2. intro to construction material

1. BUILDING
 It is a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land,
having a roof, windows, doors, and often more than one level, used
for any of a wide variety of activities as living, entertaining, or
manufacturing.
 Purposes of a Building
 A building is constructed to achieve the following objectives:
 The primary object of a building is to provide shelter to the residents.
 To provide sufficient accommodation for the purpose for which it is to be
constructed.
 To provide protection to the residents from the heat and glare of the sun.
 To protect the residents from the storm, lightning, rain and snowfall.
 To provide protection to the residents against thieves and house breakers

2. TYPES OF BUILDING
Buildings are divided into nine groups ranging from Group-A to Group-I. They are as under:

5. BUILDING
MATERIAL

6. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
All the building structures are composed of different types of materials.
These materials are either called building materials or materials of
construction. .The material cost in a building ranges 30 to 50 percent
cost of total cost Project
Stone
Bricks
Lime
Cement
Concrete

8. STONE

9. STONE
The hard, solid, nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made,
especially as a building material.
Classification of Rocks: Building stones are obtained from rocks
occurring in nature and classified in three ways.
1.Geological classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Igneous rocks: Rocks that are formed by cooling of Magana (molten or pasty
rocky material) are known as igneous rocks.
Eg: Granite, Basalt and Dolerite etc.
Sedimentary rocks: these rocks are formed by the deposition of production
of weathering on the pre- existing rocks. Examples: gravel, sandstone,
limestone, gypsum, lignite etc

10. Metamorphic rocks. These rocks are formed by the change in character of
the pre-existing rocks. Igneous as well as sedimentary rocks are changed in
character when they are subject to great heat and pressure. Known as
metamorphism
PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Stratified Rocks: These rocks posses planes of stratification or cleavage and
such rocks can be easily split along these planes
An stratified rocks: The structure may be crystalline granular or compact
granular
Foliated Rocks: These rocks have a tendency to split up in a definite direction
only.
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Siliceous rocks: In these rocks, silica is predominates. The rocks are hard;
durable and not easily effected by weathering agences etc.
Argillaceous Rocks: In these rocks, clay predominates. The rocks may be
dense and compact or may be soft

11. USES OF STONE
1- Structure: Stones are used for foundations, walls, columns, lintels, arches,
roofs, floors, damp proof course etc.
2.Face works. Stones are adopted to give massive appearance to the
structure. Wall are of bricks and facing is done in stones of desired
shades. This is known as composite masonry.
3. Paving stones: These are used to cover floor of building of various types
such as residential, commercial, industrial etc. They are also adopted to
form paving of roads, foot paths etc
4- Basic material: Stones are disintegrated and converted to form a basic
material for cement concrete, morum of roads, calcareous cements,
artificial stones, hallow blocks etc.
5.Misalliances: Stones are also used for (i) ballast for railways (ii) flux in
blast furnace (iii) Blocks in the construction of bridges, piers, abutments,
retaining walls, light houses, dams etc.

12. BRICKS

13. BRICKS
Bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of
uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks

14. HOW ARE BRICK PERPARED ?
MATERIAL PERPARATION

15. MANUFACTURING

16. SETTING
FIRING PROCESS

17. PACKAGING
PROPOERTIES OF BRICKS
The most important properties of brick are
1) durability
2) color
3) texture
4) size variation
5) compressive strength
6) absorption.

18. BRICKS CLASSIFICATION
•First Class Bricks (A-type):
•These are thoroughly burnt bricks and are of deep red, cherry, or copper color. The surface of
these bricks is smooth and rectangular, with sharp and straight edges and square corners. A
metallic or ringing sound comes when two bricks are struck against each other. Their water
absorption power is about 12%-15% of its dry weight. It is used for pointing, exposed face work
in masonry structures, flooring and reinforcement brick work.
•Second Class Bricks (B-type):
They are supposed to have some requirements as the first class except that there may be some
small cracks and distortions, or they have more absorption power of about 16%-20%. They are
used in important or unimportant hidden masonry works, and centering of reinforced brick
structures.
•Third Class Bricks (C-type):
•Third class bricks are under-burnt bricks. They are soft and light colored producing a dull
sound when struck against each other. Their water absorption power is about 25% of dry
weight. They are used in building temporary structures.
•Fourth Class Bricks (D-type):
Fourth class bricks are over-burnt and badly distorted in shape and size and are brittle in
nature. They are used in filling of foundation and floors.

19. TYPES OF BRICK BONDS

20. CONCRETE

21. CONCRETE
WHAT IS CONCRETE?
 Construction material
 Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates,
and in some cases, admixtures.
 The cement and water form a paste that hardens
and bonds the aggregates together.
 Often looked upon as “man made rock”.
 Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of
agricultural and residential uses.
 Strong , durable, versatile, and economical .

22. COMPOS T ON OF CONCRETEİ İ
 Water
 Aggregates
 Chemical admixtures
 Cement
PROPERTIES
 Concrete has relatively high compressive strength.
 It is a corrosion resistant material and atmospheric agent has no effect on it.
 It is more economical than steel.
 It forms a hard surface, capable of resisting abrasion.
 Concrete walls and floors slow the passage of heat moving through, and
reduce temperature swings.
 Being naturally fire resistant, concrete forms a highly effective barrier to fire-
spread.

23. CONCRETE PRODUCTİON
 This process develops physical and chemical properties like
mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical and
volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
 Mixing concrete
 Workability
 Curing

24. REINFORCED CEMENT
CONCRETE

25. REINFORCEMENT
 Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the
compression load.
 Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail
.
 Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers,
glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.

26. Uses :
RCC is used as a structural member
wherever bending of the member is
required; like in Footings, Columns,
Beams, Lintels, Stairs, etc.

27. CEMENT

28. CEMENT
 Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other
calcium compounds having hydraulic properties.
 Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and
harden under or with excess water through the hydration
of the cement’s chemical compounds or minerals

29. CEMENT
 Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
 Modern uses
-Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar,
panels, plaster)
-Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels,
parking, etc.)
-Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
-Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles,
pylons, fencing)
-Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)

30. PORTLAND CEMENT
 Most active component of concrete
 The greatest unit cost in concrete,
 Its selection and proper use are
important in obtaining most
economically the balance of
properties desired for any particular
concrete mixture.

31. LIMESTONE

32. LIMESTONE
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals
calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3). Many limestones are composed from skeletal
fragments of marine organisms such as coral or CAco3 Molecular
Structure
Limestone has numerous uses, including as building material, as
aggregate to form the base of roads, as white pigment or filler in
products such as toothpaste or A building made up of limestone paints,
and as a chemical feedstock.

33. LIMESTONE USES
It is the raw material for the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide), slaked
lime(calcium hydroxide), cement and mortar.
Pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidic soils.
It is crushed for use as aggregate—the solid base for many roads.
Geological formations of limestone are among the best petroleum reservoirs
As a reagent in flue-gas desulfurization,
It is added to toothpaste, paper, plastics, paint, tiles, and other materials as both white
pigment and a cheap filler.
It can suppress methane explosions in underground coal mines.
Purified, it is added to bread and cereals as a source of calcium.
Used in blast furnaces, limestone extracts iron from its ore.
It is often found in medicines and cosmetics.
It is used in sculptures because of its suitability for carving.

34. CONSTRUCT ON MATER ALSİ İ

35. CONSTRUCTİON MATERİALS
 Asphalt
 Aggregate
 Brick
 Gypsum

36. ASPHALT
 Also known as bitumen
 Dark brown to black
 Highly viscous
 Hydrocarbon produced from
petroleum distillation residue.
 At least 80% carbon, which
explains its deep black color.
 Sulphur is another ingredient.
 Primarily used as a sealant for
rooftops and a durable surface for
roads, airport runways,
playgrounds and parking lots.

37. AGGREGATE
 Collective term for sand, gravel and crushed stone mineral materials
in their natural or processed state
 Roads and highways constitute the largest single use of aggregate
at 40 percent of the total

38. GYPSUM
 Occurs in nature as :
- flattened
- often twinned crystals
- transparent cleavable masses
called selenite.
 May also occur in a silky, fibrous
form, in which case it is
commonly called satin spar.
 Finally may also be granular or
quite compact.
 In hand-sized samples.
 Can be transparent or opaque.

39. BRICK
 Masonry unit
 Does not infer any particular material
 About %90 of UK, bricks made from
some form of clay.
 %8 of UK bricks made of concrete
crushed rock aggregate and portland
cement are main constituents.
 %3 of UK of brick made from sand and
lime,
sometimes with the addition of crushed flint.

40. USES OF BRICK
 In metalurgy industry ,
glass industry for lining
furnaces.
 Use as a refractory
(silica, magnesia bricks)
 To make
walls,barbeques,fences
etc..

41. THE END