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Una masa que pesa 4 lb estira un resorte 3 in al llegar al reposo en equilibrio y se le
aplica una velocidad de √𝟐 ft/s dirigida hacia abajo. Despreciando todas las fuerzas de
amortiguación o externas que puedan estar presentes, determina la ecuación de
movimiento de masa, junto con su amplitud, periodo y frecuencia natural.
¿Cuánto tiempo transcurre desde que se suelta la masa hasta que pasa porla posición
de equilibrio?
Según la segunda ley de Newton el movimiento que experimenta la masa está dado por:
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 (1)
La fuerza neta está dada por la suma de las siguientes fuerzas: F resorte, F externa y F fricción.
Donde:
F resorte está dada por la ley de Hooke, así:
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒 = −𝑘𝑦
F externa está dada por el peso de la masa que estira el resorte, así:
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔
F fricción está dada por la expresión:
𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 = −𝑏
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
Donde:
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) representa la posición de la masa en el tiempo 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
es la velocidad, es decir la derivada de la posición respecto al tiempo
Además se sabe que la aceleración es la segunda derivada de la posición respecto al
tiempo
𝑎 =
𝑑2
𝑦
𝑑𝑡2
Reemplazando todos estos términos en la ecuación (1):
−𝑘𝑦 + 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑏
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑚
𝑑2
𝑦
𝑑𝑡2
Como se trata de un movimiento libre no amortiguado y no se consideran las fuerzas
externas, se simplifica la ecuación a:
−𝑘𝑦 = 𝑚
𝑑2
𝑦
𝑑𝑡2
Simplificando aún más:
𝑚𝑦′′
+ 𝑘𝑦 = 0 (2)
Determinando la constante 𝑘 del resorte:
En el equilibrio: 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎 = 𝑘𝑦
→ 4 𝑙𝑏 = 𝑘 (3 𝑖𝑛 ∙
0.0833 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑖𝑛
)
4𝑙𝑏 = 𝑘(0.2499 𝑓𝑡)
4𝑙𝑏
0.2499 𝑓𝑡
= 𝑘
𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 = 𝒌
Determinando la masa:
𝑚 =
𝑊
𝑔
→ 𝑚 =
4 𝑙𝑏
32.17
𝑓𝑡
𝑠2
𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟑
Reemplazando estos valores en la ecuación (2):
0.1243 𝑦′′
+ 16.006𝑦 = 0
Que es aproximadamente:
1
8
𝑦′′
+ 16𝑦 = 0
Se obtiene una ecuación diferencial lineal, de segundo orden, homogéneo, de
coeficientes constantes, cuya solución general viene dada por la expresión:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√
𝑘
𝑚
𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛 (√
𝑘
𝑚
𝑡) (3)
Que se puede reescribir como:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜕)𝑐𝑜𝑠(√
𝑘
𝑚
𝑡) + 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜕)𝑠𝑒𝑛 (√
𝑘
𝑚
𝑡)
Donde:
𝐴 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜕)
𝐵 = 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜕)
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
tan(𝜕) =
𝐴
𝐵
Reemplazando los valores conocidos en la ecuación (3):
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√
16
1
8
𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛(√
16
1
8
𝑡)
Simplificando:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(√128 𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛(√128 𝑡) (4)
Considerando las condiciones iníciales:
Se toma como 𝑡 = 0 el momento en el que la masa está en el equilibrio, por lo que:
𝑦(0) = 0.2499 𝑓𝑡
𝑦′(0) = √2
𝑓𝑡
𝑠
Reemplazando el primer valor inicial en la ecuación (4):
𝑦(0) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛(0) = 0.2499
→ 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟗
Derivando la ecuación (4):
𝑦′(𝑡) = √128𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(√128𝑡) − √128𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑛(√128𝑡) (5)
Reemplazando el segundo valor inicial en la ecuación (5):
𝑦′(0) = √128𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)− √128𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑛(0) = √2
→ √128𝐵 = √2
→ 𝐵 =
√2
√128
→ 𝑩 =
𝟏
𝟖
Por tanto, la ecuación de movimiento de masa está dada por:
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝟎.𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔(√𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒕) +
𝟏
𝟖
𝒔𝒆𝒏(√𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒕)
Determinando la amplitud, periodo y frecuencia natural:
Amplitud (R):
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝑅 = √0.24992 + 0.1252
𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟗
Periodo (T):
𝑇 =
2𝜋
𝜔
𝑇 =
2𝜋
√𝑘
𝑚
𝑇 =
2𝜋
√128
𝑻 ≈ 𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓
Frecuencia natural (𝜔):
𝜔 = √
𝑘
𝑚
𝝎 = √𝟏𝟐𝟖
Como la posición de equilibrio es 𝑦(𝑡) = 0.2499 𝑓𝑡, se busca el valor de 𝑡 que cumple
la anterior igualdad:
𝑦(𝑡) = 0.2499𝑐𝑜𝑠(√128 𝑡) +
1
8
𝑠𝑒𝑛(√128 𝑡) = 0.2499 𝑓𝑡
La solución para 𝑡 tiene la forma:
𝑡 =
𝜋𝑛
4√2
, 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑛 𝜖 ℤ+
Haciendo 𝑛 = 1:
𝑡 =
𝜋
4√2
𝒕 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒔

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Ejercicio propuesto masa resorte acoplados colaborativo 2

  • 1. Una masa que pesa 4 lb estira un resorte 3 in al llegar al reposo en equilibrio y se le aplica una velocidad de √𝟐 ft/s dirigida hacia abajo. Despreciando todas las fuerzas de amortiguación o externas que puedan estar presentes, determina la ecuación de movimiento de masa, junto con su amplitud, periodo y frecuencia natural. ¿Cuánto tiempo transcurre desde que se suelta la masa hasta que pasa porla posición de equilibrio? Según la segunda ley de Newton el movimiento que experimenta la masa está dado por: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 (1) La fuerza neta está dada por la suma de las siguientes fuerzas: F resorte, F externa y F fricción. Donde: F resorte está dada por la ley de Hooke, así: 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒 = −𝑘𝑦 F externa está dada por el peso de la masa que estira el resorte, así: 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 F fricción está dada por la expresión: 𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 = −𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 Donde: 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) representa la posición de la masa en el tiempo 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 es la velocidad, es decir la derivada de la posición respecto al tiempo
  • 2. Además se sabe que la aceleración es la segunda derivada de la posición respecto al tiempo 𝑎 = 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡2 Reemplazando todos estos términos en la ecuación (1): −𝑘𝑦 + 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡2 Como se trata de un movimiento libre no amortiguado y no se consideran las fuerzas externas, se simplifica la ecuación a: −𝑘𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡2 Simplificando aún más: 𝑚𝑦′′ + 𝑘𝑦 = 0 (2) Determinando la constante 𝑘 del resorte: En el equilibrio: 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎 = 𝑘𝑦 → 4 𝑙𝑏 = 𝑘 (3 𝑖𝑛 ∙ 0.0833 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑖𝑛 ) 4𝑙𝑏 = 𝑘(0.2499 𝑓𝑡) 4𝑙𝑏 0.2499 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑘 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 = 𝒌 Determinando la masa: 𝑚 = 𝑊 𝑔 → 𝑚 = 4 𝑙𝑏 32.17 𝑓𝑡 𝑠2 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟑 Reemplazando estos valores en la ecuación (2): 0.1243 𝑦′′ + 16.006𝑦 = 0 Que es aproximadamente:
  • 3. 1 8 𝑦′′ + 16𝑦 = 0 Se obtiene una ecuación diferencial lineal, de segundo orden, homogéneo, de coeficientes constantes, cuya solución general viene dada por la expresión: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ 𝑘 𝑚 𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛 (√ 𝑘 𝑚 𝑡) (3) Que se puede reescribir como: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜕)𝑐𝑜𝑠(√ 𝑘 𝑚 𝑡) + 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜕)𝑠𝑒𝑛 (√ 𝑘 𝑚 𝑡) Donde: 𝐴 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜕) 𝐵 = 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜕) 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 tan(𝜕) = 𝐴 𝐵 Reemplazando los valores conocidos en la ecuación (3): 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ 16 1 8 𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛(√ 16 1 8 𝑡) Simplificando: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(√128 𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛(√128 𝑡) (4) Considerando las condiciones iníciales: Se toma como 𝑡 = 0 el momento en el que la masa está en el equilibrio, por lo que: 𝑦(0) = 0.2499 𝑓𝑡 𝑦′(0) = √2 𝑓𝑡 𝑠
  • 4. Reemplazando el primer valor inicial en la ecuación (4): 𝑦(0) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛(0) = 0.2499 → 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟗 Derivando la ecuación (4): 𝑦′(𝑡) = √128𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(√128𝑡) − √128𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑛(√128𝑡) (5) Reemplazando el segundo valor inicial en la ecuación (5): 𝑦′(0) = √128𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)− √128𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑛(0) = √2 → √128𝐵 = √2 → 𝐵 = √2 √128 → 𝑩 = 𝟏 𝟖 Por tanto, la ecuación de movimiento de masa está dada por: 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝟎.𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔(√𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒕) + 𝟏 𝟖 𝒔𝒆𝒏(√𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒕) Determinando la amplitud, periodo y frecuencia natural: Amplitud (R): 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 𝑅 = √0.24992 + 0.1252 𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟗 Periodo (T): 𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝜔 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝑘 𝑚
  • 5. 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √128 𝑻 ≈ 𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓 Frecuencia natural (𝜔): 𝜔 = √ 𝑘 𝑚 𝝎 = √𝟏𝟐𝟖 Como la posición de equilibrio es 𝑦(𝑡) = 0.2499 𝑓𝑡, se busca el valor de 𝑡 que cumple la anterior igualdad: 𝑦(𝑡) = 0.2499𝑐𝑜𝑠(√128 𝑡) + 1 8 𝑠𝑒𝑛(√128 𝑡) = 0.2499 𝑓𝑡 La solución para 𝑡 tiene la forma: 𝑡 = 𝜋𝑛 4√2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑛 𝜖 ℤ+ Haciendo 𝑛 = 1: 𝑡 = 𝜋 4√2 𝒕 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒔