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Programa Nacional De Formación En Sistema De Calidad Y Ambiente
Matemática aplicada.
Autor:
Johelbys Campos C.I: 24.156.988
Grupo: A
Barquisimeto, 2021
Una masa de 40 kg alarga un resorte 9.8 cm. Al inicio, la masa se libera desde un punto que
está 40 cm arriba de la posición de equilibrio con una velocidad descendente de 4 m/s.
a) ¿Cuáles son la amplitud, la frecuencia angular y el periodo del movimiento?
b) ¿Cuántos ciclos (completos) habrá completado la masa al final de 3s?
c) ¿En qué momento la masa pasa por la posición de equilibrio con dirección hacia
abajo por sexta vez?
d) ¿Cuál es la velocidad y la aceleración en ese instante?
e) ¿En qué instantes la masa alcanza sus desplazamientos extremos en cualquier lado
de la posición de equilibrio?
f) ¿Cuál es la posición, velocidad y aceleración en los tiempos t= 5, 10, 15, 20 y 25s?
g) ¿En qué instantes la masa está a 0.40 m abajo de la posición de equilibrio?
Solución:
De acuerdo a la ley de Hooke la constante del resorte es:
𝐾 =
𝑓
∆𝐼
=
40(9.8)𝑁
0.098𝑚
= 4000 𝑁/𝑚
Entonces la ecuación diferencial que describe la posición x(t) es:
40𝑥´´(𝑡) + 4000𝑥(𝑡) = 0
La ecuación característica viene dada por:
40𝑟2
+ 4000 = 0 𝑟2
+ 100 = 0
Por lo que 𝑟1 = −10𝑖 𝑟2 = 10𝑖
La solución general de la ecuación diferencial es:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶1 cos 10𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡
Derivando la posición obtenemos la velocidad:
𝑥´(𝑡) = 𝑉(𝑡) = −10 𝐶1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 + 10 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 10𝑡
Usando las condiciones iniciales tenemos 𝑥(0) = −0.4 ; 𝑥´(0) = 4
𝐶1 = −0.4 10 𝐶2 = 4 𝐶2 = 0.4
La solución del PVI será:
𝑥(𝑡) = −0.4 cos 10t + 0.4 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡
Expresando esta función como 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛(10𝑡 + ∅) tenemos que:
−0.4 cos 10𝑡 + 0.4 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 (10𝑡 + ∅) = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 cos ∅ + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅ cos 10𝑡
= (𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅) cos 10𝑡 + (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅)𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡
Entonces 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅ = −0.4 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ = 0.4
De donde 𝐴 = √(−0.4)2 + (0.4)2 = 0.4√2 𝑡𝑔∅ = −1
Como ∅ > 0 entonces ∅ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔(−1) =
−𝜋
4
por lo tanto la posición en cualquier instante
es:
𝑥(𝑡) = (0.4)√2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (10𝑡
−𝜋
4
)
Así obtenemos la velocidad y la aceleración
𝑉(𝑡) = 4√2 cos (10𝑡
−𝜋
4
) 𝑎(𝑡) = −40√2 sen (10𝑡
−𝜋
4
)
Donde la posición x(t) está dada en metros (m) la velocidad V(T) en m/s y la aceleración a(t)
en m/𝑠2
a) La amplitud es 𝐴 = 0.4√2𝑚 = 0.5657𝑚 𝑤 = 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝑇 =
𝜋
5
𝑠𝑒𝑔 = 0.6283 𝑠𝑒𝑔
b) El número de ciclos completos en 3 seg es 4 ya que
3
𝑇
= 4.77
c) La posición de equilibrio se alcanza en los tiempos donde 10𝑡 −
𝜋
4
= 𝑛𝜋 es decir:
𝑡 =
𝑛𝜋
10
+
𝜋
40
𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …
Ahora la masa se mueve hacia abajo cuando la velocidad es positiva, esto se logra cuando n
es par, es decir, la masa pasa por primera vez hacia abajo cuando n=0; por segunda vez
cuando n=2 y por sexta vez cuando n=10. Este último tiempo es:
𝑡 =
4𝑡𝜋
40
= 3.22 𝑠𝑒𝑔
d) En ese momento la velocidad y la aceleración son 𝑉 = 4√2
𝑚
𝑠
= 5.6569 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎 = 0 𝑚/𝑠2
e) La masa alcanza sus desplazamientos extremos cuando la velocidad se anula, esto es:
10𝑡 −
𝜋
4
=
𝜋
2
+ 𝑛𝜋 es decir 𝑡 =
1
10
(
3𝜋
4
+ 𝑛𝜋) 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …
f)
t X(t) V(t) a(t)
5 -0.4909 2.8104 49.0936
10 -0.5475 1.4238 54.7474
15 -0.5657 -0.0625 56.5651
20 -05442 -1.5444 54.4194
25 -0.4846 -2.9182 48.4607
g) La masa está a 0,40m abajo de la posición de equilibrio cuando
𝑥(𝑡) = 0.4√2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (10𝑡 −
𝜋
4
) = 0.4
es decir, cuando:
10𝑡 −
𝜋
4
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛 (
1
√2
) Por lo que tenemos dos opciones:
10𝑡 −
𝜋
4
=
𝜋
4
+ 2𝑛𝜋 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑡
𝜋
10
(2𝑛 +
1
2
) 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …
10𝑡 −
𝜋
4
=
3𝜋
4
+ 2𝑛𝜋 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑡 =
(2𝑛 + 1)𝜋
10
𝑛 = 0,1,2, …

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Aplicaciones de edo ii johelbys campos

  • 1. Programa Nacional De Formación En Sistema De Calidad Y Ambiente Matemática aplicada. Autor: Johelbys Campos C.I: 24.156.988 Grupo: A Barquisimeto, 2021
  • 2. Una masa de 40 kg alarga un resorte 9.8 cm. Al inicio, la masa se libera desde un punto que está 40 cm arriba de la posición de equilibrio con una velocidad descendente de 4 m/s. a) ¿Cuáles son la amplitud, la frecuencia angular y el periodo del movimiento? b) ¿Cuántos ciclos (completos) habrá completado la masa al final de 3s? c) ¿En qué momento la masa pasa por la posición de equilibrio con dirección hacia abajo por sexta vez? d) ¿Cuál es la velocidad y la aceleración en ese instante? e) ¿En qué instantes la masa alcanza sus desplazamientos extremos en cualquier lado de la posición de equilibrio? f) ¿Cuál es la posición, velocidad y aceleración en los tiempos t= 5, 10, 15, 20 y 25s? g) ¿En qué instantes la masa está a 0.40 m abajo de la posición de equilibrio? Solución: De acuerdo a la ley de Hooke la constante del resorte es: 𝐾 = 𝑓 ∆𝐼 = 40(9.8)𝑁 0.098𝑚 = 4000 𝑁/𝑚 Entonces la ecuación diferencial que describe la posición x(t) es: 40𝑥´´(𝑡) + 4000𝑥(𝑡) = 0 La ecuación característica viene dada por: 40𝑟2 + 4000 = 0 𝑟2 + 100 = 0 Por lo que 𝑟1 = −10𝑖 𝑟2 = 10𝑖 La solución general de la ecuación diferencial es: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶1 cos 10𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 Derivando la posición obtenemos la velocidad: 𝑥´(𝑡) = 𝑉(𝑡) = −10 𝐶1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 + 10 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 10𝑡 Usando las condiciones iniciales tenemos 𝑥(0) = −0.4 ; 𝑥´(0) = 4 𝐶1 = −0.4 10 𝐶2 = 4 𝐶2 = 0.4 La solución del PVI será: 𝑥(𝑡) = −0.4 cos 10t + 0.4 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 Expresando esta función como 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛(10𝑡 + ∅) tenemos que: −0.4 cos 10𝑡 + 0.4 𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 (10𝑡 + ∅) = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 cos ∅ + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅ cos 10𝑡 = (𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅) cos 10𝑡 + (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅)𝑠𝑒𝑛 10𝑡 Entonces 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅ = −0.4 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ = 0.4 De donde 𝐴 = √(−0.4)2 + (0.4)2 = 0.4√2 𝑡𝑔∅ = −1 Como ∅ > 0 entonces ∅ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔(−1) = −𝜋 4 por lo tanto la posición en cualquier instante es:
  • 3. 𝑥(𝑡) = (0.4)√2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (10𝑡 −𝜋 4 ) Así obtenemos la velocidad y la aceleración 𝑉(𝑡) = 4√2 cos (10𝑡 −𝜋 4 ) 𝑎(𝑡) = −40√2 sen (10𝑡 −𝜋 4 ) Donde la posición x(t) está dada en metros (m) la velocidad V(T) en m/s y la aceleración a(t) en m/𝑠2 a) La amplitud es 𝐴 = 0.4√2𝑚 = 0.5657𝑚 𝑤 = 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝑇 = 𝜋 5 𝑠𝑒𝑔 = 0.6283 𝑠𝑒𝑔 b) El número de ciclos completos en 3 seg es 4 ya que 3 𝑇 = 4.77 c) La posición de equilibrio se alcanza en los tiempos donde 10𝑡 − 𝜋 4 = 𝑛𝜋 es decir: 𝑡 = 𝑛𝜋 10 + 𝜋 40 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑛 = 0,1,2, … Ahora la masa se mueve hacia abajo cuando la velocidad es positiva, esto se logra cuando n es par, es decir, la masa pasa por primera vez hacia abajo cuando n=0; por segunda vez cuando n=2 y por sexta vez cuando n=10. Este último tiempo es: 𝑡 = 4𝑡𝜋 40 = 3.22 𝑠𝑒𝑔 d) En ese momento la velocidad y la aceleración son 𝑉 = 4√2 𝑚 𝑠 = 5.6569 𝑚/𝑠 𝑎 = 0 𝑚/𝑠2 e) La masa alcanza sus desplazamientos extremos cuando la velocidad se anula, esto es: 10𝑡 − 𝜋 4 = 𝜋 2 + 𝑛𝜋 es decir 𝑡 = 1 10 ( 3𝜋 4 + 𝑛𝜋) 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑛 = 0,1,2, … f) t X(t) V(t) a(t) 5 -0.4909 2.8104 49.0936 10 -0.5475 1.4238 54.7474 15 -0.5657 -0.0625 56.5651 20 -05442 -1.5444 54.4194 25 -0.4846 -2.9182 48.4607 g) La masa está a 0,40m abajo de la posición de equilibrio cuando 𝑥(𝑡) = 0.4√2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (10𝑡 − 𝜋 4 ) = 0.4 es decir, cuando: 10𝑡 − 𝜋 4 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( 1 √2 ) Por lo que tenemos dos opciones: 10𝑡 − 𝜋 4 = 𝜋 4 + 2𝑛𝜋 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑡 𝜋 10 (2𝑛 + 1 2 ) 𝑛 = 0,1,2, … 10𝑡 − 𝜋 4 = 3𝜋 4 + 2𝑛𝜋 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑡 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝜋 10 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …