2. Concept
Is a process of interpretation
People select, organize, interpret and respond to
information around them
May be described as a person’s view of reality
Opinions about issues or activities surrounding a
person
Impression about people (subordinates, peers and
superiors) around an individual
3. Features
Sensory experience – we use our senses to interpret
information
Filter- sorting out the relevant information from the
irrelevant ones
Subjective- different people look at the same event
from different angles
Unique interpretation- mental process of judging
events
Basis of human behavior- there can be no behavior
without perception
4. Factors that Influence Perception
Factors in the
perceiver
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectation
Factors in the situation
Time
Work setting
Social setting
PERCEPTION
Factors in the
target
Novelty
Motion
Sound
Size
Background
Proximity
Perception, Attribution And Individual Decision Making
5. Factors affecting
Characteristics of perceiver:
- Attitudes: positive & negative
- Moods: good or foul mood
- Motives: goals
- Self concept: opinion about oneself, confidence
- Interest: individual’s interest in any task
6. ..contd
Characteristics of target:
- Motion: moving objects catch better attention
- Sound: louder sound will be more noticeable
- Size: larger size better attention
- Contrast: more contrast more attention
- Novelty & familiarity: uncommon objects in
common surroundings
7. ..contd
Characteristics of the situations
- Time: crucial or casual time
- Work setting: conditions of the work environment
- Social setting: cooperative or manipulative
8. Perceptual Distortions/Errors
Selective perception: It is our tendency to choose
information that supports our viewpoints, individuals
often ignore information that makes them feel
uncomfortable
Stereotyping: It is a generalization about a group of
people. Ex: Good looking people are good employees
9. ..contd
Halo Effect: It is the process of using a single
personality attribute while evaluating a person,
especially a positive impression. Ex: A good student is
also a responsible student
First impressions: First impression is the last
impression. We tend to remember what we perceive
first about a person
10. …contd
Contrast effect: Contrasting effect always catches more
attention. Ex: Yellow against black background. “No
smoking” posters
Projection: Is the tendency for people to see their own
traits in other people. Example: Dishonest people tend to
see dishonesty in others
Attribution: Refers to the way people try to understand the
behavior of others. It is the process of assigning causes for
any activity or event
11. …contd
Implicit personality theory: We tend to have our mini
theories about how people look & behave. Ex: People in
fashionable dress are considered to like modern music
Self fulfilling prophesy: Also known as Pygmalion effect.
These are situations in which our expectations about
people affect our interaction with them in such a way that
our expectations are fulfilled. Ex: When a manager says he
trusts his subordinates will perform well, there is a
tendency for subordinates to perform well automatically
12. Perceptual Process
Observation & selection: It is the tendency to filter
out information that is irrelevant. It is the process of
selecting only relevant information
Perceptual organization: Is the process by which
people categorize data into recognizable patterns
Perceptual Interpretation: Refers to the process of
analyzing the information thus gathered & drawing
meaningful conclusions thereof.
13. Importance / Applications
Employee Interview: helps in deciding whom to hire &
whom not to
Performance evaluation: An employees future is
closely tied to his appraisal- promotions, pay raises etc
Performance expectations: depending of the
employees capabilities & skills, responsibilities &
duties are assigned
Employee loyalty: helps in judging whether an
employee will remain with the organization for a short,
medium or long term