This document provides an overview of various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It begins by discussing naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, and timber. It then covers industrial materials like cement and metals. For each material, the document outlines the composition, requirements, types, properties and common uses. Stone is described in more detail, covering the different types of stone and their uses in hydraulic structures, retaining walls, and more. The document also provides a detailed breakdown of the production of bricks and their various classifications, as well as the properties and uses of lime, cement, and timber. It discusses the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content.

1. INTRODUCTION
 Selection of right mat. Is an important
problem which an engineer has to face
 Basic concern of civil engineer is design,
construction, supervision and maintenance
of different types of structures such as
buildings, bridges, canals, roads etc. Hence
engineer must have thorough knowledge of
nature and behavior of material
 Key element is to deal with different types of
materials

2. INTRODUCTION
 Selection of materials depends upon their
properties in relation to intend use
 Overall economy of material should be
considered

3. INTRODUCTION
 NATURALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS
 INDISTRIAL MATERIALS
 STONE
 BRICK
 LIME
 CEMENT
 METEL
 CERAMICS

4. INTRODUCTION
 TIMBER
 SAND
 AGGREGATES
 MORTAR

5. Naturally Available Materials
 Clay / Earth / Soil
 Wood / Timber
 Sand / Fine Aggregate
 Rock

6. Artificial Or Industrial Materials
 Cement
 Bricks
 Steel
 Tiles
 Ceramic
 Paints and Varnishes
 Glass
 Plastic
 Stone
 Lime

7. Stone
INTRODUCTION
• Derived from rocks, which form earth’s crust
& have no definite shape & structure but are
mixtures of 2/more minerals
• Almost all varieties from very soft, fine
grained to very hard, coarse grained are
available in different parts of the country

8. Stone
Requirements of Stone
 Structure
 Appearance-Colour Texture
 Weight
 Durability
 Strength
 Hardness
 Facility of Working and Dressing
 Toughness

9. Types of Stone
Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks,
Metamorphic Rocks.
Stratified, Unstratified, Foliated.
Siliceous, Argillaceous, Calcarious.

10. Uses of Stone
 Used in hydraulic structures like dams and
bridges, piers, harbors.
 Used in retaining wall masonry to retain soil.
 Used as road metal in road construction.
 Used as ballast for permanent way in railways.
 Used to make concrete in the form of coarse
aggregate.
 Used in foundation of structure & as a road metal
 Used in monumental building & ornamental
carving
 Used in flooring, paving & roofing

11. Properties of Stone
 Siliceous rocks are hard and durable. They are
not easily affected by weathering actions.
 Argillaceous rocks may be dense and compact or
they may be soft.
 The Durability of calcareous rocks will depend
upon the constituents present in surrounding
atmosphere.
 Marble and quartzite have compact crystalline
structure.
 Igneous rocks contain many minerals which are
having wide range of different characteristics.

12. Brick
INTRODUCTION
• Brick are rectangular blocks made from
clay
• Clay is molded to form rectangular blocks
of standard size , which are dried and latter
burnt to high temperature to make them
dense and compact.

13. COMPOSITION OF BRICK
20-30% ALUMINA
50-60% SILICA
<5% LIME
0.1% MAGNESIA
5-6% IRON OXIDE

14. Brick
Requirements of Bricks
 The colour of the brick should be red or copper and
uniform.
 It should be well burnt in kilns.
 The surface should be even and free from cracks.
 The edges should be sharp.

15. Types of Bricks
Conventional / Traditional bricks :
Size 23 cm x 11.4 cm x 7.6 cm
Standard / Modular : Size : 19 cm x
9 cm x 9 cm

16. Types of Bricks
Bricks are classified as per manufacturing
1. Hand molded (ground or table molded)
2. Machine molded (wire cut)

17. BRICKS ARE CLASSIFIED AS PER QUALITY AND
UTILITY
There are three types of bricks,
1. First Class Bricks
2. Second Class Bricks
3. Third Class Bricks

18. Specification of First Class Bricks
• Made of good earth which is free from
saline deposits
•Burnt thoroughly without being vitrified
and have deep red, cherry and copper
color.
•Regular and uniform in shape and size
with sharp and square edges and parallel
faces.

19. Specification of First Class Bricks
• Must be homogeneous in texture and emit a clear
ringing sound on being struck together.
• Free from cracks, stones and lime.
• Should not absorb water more than 20% of its
own dry weight after 24 hours, immersed in cold
water.
• Have a minimum crushing strength of 105 kg/ sq.
cm when tested according to the test.
• Should not show appreciable sign of efflorescence
either in dry state or soaking in water.

20. • They shall be well burnt or slightly over
burnt.
• They must give clear ringing sound when
struck.
• The may have slight irregularities in size,
shape and color.
• They may have surface crack but must be
free from lime or kankar.
• The minimum crushing strength of second
class brick should be 70 kg /sq cm.
Specification of Second Class Bricks

21. Specification of Third Class Bricks
• These bricks are slightly under burnt
or over burnt.
• They are not uniform in shape, size
and edges.
• They shall not absorb water more
than 25% of their own dry weight after
24 hours, immersion in cold water.
• They have some signs of
efflorescence.

23. Hollow Brick for Walls and Partitions

24. •Hollow bricks are mainly used in the
construction of houses.
•The raw material used in the
construction of such bricks are basically
fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust
etc.
•These hollow bricks are lighter in weight
than the normal bricks which made it
possible to place.

25. Hollow bricks are lighter and easier
to handle, and have thermal
properties different from solid bricks.
 The cut bricks are hardened by
drying for 20 to 40 hours at 50 to 150
°C before being fired.
The heat for drying is often waste
heat from the kiln.

26. QUALITIES OF A GOOD BRICKS
 Bricks are manufactured from naturally
available material clay.
 Bricks are light in weight compared to
stones.
 They are durable .
 They are low cost material.
 They possess good strength.
 They are easily available.

27. The shape of an ideal brick is rectangular.
It has sharp edges and corners.
The surface is regular and even.
Good bricks are of standard size:19x9x9cm
The most common colour of well burnt
brick is red .
Dark red colour of brick is indicator of over
burning and yellow colour of brick is the
indicator of under burning.

28. A single brick will weight 3.2-
3.5 kg.
Density varies from 1600– 1900
kg/m3.
Compressive strength of brick
may vary from 35 - 200kg/cm2.
Good brick shall possess a
shearing strength of 50-70
kg/cm2.

29. Water absorption value of good quality
bricks shall not be more than 20%-25%.
Higher absorption means higher porosity.
Higher absorption will lead to frost action
and efflorescence.
Durability of bricks depends on absorption
value, frost resistance and efflorescence.
Due to efflorescence brick surface covered
with white or grey patches salts.
Higher absorption results in deeper
penetration of water which becomes a
source of dampness.

30. Heat and sound conductivity
varies with their density and
porosity.
Very dense and heavy bricks
conduct heat and sound at a great
rate.

31. PROPERTIES OF BRICKS
PHYSICAL MECHANICAL THERMAL DURABILITY
SHAPE SIZE COLOUR DENSITY
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
FLEXTURAL
STRENGTH
HEAT
INSULATION
SOUND
INSULATION
POROSITY
WATER
ABSORPTION

32. Uses of brick
Bricks are used in wall masonry
construction of building
Used in brick lintal construction
Bats of brick are used in concrete in
foundation work

33. Lime
Introduction
Contains clay upto 30%
Greyish white in colour
Not soluble in water
Sets slowly and hardens under water in
absence of air
Slight increase in volume
Binding is more

34. Lime
 Naturally occurs as: Limestone

35. Lime
Requirement of lime
It should set easily.
It should have low shrinkage.
It should not contain impurities.
It should be moisture resistant
It should slake easily with water.

36. Types of lime
Fat lime.
Hydraulic lime
1)feebly
2)moderately
3)eminently
Poor lime

37. USES OF LIME
• Lime is used in the treatment of water and
waste water.
 It is used in the manufacture of glass,
refractory sand, lime bricks and paints.
 It is used as lime mortar for masonry work
of buildings.
 It is used for plastering and white washing of
buildings.
 It is used as lime concrete to make water
proof structures.

38. Properties of lime
It has good workability.
It stiffens quickly.
It has low shrinkage.
It has good resistant to
moisture.
Lime possesses good plasticity.

39. Cement
 Cement is a building material obtained by
burning and crushing of powder form,
homogeneous and well proportioned
mixture of lime and clay.
 Cement can be defined as the binding
material having cohesive & adhesive
properties which makes it capable to unite
the different construction materials and
form the compacted assembly.

40. Definition of OPC
Ordinary/Normal Portland cement is
one of the most widely used type of
Portland Cement.
The name Portland cement was given
by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 due to its
similarity in colour and its quality when
it hardens like Portland stone. Portland
stone is white grey limestone in island
of Portland, Dorset.

41. Cement
INGREDIENTS
The chief chemical components of ordinary Portland
cement are:
 Calcium
 Silica
 Alumina
 Iron
 Calcium is usually derived from limestone, chalk
while silica, alumina and iron come from the sands,
clays & iron ores.
 Other raw materials may include shale, shells and
industrial byproducts.

42. Cement
Contents %
CaO 60-67
SiO2 17-25
Al2O3 3-8
Fe2O3 0.5-6.0
MgO 0.5-4.0
Alkalies 0.3-1.2
SO3 2.0-3.5

43. FUNCTIONS OF CEMENT INGREDIENTS
1. Lime(CaO)-60-67%-Proper proportion should be
maintained,
• when in excess-cause cement to disintegrate
• when less-quick setting, less strength.
2. Silica(SiO2)-17-25%-Offers strength to cement,
• when in excess, increases strength but delays
setting
3. Alumina(Al2O3)-3-8%-Reduces setting time and
lowers temperature
4. Magnesia(MgO)-0.1-4%- Imparts hardness and
colour

44. FUNCTIONS OF CEMENT INGREDIENTS
5. Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)-0.5-6%-Imparts
colour, strength and hardness
6. Sulphur(s)-1-3%-In small quantity imparts
soundness, when in excess cement become
unsound.
7. Alkalies-0.2-1%-when in excess causes
efflorescence
8. Calcium sulphate (CaSO4)-3-4%-delays
initial setting time

45. CHARACTERISTICS
1. Colour is greenish grey & Must be uniform
2. Smooth
3. Cool
4. Free from lumps
5. Not moist
6. Should not contain escess silica, lime,
alumina/ alkalies
7. Should not contain excess amt. of clay &
silt

46. Cement
Requirements of cement
 Cement should Cement should not possess of
alumina which may reduce strength.
 not contain alumina in excess as it weakens the
cement.
 A very small amount of sulphur is added in cement
to make sound cement.
 It should found cool when touch by hand.
 it should be in fine powder form while checking
with first finger and thumb.

47. Types of cement
 Ordinary portland cement(opc)
 Rapid hardening portland cement
 Quick setting cement
 Pozzuolana portland cement
 Low heat cement
 Blast furnace cement
 White cement
 Sulphate resisting cement
 Coloured cement

48. Uses of cement
 It is used in making joints for drains ,pipes.
 It is used to prepare RCC structures of building by
using reinforcement with cement concrete.
 it is used in construction of buildings, bridges,
tanks, domes, flyovers, dockyard etc.
 It is used to prepare cement mortar for building
construction works like masonry, plaster, painting,
flooring etc.
 It is used to prepare cement concrete for various
construction works.

49. Properties of cement
1. Physical properties of cement
• Fineness
• Soundness
• Setting of cement
• Setting time
2. Mechanical properties of cement
3. Chemical composition

50. GRADES OF CEMENT
1. 33 grade
2. 43 grade
3. 53 grade

51. WHAT IS TIMBER?
 Timber is a material which can be used for
building or carpentry and is derived from
trees. It is organic and renewable and can be
used in a wide range of applications.
 In order to make best use of timber in
environmental buildings we must
understand how timber is produced and how
its natural properties effect it as a building
material.

52. Uses
 Railway sleepers, bridges, pipes.
 Furniture, decorative pieces, doors.
 Packing material, piles, cart wheels.
 Poles, pen, rafter.
 Roofs, partition walls, boats etc.

53. Properties of timber
It has low heat conductivity.
It has small bulk density.
It is relatively high strength.
It is susceptible to decay.
It is susceptible to flame.

54. CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

55. Requirement of Good Timber
• Annual ring of the section must be close to each
other.
• It should be dark uniform colour.
• It should be dense.
• It should be workable, good machinability.
• It should have uniform texture.
• When it is struck it should produce sonorous sound.
• The rays should be compact.
• It should be free from defects like dead knots,
rupture,etc.
• There should not decay of timber due to fungi and
insects like white ants and termites.
• It should be free from crakes, splits etc.

56. Seasoning
Seasoning is the reduction of
the moisture content of wood.
Seasoning is also the controlled
drying out of timber.
About 50% of the weight of
newly-felled tree is water

57. Seasoning
Reasons for Seasoning:
 Seasoning helps to save the wood from
splitting.
 Dry timber (< 20% MC) will not be
attacked by fungi
 Dry timber is less likely to be affected by
shrinkage or distortion
 After seasoning, timber will be lighter,
harder and stronger.
 Seasoning produces timber that is easier to
work with.

58. Types of Seasoning
There are two types of
seasoning are as follows,
I.Natural or air seasoning
II.Artificial or kiln
seasoning

59. Natural Seasoning
Also known as Air Seasoning.
Planks of green timber are laid
down on battens and have a gap
between them to allow air to
circulate. Stickers or skids are
the small pieces of wood that
allow the air travel between the
planks.

60. Natural Seasoning
The stack should be:
-Covered to prevent rain damage while
the planks dry out.
-On a clean dry site
-All planks of the same species and
similar sizes should be kept in the one
stack
-The ends of the boards should be
protected from the sun to prevent
excessive drying-out.

61. Natural Seasoning
 Advantages of Natural Seasoning
-No expensive equipment required
-Small labour cost once the stack is made
-Not wasteful of energy
 Disadvantages of Natural Seasoning
-Slow drying rate
-Large area of space required
-Dependant on the weather
-Rate of seasoning cannot be carefully
controlled
-Only seasons to a MC of 18% - 22%

62. Kiln Seasoning
• The lumber is placed in large kilns (ovens) where
temperatures, humidity and drying rates are
controlled
• There are 2 types of kiln:
-Compartment Kiln & Progressive Kiln

63. Compartment Kiln
 Timber is stacked similar to that
in natural seasoning only it is on a
trolley which runs on rails.
1. The kiln is closed before steam
jets in the walls, ceiling and floor
release heated steam.
2. The timber is allowed to heat up
but not dry out.

64. Compartment Kiln
3. The relative humidity of the kiln is
reduced (controlled) while the
heat is maintained. (This allows
moisture in the wood to evaporate
gradually)
4. Fans circulate the air around the
kiln.
5. Air vents allow moist wet air out
and fresh air in.

65. Progressive Kiln
The progressive kiln is a
continuous kiln. The timber goes
through the various stages of
drying as it moves through the kiln
on a trolley. The drying process is
the same as that for the
Compartment Kiln.

66. Kiln Seasoning
 Advantages of Kiln Seasoning
-Quicker due to higher temperatures, ventilation and air
circulation
-Achieves a lower moisture content
-Provides greater degree of control during the drying
process
-Allows more precise rates of drying
-Allows uniform circulation through the stack
-Control over moisture content and rate of drying can be
achieved
-Artificial defects can be controlled
 Disadvantages of Kiln Seasoning
-It is expensive
-Requires supervision by a skilled operator
-Is dependant on energy

67. Sand
Requirements of sand
 It should be clean.
 It should be well graded.
 Maximum permissible clay content is 3 to 4% in
sand.
 It should contain sharp, angular grains.
 It should not contain salts which attract moisture
from the atmosphere.

68. Types of sand
 Natural
natural sand is obtained from pits, river beds and
sea beds.
 Artificial
artificial sand is formed by decomposition of
sandstone due to various weathering effects.

69. Uses
 Sand is useful in various construction activities like
masonry work, plaster work, flooring and concrete
work.
 Sand is used in cement mortar, plan cement
concrete , reinforced cement concrete and
prestressed concrete as key ingradient in building
construction

70. Properties of sand
 It is naturally available material
 It is durable
 It mix with binding material easily
 It has shiny luster
 It is of whitish brown colour.

71. Aggregates
Requirements of Aggregates
 Aggregates should be sufficiently strong.
 Aggregate surface should be rough and free form
cracks.
 Aggregate should have good soundness.
 Aggregate should have good adhering with binding
material.

72. Types
 Fine aggregates
size of aggregate is 4.75 mm or less is termed as
fine aggregates.
 Coarse aggregates
size of aggregates 80mm to 4.75 mm is known as
course.

73. Uses
 Fine aggregates are used to prepare cement mortar,
lime mortar and cement concrete.
 Course aggregates are used to prepare cement
concrete bituminous pavement, rigid pavement etc.
 They are used in construction of beams, columns,
slab, lintel etc.

74. Properties of aggregates
They are insoluble in water.
They are of moderate weight.
They are strong and durable.
They have resistance to scratches.
They have resistance to corrosion and
decay.

75. Mortar
requirements of mortar
 It should have good adhesion with bricks, stones.
 It should resist penetration of rain water.
 It should be cheap, durable, and workable.
 It should be set quickly.
 The joints formed by mortar should not develop
crecks.

76. Types
 As per type of binding material.
like cement, lime, gauged, gypsum, surkhi.
 As per nature of application.
 As per density of the mortar.
 Spicial morter.

77. Uses
 To bind the bricks or stones firmly in wall
construction work.
 They are used in plaster work as finishing material to
provide weather resistance joints of masonry work
are covered by plaster work. White wash and colour
are applied on plastered surface easily.
 Properties of mortar
 Mobility.
 Place ability.
 Water retention

78. CONCRETE
 Concrete is a mixture of cement/lime, sand, crushed
rock,water.
 Preparation of concrete
<1>Ingredient of concrete
<2>Methods of mixing of concrete
*TYPES OF CONCRETE
<1>Plain cement concrete
<2>Reinforced cement conceret
<3> Precast concrete
<4>prestressed concerte

79. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
 Workability
 Strength
 Durability
 Dimensional stability
USES
 Foundation to slabe in building
 Coating materil for water proofing

80. BITUMEN

81. MELTED
BITUMEN

82. A black or dark brown viscous
material, composed principally of high
molecular weight hydrocarbons, having
adhesive properties, derived from
petroleum either by natural or refinery
processes and substantially soluble in
carbon disulphide.

83. ORIGIN
 Asphalt materials have been utilized
since 3500 B.C. In building and road
construction. Their main uses have
been as adhesives, waterproofing
agents.
 These early asphalt materials were
native asphalt. These native asphalts
were found in pools and asphalt lakes.
For example Trinidad and Bermudez
lake deposits (asphalt lake).

84. Trinidad Lake Asphalt

85. Demand for paved roads/
construction exceeded the supply
of lake asphalts in late 1800, lead
to use of petroleum asphalts

86. Basic Refining Process
 Asphalt is simply the residue left over from
petroleum refining.
 Crude oil is heated in a large furnace to about 340°
C (650° F) and partially vaporized. It is then fed
into a distillation tower where the lighter
components vaporize and are drawn off for further
processing.
 The residue from this process (the asphalt) is
usually fed into a vacuum distillation unit where
heavier gas oils are drawn off.

94. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
Penetration Value
Softening Point
Flash and Fire Point.
Ductility.
Viscosity.
Bitumen content in a mix.