just normal kids from military families, but
to those familiar with military culture, they were more commonly known as "military brats". Used
as a term of endearment and respect within the military community, "military brat" is defined by
Mary Edwards Wertsch, author of the book Military Brats: Legacies of Childhood Inside the
Fortress, as the children of a military parent or parents who have served full–time in the United
States armed forces. The term extends to both former and current children of such parents, and is
often

Acids And Bases Lab Report
Acids and bases are very important. We clean with them, we eat them, and we use them to help in
chemistry. The ions who are the cause of acidic properties is H+ ions, or protons, and for basic
properties, it's the OH– ions, or hydroxide ions. all of that is based on a theory called the
'dissociation of water' (which is H2O––> H+ + OH–). So the more H+ there is in a solution, the
more acidic the solution is, and the less H+ there is, the more basic it is. That is why there is H+ in
solution factors on the pH scale. The more protons present at one time means the pH scale
decreases, and the H+ present goes down. The pH scales job is to measure the acid and base levels
of a substance and how strong they are. The numbers on the scale go from 1 to 14, with 1 containing
the most hydrogen ions and 14 having the least. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some very well known properties of acids are that they taste sour, have a pH of less than 7,
neutralize base by producing salt and water, acids are electrolytes, and they are proton donors. Some
common base properties are that they taste bitter, have a pH bigger that 7, neutralize acids by
producing salt and water, bases are electrolytes, and they are the proton receptors in the equation.
Three theories outline the definition of an acid or a base are the Arehenius theory of acids and bases,
the Bronsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases (the hydrogen chloride ammonia problem), conjugate
pairs, and Ampholeric substances. Acids and bases are very important and help people in every day
circumstances and are extremely important to know in chemistry and once you know them,
everything else is

Notes On Acids And Bases Essay

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