2. Objective
In this project we will study the concept of P
, PD, PID, PI controller. We will implement this controller
using VDBA.
The circuit will be designed by using a minimum number of activeelements i.e. less VDBAused.
Circuit will be designed by using the minimum number of passiveelements.
The design circuit will be validated by PSpice simulation and breadboard implementation.
20XX 2
Introduction
A controller is one which compares controlled values with the desired values and has a function to
correct the deviation produced.
3. There are four types of controllers:
Proportional controller {P controller}
Proportional Derivative controller {PD controller}
Proportional Integral controller {PI controller}
Proportional Integral Derivative controller {PID controller}
Voltage Differencing Buffered Amplifier (VDBA)
Important equations in VDBA:
1. Vp = Vn
2. Iz = (Vp – Vn) gm
3. Ip = In = 0
20XX 3
Fig. VDBA circuit diagram
4. Work done so far
P Controller: The proportional controller produces an output, which is proportional to error signal.
Mathematical expression:
m (t) = Kp*e (t)
• To implement a P controller using
VDBA, we can use VDBA as an
amplifier in the feedback loop.
• One resistor is used in the Z output and
out of the two inputs, one of them is
grounded.
Fig. P Controller using VDBA
20XX 4
5. PI Controller: It is a type of controller formed by combining proportional and integral control action.
Mathematical expression:
m(t) = Ki∫0 𝑒𝑑𝑡 + Kp*e(t)
• To implement a PI controller using a
VDBA, we can use the VDBA as an
amplifier in the feedback loop.
• One resistor and capacitor are used in
the Z output.
• By adjusting the values of the
resistors and capacitors, you can tune
the controller's response to the
system being controlled.
𝑡
Fig. PI controller using VDBA
20XX 5
6. PD Controller: Proportional Derivative controller consists of two terms: the proportional term, which is
proportional to the difference between the setpoint and the system output, and the derivative term, which is
proportional to the rate of change of the system output.
Mathematical expression:
m(t) = Kp*e(t) + Kd
𝑑𝑒(𝑡
) 𝑑
𝑡
• It has a resistor and a capacitor
arranged parallelly on the output Z
terminal.
• By adjusting the values of the resistors
and capacitors, you can tune the
controller’s response to the system
20XX 6
7. Fig. PD controller using VDBA
Future work
• We will further make a Proportional Integrator Differential (PID) circuit by using a voltage differential
buffer amplifier (VDBA).
• Then, we will simulate all these circuits by using the PSPICE simulator.
• Then we will do hardware implementation of all these circuits.
• Further, these controllers can be designed and simulated for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems.
Tools and components required
• CMOS realisation of VDBA
20XX 7
8. • MATLAB
• PSpice simulator
20XX 8
Conclusion
• Thus in this project, we have done a detailed analysis of Controllers. We have studied the P, PI, PD,
and PID controllers.
• We have done a mathematical analysis of these controllers and studied their advantages and
disadvantages.
• We will also implement the circuit design of this controller using a VDBA.
• We will design to implement the circuit using the minimum number of active elements so that it will
become cost-effective.
• We will obtain simulation results by using the PSPICE simulator.
