The Effect Of Salt Concentration On Osmosis In Potato

The Effect of Salt Concentration on Osmosis in Potato
Part A:
Title: Diffusion
Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. For this experiment,
a 14 cm glass was filled with cold tap water. A drop of red food coloring was dropped in the cup. A stopwatch was used to measure the time it took for
the food coloring to get to the bottom of the cup. The average diffusion rate was .78 cm a second. If a different color was used, I do not think it would
have made a difference in the results. The mood of the person experimenting could possibly alter the results. For example, if a person is under stress,
they may accidentally squeeze too much altering the rate of diffusion. If the water was warmer, this may have sped the ... Show more content on
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You should consider each of the four solutions and explain what happened using the terms "hypertonic" "hypotonic" and "isotonic." In osmosis, the
flow of the water from or to a cell depends on whether the cell is immersed in a solution that is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic to the solution. If the
cell is isotonic to a solution, this means that the solute concentration of a cell and its environment is the same and therefore there will be no
movement of water. If the solute concentration is lower than that of the cell, then water will flow into the cell, causing it to expand. If the solute
concentration is lower than that of the cell then water will flow out of the cell, causing it to shrink. 2. Were your hypotheses right or wrong? Tell
how those hypotheses would have to be modified in another experiment. My hypotheses were correct. 3. What mistakes (uncontrolled variables)
might have affected how the results came out. Suggestion: Think of all the places in your method and materials where accuracy may not have been
the best. Describe several. There could have been several variables that could have affected the results of this lab. One would have been if the salt
measurements were incorrect. If more or less salt was added than realized, this would have caused the results to be incorrect. Another variable could
have been the size of the potatoes being measured incorrectly. If
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Microbiology Essay
Osmosis
4/13/13
MLT1 Lab 9
Performed at Home
Microbial Growth
There are three types of environments in which cells are located which include isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. In an isotonic environment, the
amount of water and solute are the same both inside and outside of the cell. As water drifts into the a cell, the same amount flows out creating a
balanced environment both inside and outside of the cell. When there is a high level of water on the outside of the cell and a high amount of solute
inside the cell, water will be drawn inside of the cell creating a hypotonic solution. The increase in water inside the cell causes the cell to become
engorged and erupt. In a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The water activity also plays a big role in the microbes ability to survive as most cannot grow in a water activity level less than 0.91. Based on
observations and construction of a data table, it was shown that the 1% NaCl solution had a water activity level of 0.99, the 7% NaCl solution
0.96 and the 15% NaCl solution 0.91. Based on the table it was expected that there would be no growth in the 15% NaCl solution as most microbes
cannot survive at a water activity level of 0.91. In the S. cerevisiae specimen, moderate growth was expected and observed based on the knowledge
that most microbes desire this type of environment for growth. The same was expected although a larger amount of growth was observed for the S.
epidermidis specimens in the 1% NaCl solution than expected. The 1% NaCl solution provided the best environment for the growth of both microbes.
Minimal growth of S. cerevisiae and moderate growth of S. epidermidis was observed from the 7% NaCl solutions. The S. epidermidis is used to a
slightly salty environment on the surface of skin which may account for the higher growth over S. cerevisiae in this environment. Lastly, no growth
was noted in either specimen of 15% NaCl. This type of environment does not support the growth of most microbes due to the increase in salt content
and the hypertonic environment it creates.
Sucrose Solution/Results Sucrose was not included in

Solution Focused Therapy Essay example
Solution Focused Therapy Solution focused therapy is a model of therapy developed by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in the late 1970's
(Dolan, n.d.). This model has become well known for its non–traditional approach to client problems as it does not explore clients issues in relation to
their cause and affect but rather the goals and solutions to achieving a future free of any present issues. i will be discussing the evident concepts,
principles and intervention techniques of this particular model. it will be explored in the context of a case scenario of a therapy session to observe
how the model can be actively applied to therapy sessions and why this is the best model to meet the client's needs. The effectiveness of the model...
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Thus, it is evident that solution focused therapy is focused on the future wellbeing and hopes of the client rather than their past or present situation. The
'counsellor–client work alliance' (Burwell & Chen, 2006) is essential for a productive and active client as it ensures motivation and empowerment
through the collaborative identification of strengths, progress and development in relation to achieving their preferred future and to identify strengths
to accomplish this outcome, also known as co–constructing solutions (O'Connelle 2005) There are a number of techniques and core concepts utilised
to establish the desired future of the client, such as the miracle question, scaling question and an exception question. These techniques are used to
encourage new patterns of thinking and establishing solutions to construct the preferred future of the client (AIPC, 2010). The miracle question aims
to encourage clients to visualise how their life would be and feel once change is made to solve the current problem and no longer negatively impacts
upon their lives. This is achieved through asking a question that allows clients to fantasise about a life free of the problem. The miracle question used
is "imagine you went to bed tonight and woke up free of the problems that you currently have

Informative Essay: Why Is Climate Change So Important?
Why is climate change so important? Is it because we all believe in the end of the world, is based from a cooked–up theory suggesting our planet will
explode as the temperature rises. Is the problem with the changing of the Earth, or is it with the people going against it? To the public, the effects of
climate change are revealed to many as a formality which is rather forgotten, and intentionally ignored. But is this stance such a bad one to take. With
the changes in the Earth's environment, comes warmer weather, longer summers, longer vacations equaling more money. Isn't this what people care
about, the money. Are going to set aside the way we live to improve the ever–increasing temperature of the Earth. For a result, which bears no relevance
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The only argument which is produced from this topic, is what to do next, this has been the ongoing question which drives my claim. Why do
anything at all if one does not know what to do. For most activist, a solution which is provided is one of unknown side effects. What is seen on the
surface of any solution give is a sacrifice of a system which has progressed in an exponential way. Why break something which is not broken, the
trust if any, which should be given should be alongside the evolution of technology. A technology which in the past century adversely benefited
the world, with a basis of knowledge which is just breaching the surface. Effects of technology in a changing world where "Child and maternal
mortality rates have plunged. Access to education has soared. Deep poverty is in sharp retreat. Despite the 24/7 distilled drama online and on TV,
violence on scales of war to homicide has been in a long decline..." (Revkin). Rather than blame the man for its flaws, we should be praising
ourselves for its progression, solving problems which had been plaguing man for centuries, and progressing beyond limitation placed on man in the
past. The solution to this the current problem of climate change, should be through the trust of our very own minds, through our progressions of our
knowledge, comes the progression of our technology, benefiting the problems of our world. Trust the process, trust your fellow man or woman.
"After tens of thousands of years of scrabbling by, spreading around the planet, and developing the tools of increasing sophistication, humans are in
surge mode and have only just started to become aware that something profound is going on." (Revkin). As we have in the past, we will weather the
storm, and looking back ten years, twenty years from now, we will be looking at the effects of climate change as a figment of the past. A problem
which seems minor to a new kind of climate change which man will make up to

My Problem with Procrastination
Upon further review, it appears that what I thought was a problem is more of an issue. As well as I needed to add a problem to my previous essay,
so I would like to list a problem I have with procrastination. I seem to be dealing with increased instances where I have waited to the last minute to
complete homework or a work project. Investigating my problem of procrastination, I will consider the pros and cons of not getting my schoolwork
completed, in a timely manner. The pros outweigh the cons by a long shot. It is never a good idea to waste time and then rush through just to complete
an assignment. I will work out the details of my problem by setting aside a certain time every day to work on my schoolwork. I will also invest in
using my dayplanner daily to make sure I am meeting my daily goals and weekly goals. I Googled free .pdf printables for increased organizational
inserts for my planner. I downloaded printed and added pages for meal planning, project planning, and homework to my planner. Adding more tools
to keep me on track will ensure that I am getting what I need done, and when it needs to be done. This will also help take some of the pressure of
me. Waiting until the last minute to get my schoolwork done adds pressure and I have to scramble on my work late at night to get it turned in on
time. As I stated in our previous assignment my issue is with my relationship. I was thinking of a way I can conduct the research necessary to solve the
problem and

The Solution Essay
The Solution
The business man behind a desk, the scientist in the lab, the artist approaching his canvas, the mathematician examining the symbols he placed on the
blackboard––the thoughts going through each of their heads are very different in many ways, yet amazingly similar.
For example, the business man must come up with an idea to cut costs and increase revenue for his company. He must find a creative twist to an old
idea, a new combination of numbers that allows the company to increase profit and drop costs. Yet this man strays from the numbers and thinks in
images, and during the brief moment before the creative act his consciousness seems to play absolutely no role.
Often times we must get away from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were concentrating on how to get the top of the truck away from the top of the tunnel so that the truck could pass. This is a very complicated
problem: the top of the truck is metal and does not give easily, meanwhile the tunnel is concrete and solid as well. The engineers might have figured out
the force necessary to push the truck out of the tunnel, but this would involve a bulldozer or tow truck. Both would be hindered by the traffic and
would take time. There are many factors besides just the force necessary to push the truck that affect the solution, with the most important factors being
time and the inability to destroy the truck or the tunnel. The girl succeeded with limited knowledge of physics and without destroying the truck or the
tunnel.
The girl saw that the truck had to get away from the top of the tunnel, but she understood that this was the same as making the truck get closer to the
ground. This is simple and only requires some modification of the tires. What had started out as a complicated problem ended up being very simple.
The girl had no background in Physics or measurements, so she relied on what she knew. She could visualize the air being released from the tires, the
truck driving through the tunnel, and her going home. Her lack of knowledge assisted her in solving the problem by keeping her away from the
symbols and numbers.
I remember a lesson I had once

Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the...
Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of Fat in Milk
INTRODUCTION:
Enzymes are proteins which can catalyse chemical reactions without changing themselves. The enzyme lipase breaks down the fat in dairy products
such as full–cream milk for people who are lactose intolerant. Lipase acts on its specific substrate, lipids produces fatty acids. If enzyme concentration
increases, random collisions between the substrates and active sites of enzyme increase due to the increasing amount of active sites which allow more
collisions to happen, so the rate of breakdown of lipids to simpler substances will increase. During the experiment, sodium carbonate solution and pH
indicator phenolphthalein will be added ahead of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If more were placed in one of the test tubes, then the rate of activity of the enzyme at different concentrations will be wrongly judged, leading to
incorrect conclusion.
4. Temperature will be kept consistent at room temperature– All tested will be done in the Biology laboratory with the windows shut to make sure the
temperature will not change during the tests. The higher the temperature, the shorter the time will be needed for the chemical reactions to happen and
phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colourless.
Dependent Variable:
1. The time for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colourless will be taken using the stopwatch.
METHOD:
* The apparatus was collected; * The beakers labelled; Solutions of lipase respectively at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% were made using
lipase at 5% and distilled water. * By using the dropper and measuring cylinder, an amount of 5ml milk was placed in the test tube * By using the
dropper and measuring cylinder, 10ml phenolphthalein was added to the test tube * By using the dropper and measuring cylinder, 7 ml sodium
carbonate solution was added to the test tube * By using the dropper and measuring cylinder, 3ml of 1% lipase was added into the test tube * As long
as the lipase was added, the button "start" on the stopwatch was pressed; and the

General Paper
2.04 AP Practice: Part 2
10/15 total points earned.
Question 1 (Worth 5 points)
The boxes described below have the same volume, but different dimensions and surface area. Use this data as the basis for a discussion of beneficial
cell shapes.
Essay Submission
When the volume is too large relative to the surface area of the cell, diffusion cannot occur at sufficiently high rates to ensure this. Therefore cells
size is wanted to be relatively small. Box A's surface area to volume ratio is the smallest and therefore will be very sufficient for diffusion to occur at a
high rate. Box B's surface area to volume ratio is in between Box A and Box C and so therefore will not be very sufficient but diffusion can still occur
at a medium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each bag was placed in a separate beaker and covered with distilled water.
The concentration of NaCl in the water outside of each bag was measured at 40–second intervals. The graph below shows the results from the 5% bag.
Describe how you would expect the results of the other three bags to compare to that of the 5% bag and explain your predictions.
Essay Submission
I expect the 10% NaCl will, due to the high concentration gradients, decrease in concentration. While the 0% NaCl and 1% NaCl will increase in
concentration. This is because the change in the solutes will change the distance of the function through the solution. Therefore, the more concentration
the more distance in the function and the less concentration the less distance.
Essay Feedback
Solute concentrations affect the rate of diffusion, so I expect the 1% solution to diffuse slower and the 10% solution to diffuse faster. The 10%
solution would be expected to diffuse at a greater rate, maybe twice that that of the 5% solution, so the plotted line will be significantly above the 5%
line. The 1% solution will have a line plotted at significantly lower values than that of the 5% solution. The 0% solution will remain at a value of zero,
a flat horizontal line, as no diffusion is expected to occur.

Points earned on this question: 2
This question was especially difficult for me because I

estimating osmolarity Essay
Estimating Osmolarity by change in weight
Abstract
Water flows in and out of cells in an attempt to attain a state of equilibrium. The concentration of solutes to solvent in the cells environment is the
cause of the water flow. Plant and animal cells can be negatively affected or positively affected due to theconcentration balance in their environment.
Potato cells were used to see the affects of sucrose in different concentrations. In some concentrations a weight change was seen in the potato.
Introduction
In the osmotic concentration lab potatoes were used to see the affects of different concentrations of sucrose on the weight of the potatoes. Solanum
tubersummore commonly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Materials & Methods
In the osmotic lab seven cups , a marker, metric ruler, digital balance, paper towels, a knife and seven cups containing solutions 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
0.5, 0.6m of sucrose were used in the experiment.
The marker was used to label the seven cups with the seven different concentrations of sucrose . A cork borer was used to cork the potato and then
the metric ruler was used to measure seven 5cm long samples cut with scalpel . The samples were weighed on the digital balance to the nearest
tenths of a gram. The weight of each potato cube was recorded on table under initial weight. As each mass was taken the potato core were placed in
the solutions of sucrose and stirred every 15 min where the initial mass was recorded. After letting the potatoes soak in their designated sucrose
solutions from 9:28–10:36 they were removed and blotted lightly with the paper towels. The potatoes where then measured on the digital balance and
the changes in weight were recorded on table under final weight. The change in weights if any was then calculated between each individual potato's
initial and final weight.
Results
After we finished recording the data of the experiment it became evident that the solution of 0.3 was the osmolarity of the potato. It showed a 0 percent
change in this solution.
Sucrose Molarity

Time in solution 9:28am–10:36am
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Final weight
3.4g
3.2g
3.2g
3.1g
3.0g

Essay What Makes Ice Melt Faster
What Interaction Of Outside Influence Makes Ice Melt Fastest?
A. Explain the significance of the given factors in your project design plan:
Problem statement
Relevance of your testable question
Problem Statement:
I have lived in a place that during the winter, ice would form on the streets and sidewalks and have wondered why things such as salt or sand are used
over other methods to help de–ice the surfaces? Why is salt or sand the most commonly used substances when addressing this issue?
Abstract
If you live in a place that gets cold in the winter, you've probably seen trucks out spreading a mixture of sand and salt on the streets after a snowfall to
help de–ice the road. Have you ever wondered how this works? This basic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water (H2O) is a good solvent because it is partially polarized. The hydrogen ends of the watermolecule have a partial positive charge, and the oxygen
end of the molecule has a partial negative charge. This is because the oxygen atom holds on more tightly to the electrons it shares with the hydrogen
atoms. The partial charges make it possible for water molecules to arrange themselves around charged atoms (ions) in solution, like the sodium (Na+)
and chloride (Clв€’) ions that dissociate when table salt dissolves in water.
Other substances that dissolve in water also lower the freezing point of the solution. The amount by which the freezing point is lowered depends only
on the number of molecules dissolved, not on their chemical nature. This is an example of a colligative property. In this project, you'll investigate
different substances to see how they affect the rate at which ice cubes melt. You'll test substances that dissolve in water (i.e., soluble substances), like
salt and sugar, as well as substances that don't dissolve in water (i.e., insoluble substances), like sand and pepper. Which substances will speed up the
melting of the ice?
Terms and Concepts
To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:
Solution
Solute
Solvent
Colligative properties
Freezing point depression
Phases of matter o Solid o Liquid

o

Lab Report On Osmosis Experiment Essay
Lab Report 4 Osmosis in Potatoes
Introduction
In this lab we are going to discovery how osmosis works using a semi–impermeable membrane a potato slice. Osmosis is known as the movement of
water in and out of a cell. To understand how this works we must understand two terms. Hypotonic means the environment has less solutes compared to
the inside of the cell. Hypertonic means that the environment has more solutes compared to the inside of the cell. With osmosis water will always
move from hypotonic too hypertonic. So the question is will water move into the potato or out of the potato? Will these results change when placed in
different morality of salt water? To calculate these results, we will measure the mass of potatoes cut into equal sizes then soak these potato slices in
different morality of NaCl for thirty minutes and measure the mass change in each potato slice.
Materials
Potato (four slices)
Knife
Beaker (4)
Salt Solution .2, .4, .6 mol
Distilled water
Food Scale
Paper Towels
Methods
First I gather all my materials needed for the experiment (see materials list). Second I peel and slice potatoes weigh each potato in grams. Get these
slices to weigh the same in mass because if they vary to much in mass that could affect the results of the experiment. Third I place each potato in its
own beaker. Fourth once the potatoes are placed in beakers I make sure to place enough solution to fully cover the potato. Each beaker should have a
different amount of

Solutions-Focused Therapy Essay
Solutions–focused therapy is a relatively new and welcomed therapy developed by Steve de Shazer and his wife Insoo Kim Berg, in 1979 at their
institute, the " Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin" (Guterman, 2010, p. 350). Shazer was interested in how to "influence change"
(Nichols, 2008, p. 346). Solution–focused therapy deals in solutions as opposed to dwelling on problems. Increasingly stringent budgeting constraints
emphasize the need to develop shorter and more focused therapy sessions without sacrificing successful outcomes (Nichols, 2008). The drawback to
solution–focused therapy would be that for those not experienced, therapists may be unable to decipher what real underlying issues are involved
(Guterman, 2010).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clients in working with their therapists learn to rethink their situations. They learn to look at their life as the glass half–full, instead of almost empty.
Showing clients how to spot the flowers in a sea of weeds enables them to face adversity or misfortune with an attitude of, "yes, that was a bad hit,
but how do we move on from here? Where do I want to go tomorrow? How am I going to get there?" Solutions–focused therapy enables a client to
multiply a smidgen of courage into enough to conquer a problem. Assisting clients to re–set their thinking stays with clients long after the therapy
session has ended, and is another excellent benefit of solutions–focused therapy. Not surprisingly, Iveson (2002) found that solutions–focused therapy
was effective in a severe phobia case, while he was working with a client experiencing agoraphobia. According to the Mayo Clinic ( 2009)
agoraphobia can severely limit your ability to socialize, work, attend important events and even manage the details of daily life, such as running
errands" (para. 1). In working with his client, Iveson discovered that the client did go up and down stairs in her home that ran right beside the front
door. Some days, the client had to sit on the top step and talk herself into making the descent, but after time had passed, she could make the trip down
and back up. Once the client had remembered what she was able to do, Iveson concentrated on that success, which was then followed by

Solution Focused Brief Therapy Essay
Introduction
The emergence of Solution–Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) marked a changing of the guard within the realm of psychotherapy. For the previous
century, the profession had been dominated by theories and practices, which was focused on unearthing a client's repressed memories or family issues
in hopes of identifying cracks in their mental and/or their emotional foundation that needed to be fixed. The change in perspective and approach
presented by Steven de Shazer and his counterparts provided therapist and clients alike an opportunity to center in on the presenting issue, instead of
prolonging the process in search of hidden truths. While de Shazer presented an alternative thought process to the therapeutic process, his model was
the culmination of various therapist and models continuing to push the envelope.
Historical Background
The American psychiatrist, Milton Erickson had been credited as one of the pioneers for stepping away from conventional thinking. He suggested
therapy must be intensive and required a long–term commitment. In fact, his stance of successful therapy often did not necessitate a lengthy
therapeutic relationship along with a small change by the client was the catalyst needed to bring about larger change are both cornerstones in SFBT
(Visser, 2013). Psychiatrist Gregory Bateson was responsible for two significant contributions in the development of SFBT. The first was his view that
the social environment each person resides in has a

Taking a Look at the G-Computers Company
HOME:
G–Computers is designed to help people with IT issues and its job is to provide technical assistance to different corporate and retail sectors across the
country. It not only proffers consultancy but also enterprises solutions along with networking which includes sales of hardware and software as well.
G–computers is a well–established and one of best rated solution provider of Pakistan. It has always been the hallmark of excellence and perfection
since its inception. G–Computers is a proactive and reliable company which always meets the need of its customer. With a consummate portfolio and an
array of products and services G–Computers provides round–the–clock solutions to its customer, which range from strategic planning to its application.
We not only proffer strategies but also solve the problems of our worthy customers with innovative applications, expertise and best possible products.
G–Computers has always been the paragon in the world of technology and it's because of our keen services that we have become Pakistan's leading
ICT solution company, serving with a considerable success a number of industries. Our capability, Quality Systems, Processes and exertion are just to
convey the most applicable and reliable solution to the problems of our Client. Our Corporate logic has persistently looked to apply the best–practices
to viably address various sorts of challenges by leveraging the most recent from the sphere of technology, and our task it to create coordinated

Conflict Resolution as Per Dewey
Throughout one 's life, one establishes many relationships. Some are built upon, and become strong and unshakable, some are broken and left to
dissolve. While some are paved slowly and with love, blossoming to become something wonderful, others are blown apart – the pieces scattered, never
to be put back together again. Though these relationships vary, from professional to personal, they are all prone to encountering some form ofconflict.
John Dewey has designed a problem solving sequence with 6 (six) steps, listed and explained below, to facilitate resolution of these conflicts.
Since the way one deals with conflict within the relationship will affect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary ...
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A decision can also be reached through the process of "majority rules". Though this process is a fairer one it must be performed by a small group, and
not two individuals. Since George and Max are co–owners, and there is no leader among them, they will be using the consensus method for their
decision making. In this type of method, a unanimous decision must be reached, therefor all parties must be in agreement.
George and Max have decided to combine the student special with the music nights. This causes little change in their budgets and satisfies their criteria
for evaluating solutions.
6. Test selected solutions.
After a solution has been identified and selected, a test should be made to ensure it 's effectiveness. This can be done through polling, analyzing, and
other methods of collecting data.
George and Max will try their solutions for two weeks and observe the if there is an increase in their sales by comparing the totals of the two weeks
to the two previous weeks. They have also chosen to advertise using homemade signs in the windows.
As with every change, there is a trail–and–error period where things are revised and new circumstances may render the old decision obsolete. These
steps are to be followed in an orderly fashion, but this does not mean that they can not be returned to. If, after completing a step, the desired result is
not obtained, one can always go back to any previous step they wish and start from

Solution Focused Family Therapy Essay
Solution –focused family therapy strategy is to articulate goals directly to discover what works in a family. The counselor by "taping on resources
within the family such as their strength, how the family thinks about the problem and to introduce another way of thinking about the problem, which is
searched and questioned. The solution–focused family therapist is an important figure in identifying exceptions to problems and assisting the family as
they, too, tap into existing resources." For example, asking the teenager about grades, homework habit, house chores, relationship with mother, with
family members, and with teachers prior to the encountered problems? The counselor or therapist has several theoretical approaches that can be used
and applied in the treatment process as well. In the words of Yarhouse, he indicates, "The philosophical assumptions underlying solution–focused
family therapy can be difficult to identify, since it is, uniquely atheoretical." According to de Shazer, "There is no explicitly identified model of normal
family development. Indeed, proponents of solution–focused family therapy emphasize making no assumptions about what is "normal" for a family,
nor does it concern itself with a model of abnormal family functioning:
The theory has nothing whatsoever to say about "problems, complaints, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In continuing the strategies of Solution–focused therapy, Yarhouse informed of other scholars "in their discussion of theories ofpsychotherapy in which,
O'Hanlon and Weiner–Davis (1989) help the reader move away from theory ("explanations") to practice ("solutions.") Additionally, "different theorists
can have quite different viewpoints, in fact, "diametrically opposed views about crucial elements and techniques involved in successful therapy." The
main key in Solution focused family therapy is the process for changes and the "believe that problems exist primarily because of how families construe
events taking place around

Betacyanin Essay
Effects of temperature manipulation and solution treatment on the Beta vulgaris craca plant cell membrane and the change of the concentration of
betacyanin when placed under these various stresses
Introduction:
The Beta vulgaris craca plant, commonly referred to as the beet root contains a pigment, red in colour, called betacyanin. The betacyanin's containment
within the cells of the beet root cell relies on the stability of the plant's membrane structure. The manipulation of the cell's membranes through
temperature change and solution treatments often causes damage to the vacuoles within the cell which contain betacyanin. Poovaiah and Leopold
released a similar scientific publication in 1976 which analyzed the effects of inorganic salts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Performing this experiment provides evidence and example of how various stresses effect this membrane and to what extent will they remain intact.
Materials and Methods:
To obtain the standard curve for betacyanin, a spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance level of the various concentrations of betacyanin
within the water solvent. The beet root was cut up into tiny 5mm uniformed disks to allow for the maximum leakage per test tube.
In order to observe the effects of the various temperature manipulations, the test was performed six times at various temperatures. For this test the beets
were placed into separate non permeable plastic bags and were then completely submerged in several water baths set at the temperatures of –25ВєC,
5ВєC, 25ВєC, 45ВєC, 65ВєC and 85ВєC for 2 minutes each. Once the plastic bags were removed from the baths, the beet discs themselves were
removed and then placed into different test tubes of water with the temperatures set at room temperature for fifteen minutes. The test tubes underwent
vigorous spinning by a vortex machine every five minutes to allow for maximum leakage results per beet disk manipulation. Once the beets sat in the
water for fifteen minutes, 2mL of the surrounding solvent was poured into a cuvette to be measured with the spectrophotometer.
To observe to level of betacyanin leaked from the cells membrane through further analysis, a solvent stress test was performed on

A Experiment On Separation And Purification Methods
This experiment introduces separation and purification methods used in research quite frequently. These methods include hot vacuum filtration and
recrystallization to purify a crude sample of acetanilide containing two impurities. Recrystallization is a very common method that is used to purify
solids. This process dissolves a crude solid with impurities in a mildly boiling solvent, and cooling down the mixture afterwards for crystals to
reconstruct themselves in solution. This method allows impurities to separate and remain in solution as precipitate or remain uniform in solution. Solids
are more soluble in hot solvents than in cold ones, allowing maximum dissolution for proper separation and subsequent crystallization to occur. After
purifying the compound, the melting point is determined using the Mel–Temp technology to compare to the written melting point to see how pure the
sample truly is. The proper steps of recrystallization include selecting a solvent that fits the characteristic of all the components, water in this
experiment. Then, dissolving a crude sample in the chosen solvent (at or close to the solvent boiling point), forming solid in the solution as cooling
takes place, using vacuum filtration to isolate the purified solid, ridding the crystals of all impurities through drying. In this experiment,
recrystallization allows purification of 150 mg of crude acetanilide. Hot vacuum filtration is a process used. The process requires using a filter flask,
Pasteur

The Use Of Pvp As A Dye Solvent
3.1Material
Polysulfone (INFO) supplied by (COMPANY) is used as a base polymer. N–dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent in casting solution, 2–propanol as
a dye solvent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (INFO) and n–hexane are obtained from (COMPANY). ZIF–8 nanoparticles as a modification agent are obtained
from (COMPANY). Dye (INFO) is obtained from (COMPANY).
3.2Membrane Preparation
The PSU/DMF casting solution was prepared by dissolving 18 wt% polysulfone and 1.5 wt% PVP in DMF at room temperature in magnetic stirrer for
24 h to ensure complete dissolution of the polymer. The role of PVP was as a pore former (Rahimpour et al., 2012). Then, the solution was set aside
for 12 h to remove air bubbles. The lid of the container was kept closed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This solution was then warmed to room temperature and then mixed with the PSU pre–polymer solution. The mixed solution was further sonicated for
10 min to minimize nanoparticle aggregation and sedimentation. The resulting homogeneous solution was stirred and cross–linked for another 2 h to
give enough viscosity for membrane casting. Finally the solution was casted rapidly onto a spongy ultraп¬Ѓltration support with a doctor blade and
was dried overnight at room temperature. The membrane was further annealed at 80п‚°C for 4 h (Fang et al., 2014).
The ZIF–8 loading is deп¬Ѓned as mass proportion of ZIF–8 in PSU which is given by
While the volume fraction of ZIF–8 in mixed matrix membrane is deп¬Ѓned as
3.4Membrane characterization
3.4.1Surface morphology
The surface morphology and cross–section of NF membranes before and after experiment were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
(MODEL). The membrane was cut into 1 cm x 1 cm size and subjected to imaging at a defined magnification of 10,000X for top morphology. The
SEM analysis was conducted at an accelerating voltage of 25 kV to observe the membrane 's surface morphologies and cross–section. Before that, the

NF membranes were dried and then coated with gold using a (MODEL) sputter coater.
3.4.2Functional group
To demonstrate the presence of different functional groups on membrane surface, before and after experiment, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
(MODEL)

The Phenomena Of Osmosis, Discovered By Rjh Dutrochet
Background information
The phenomena of osmosis, discovered by RJH Dutrochet in 1826, has been a significant area of interest in biology since. Osmosis is the process of
diffusing water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane to dilute solutions with high concentrations of solutes until that solution has the
same concentration as the solution on the other side of the membrane (Freeman, n.d., p. 96–99). An important component of osmosis is diffusion, which
is when molecules or ions in the presence of a concentration gradient move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (Borg,
2003, p. 13). The purpose is to have the same concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane and this process generally occurs when the solute
causing the concentration gradient is unable to traverse the selectively permeable membrane. Moreover, it is an example of passive transport, meaning
that it doesn't require energy (ATP).
WeThe original aim of this experiment was to observe and understand the effects of osmosis by placing a slice of potato in both hypertonic and
hypotonic solutions. The objectives have since been expanded to include observing the effects of a sugary hypertonic solution (sucrose solution) in
addition to the previously used salty hypertonic solution (NaCl). It is unsure if the two solutions will generate similar outcomes or if one of the two
will be more effective in conducting osmosis. Additional variables that will be added in the

Lab Report On Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
Alvin Garcia
Formal lab report
CHM 4610 L
Table of Contents Cordoba 2 Page.
Name, student ID, course number, date, report, title, section, Instructor's name....... 1st
Table of Contents.............................................................................. 2nd
Purpose..........................................................................................3rd
Introduction.....................................................................................3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th
Procedure........................................................................................6th, 7th, 8th, 9th
Results.............................................................................................. 9th, 11th
Data Analysis & Calculations................................................................. 11th– 19th
Discussion / Conclusion....................................................................... 19th – 21st
References....................................................................................... 21st
Cordoba 3
Introduction
Chemical equilibrium is the study of change within a chemical reaction and how far it will go to reach a dynamic equilibrium (Burdge). Dynamic
equilibrium is defined as the constant movement of species in a chemical reaction, gone to incompletion while the rates of production and consumption
are equal (Kf = Kr ) (Burdge). It differs from static equilibrium in that species are constantly being consumed and produced, it is dynamic movement
(Fox). The concentration of such species do not change, it remains constant (Fox). The rate at which species are being consumed and produced is
known as the equilibrium constant (K) (Burdge). Due to the fact that the concentration

Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various...
Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various Concentrations of Salt Solutions
Introduction:
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water
potential. It can be affected by several different variables including concentration of salt solutions. When a plant cell is put in pure water it will become
turgid and it will not burst due to the presence of a cell wall and a large permanent vacuole and when it is put in a concentrated solution it will be
plasmolysed, on the other hand when an animal cell is put in pure water it will burst due to the absence of the cell wall which is only present in the
plant cell and if is plant cell is put in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Dependant variables: The changes in length, changes in weight and the degree of firmness.
– Fixed variables: The room Temperature: The warmer the solution, the quicker the osmosis will be. This is because the watermolecules will be moving
more quickly. If you heat something like the potato rod up too much the cells will be destroyed so a good heating temperature must be used.
– The Surface Area: This will speed up the time of osmosis because there will be more space on the potato for osmosis to take place.
The equipment I used:
1) The tools:
* 5 Test tubes with their holder.
* A Forceps.
* A Scalpel.
* A Cork borer.
* 2 Small beakers.
* A Ruler.
* A sensitive digital balance.

* A Stopwatch.
* A paper and a pen (to record the results).
* Asyringe of capacity of 20 cm3.
* A permanent marker.
* Filter papers.
2) The Materials:
* Two big potatoes.
* Water.
* Salt solution 1mol / dm3.
Procedure:
I am going to carry out several steps at one time, I will use five different concentrations of the salt solution and they are:
0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0
1) I will bring the two small beakers and bring the water and pour the Water in one of the two beakers and I will bring the salt solution and prepare it
and then I will pour it in the other beaker then I will label the two beakers by using the permanent markers.
2) I will

Osmosis lab/ concentrations of solutions effect on...
"Do different concentrations of solutions determine the mass of a potato?"
Introduction:
The way to get the full results of this lab was through the process of osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane into a more
concentrated solution to reach an equilibrium. When regarding cells osmosis has three different terms that are used to describe their concentration. The
first of these words is isotonic. Cells in an isotonic solution show that the water has no net movement and the amount of water that goes in is the same
that goes out. Isotonic comes from the root iso, which means equal. This makes sense because the definition of isotonic is: same concentration. The
second out of three words is hypotonic. Cells in a hypotonic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dependent variable in the experiment was the percent change in mass and the independent variable was the solution. This is a quantitative
experiment because it was measuring the percent change in the mass of the potatoes.
Results:
Data:
The chart below shows the % change in mass after being in their concentrated solutions:
Next Page (didn't fit)
Concentration (M)0m.2m.4m.6m.8m1m
Initial Mass(g)3.6g3.8g3.9g3.1g3.0g3.0g
Final Mass (g)4.1g3.9g3.4g2.2g2.0g1.9g
% Change in Mass14.9%1.8%–12.1%–28.6%–33.3%–36.9%

Analysis:
The Graphs below show the percent changes in mass for both the class averages and our group's averages:
Conclusion:
In conclusion when the molarity level was at 0 and at .2 the potatoes had gained mass so therefore they were placed in a hypotonic environments. When
the molarity level was .4 and above the potatoes loss mass so therefore they were placed in hypertonic environments. So the different in concentrations
does change the mass of the potatoes because they determine the osmosis environments.
Discussion:
The hypothesis for this experiment was that at 0m and at .2m the potato core was going to swell making the surroundings it was in hypotonic. For .4m
it was stated that the potato core would stay the same, making the surroundings it was in isotonic. For that last three solutions, .6m, .8m, and 1m, it was
thought that they would shrink, so that would mean that that the environment that they were placed in was hypertonic. Although these

Egg Osmosis Using ' Deshelled ' Chicken Eggs
Egg Osmosis Using "Deshelled" Chicken Eggs
Martekka Crawford
India Williams
Desiree Counts
Mark Beckford
Biology 1611–Sec 348
Dr. M. Jones
September 17, 2015
Georgia Perimeter College– Decatur
Introduction
The osmolarity of a solution is the concentration measured of a solute. To determine the concentration of a solution, one must first understand what
osmosis is and how it works. Osmosis is the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane
according to the Britannica Encyclopedia. The semipermeable membrane is one that blocks the passages of dissolved substances such as solutes. This
process, in more recent times, provides a more accurate study of how water can diffuse across a cell membrane when water molecules have a high
concentration to an area in which they have a low concentration. It was originally studied in 1877 by plant physiologist, Wilhelm, Pfeffer. (Britannica
Encyclopedia 2015).
Osmosis is described in one of three ways when comparing more than one solution. The cell's external and internal environment helps determine
tonicity, which is defined as how the cell reacts to its environment. When the cell's environment is equal in osmolarity to itself and there is no change,
it is considered an isotonic solution. When the environment has a higher osmolarity, shrinkage occurs and it is considered a hypertonic solution. When
the environment has a lower osmolarity, swellings occurs and it is considered hypotonic.

Conflict Resolution Essay
Throughout one's life, one establishes many relationships. Some are built upon, and become strong and unshakable, some are broken and left to
dissolve. While some are paved slowly and with love, blossoming to become something wonderful, others are blown apart – the pieces scattered, never
to be put back together again. Though these relationships vary, from professional to personal, they are all prone to encountering some form of conflict.
John Dewey has designed a problem solving sequence with 6 (six) steps, listed and explained below, to facilitate resolution of these conflicts.
Since the way one deals with conflict within the relationship will affect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Example: George, a co–owner of a small coffee shop has noticed that there are fewer customers coming in to his store. He is worried about his profit,
and is reluctant to change anything about the store due to the cost. Max, the other owner, is more concerned with the quality of the food they provide,
and is willing to make any changes necessary to avoid failure on this project. At the meeting, they define the problem in a clear open–ended question
and they limit the problem to time period that is reasonable.
How can we improve our shop's sales within the next three months?
2. Establish criteria for evaluating solutions.
The solution can be either a practical one, which would affect material gains or losses, or one based on value, which would fallow a goal that reflects
image or purpose. Max and George have decided to incorporate both types, and each solution that they come up with must meet the established criteria.
The solution must cause a 5% increase in sales, must be cost effective, and can not affect the quality of the products.
3. Identify possible solutions
This is where the parties (in this case Max and George) "Brainstorm", or state as many solutions as they can think of. It is important to keep in mind,
however, that these solutions must conform to the criteria mentioned above.
On Fridays and Saturdays there could be popular music playing

tonicity on cell membrane lab report Essay
Effects of Tonicity on Cell Membrane
Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of tonicity on a cell membrane using red blood cells, potato strips and three
unknown solutions (A, B, C). First three slides were prepared containing RBC's and unknown solutions A, B and C. A control slide was prepared only
using RBC's. After observing each slide under the microscope it was determined that unknown solution A was hypertonic because the RBC appeared to
have shrunk. The RBC in unknown solution B appeared to be swollen, therefor, the tonicity of unknown solution B was hypotonic. Unknown solution
C showed no change to the RBC shape, it was suggested that unknown solution C was isotonic. To confirm the tonicity... Show more content on
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Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink as the solvent leaves the cells.
Plant cells react differently to osmosis than animal cells. When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell causing it to
shrink, this is known as crenation. When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution the cell membrane will pull away from the cell wall, making the
plant flaccid, this is known as plasmolysis. When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will rush in to the cell, causing it to swell
and sometimes burst. A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution will also swell due to water rushing in, but will resist rupturing due to the rigid cell
wall. Plant cells become more rigid in a hypotonic solution.
In this activity we will be observing the effects of potato slices and red blood cells being placed in varying molar levels of NaCl.
Methods
The materials used for the first part of the experiment comprised of the following: a microscope, 4 slides, 4 slide covers, blood samples, lancet, a
sheet of paper towel, 3 test tube droppers, Solutions A, Solutions B, and Solution C.
Blood samples from a volunteer within the group were used to conduct the experiment. The volunteer's hands were thoroughly washed and an alcohol
swab was applied to further sanitize the hands. To gather the blood samples needed, a lancet was properly placed on the forefinger and a firm pressure
was applied, which activated the needle inside to

The Solubility As A Measure
Science Fair Essay
–chemist understands solubility as a measure
–a chemist would say that solubility is the max solute that can be dissolved in the solvent until it reaches equilibrium
–when the solution reaches equilibrium, there can be no more solute added to the solvent: it won 't dissolve anymore, it will just rest at the bottom as
residue
–the chemical formula of salt is NaCI
–1 ATM is standard air pressure for earth
–the unit for solubility of water it for ex: 357.00 g/L
–when the solubility is put in the solvent, the solution reaches equilibrium
–every chemical substance has a fixed solubility
–if something doesn 't dissolve, it 's solubility is 0
–measures of solubility cannot be applied to immiscible substances
–some substances can be mixed and create a homogeneous phase in any proportion: miscible
–the opposite is an immiscible substance
–in dissolving, molecules of the solvent enter the solute and are surrounded many other molecules
–for the solute 's molecules to be surrounded, the molecular bonds between the molecules of the solute have to be broken and the molecular bonds of
the solvent have to be disrupted
–energy given off in the process
–then, when the solute dissolves into the solvent, new molecular bonds are created
–but for the solute and solvent to dissolve, the molecular bonds have to be broken and the energy output has to be immense
–right when the solute is placed in the solvent, the concentrated solute, breaks into pieces
–then the molecules of the

Stpm Sem 2 Chemistry Experiment 2013
Experiment 6 :Observation | KA2| KA3| Weight of test–tube + solid / g | | | Weight of empty test–tube / g | X1 | X2 | Weight of solid / g | | | Initial
temperature of acid / В°C | | | Final temperature of mixture / В°C | Оё1 | Оё2 | Temperature change / В°C | | |
Discussion :[In the experiment sheet, the is an error where questions in (c)(i) should be "the heat change involved the reactions involving KA2 and
KA3] (c). i : q1 = mcОё1 ; q = (30.00)(4.18)( Оё1) = q1 q2 = mcОё2 ; q = (30.00)(4.18)( Оё2) = q2ii. mol of KA2 = mass / RMM ; mol of KA2 = x1
/ 84 = a1 mol of KA3 = mass / RMM ; mol of KA3 = x2 / 106 = a2iii. HKA2 = q1 / a1 = – P kJ / molHKA3 = q2 / a2 = +Q kJ / mol(d)KA2 + KA1 :
Na2CO3(s) + 2 HCl ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Red solution; brown precipitate when heated.| SO32– ; CH3COO– may present| | Purplish solution decolourise.| S2O32– may present| (iv) Add
aqueous silver nitrate, followed by HNO3| White precipitate, soluble in HNO3 / NH3 (aq), or SO32в€’ in excess; turn black precipitate when heated.|
SO32– may present| | White precipitate turn to yellow and then brown and finally black; white precipitate soluble in excess S2O32в€’.| S2O32
– may
present| | White precipitate in concentrated solution, soluble in HNO3 or NH3(aq).| | (v) Add aqueous disodium hydrogen phosphate. (No reaction
for Ca2+)| White precipitate insoluble in excess| Pb2+ may present| | Blue precipitate is formed| Cu2+ confirm present| | White precipitate, soluble in
mineral acid| Mg2+ confirm present| (vi) Add aqueous potassium chromate(VI) followed | (Confirmatory test for Pb2+) yellow precipitate is formed|
Pb2+ confirm present| | No change occur (or form white ppt)| Pb2+ is absent|
KA 2 is a mixture of Al3+ and NH4+ or a mixture of solids Zn2+ and NH4+ | Observation| Deduction| (d) Dissolve all of solid KA 2 in distilled water
and filter. Use separate portions of the filtrate for tests (i) to (v). (i) Add aqueous NaOH, then in excess, and warm. | White precipitate dissolved in
excess NaOHWhen warmed, a pungent smell was given off| Pb2+,Zn2+,Al3+ may presentNH4+ may present| (ii) Add aqueous potassium iodide|
White precipitate is

The Viscosity of Liquids
39. The Viscosity of Liquids
After studying the present lecture, you will be able to
Define viscosity and viscosity coefficient
Outline the method to measure viscosity using Ostwald viscometer
Determine the average molecular weight of a polymer
Determine the surface concentration of 1–butanol in aqueous solution
Measure the distribution coefficient of a solute betweenn two solvents
39.1 Introduction
Viscosity, one of the transport properties, arises because of intermolecular attractive and relatively long–range forces. Viscosity coefficient ([pic]), a
specific constant characteristic of a liquid could be expressed by the following equation of Poiseuille.
[pic] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The constant a is sensitive to the shape and varies from zero for hard sphere or 0.5 for random coils to 2.0 for rigid rods.
Variation of specific viscosity of a solution [pic] (specific viscosity or reduced viscosity) is defined as [pic], where [pic] is the viscosity of solution i
and [pic] the viscosity of pure solvent) with the concentration of solute is given by the equation:
[pic](39.7)
where, c is concentration of the polymer in g/mL and K is a constant.

The determination of average molecular weight of polyvinyl acetate in acetone and methanol uses the following Procedure:
Prepare solution of polyvinyl acetate in acetone containing approximately 1 mg/ mL. From this prepare four more solutions of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg
/ mL by dilution. Measure the specific viscosity of all the four solutions as described above.
Repeat the above experiment with solution of polyvinyl acetate in methanol.
Plot [pic] versus c and calculate [pic] and K from equation (2). Also, using the empirical formula (1) and constant of K and a from the table given
below, determine the molecular weight of polyvinyl acetate in these two solvents.
|Solvent |K |a |
|Acetone |21.4 x 105 |0.68 |
|Methanol |38 x 10–5 |0.59 |
39.4 Excess Surface Energy

Does The Amount Of Salt Affect The Mass Of Ice Cream
Title: Does the amount of salt used in ice cream formation affect the mass of ice cream produced?
Purpose
To discover whether varied amounts of salt used in ice cream formation affect the mass of the final product.
Background InformationIn order for water or milk to freeze, the temperature needs to be at or below 0ВєC. In order to lower the freezing point of
solution, different solutes are dissolved in solvents. When a solute is combined with a solvent, such as dissolving sugar (solute) into water (solvent), a
solution is formed. The process of decreasing a freezing point of a liquid by dissolving a solute in a solution is referred to as freezing point depression.
The freezing point is a colligative property, which means that the freezing point depends on the number of solute particles dissolved in a solution. For
example, CaCl2, which has three particles, would lower the freezing point of a solution more than NaCl would, which only has two particles
(Helmenstine).
Freezing point depression is utilized in the environment as well, such as placing salt onto roads in winter during which the temperature is around or
right below 0ВєC to prevent any precipitation that falls from freezing onto the road. When ice is exposed to salt (NaCl), hydrogen bonds in the ice
require more energy to join together. The energy used by the hydrogen bonds is in the form of heat energy, decreasing the temperature of the small
amount of melted water surrounding the ice (Litherland).

Solutions Focused Therapy ( Sfbt ) Solution Focused Essay
Solution Focused Therapy (SFBT) Solution–focused brief therapy (SFBT) places focus on a person 's present and future circumstances and goals
rather than past experiences. In this goal–oriented therapy, the symptoms or issues bringing a person to therapy are typically not targeted. Instead, a
qualified therapist encourages those in treatment to develop a vision of the future and offers support as they determine the skills, resources, and
abilities needed to achieve that vision successfully. History and Development of SFBT The need for an alternative approach to therapy was recognized
as mental health practitioners began to observe the amount of energy, time, money, and other resources spent discussing and analyzing the challenges
revealed during the therapy process, while the issues originally bringing an individual to therapy continued to have a negative impact. Steve de Shazer
and Insoo Kim Berg of the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee, along with their team, developed solution–focused brief therapy in the early
1980s in response to this observation. SFBT aims to develop realistic solutions as quickly as possible, rather than keeping people in therapy for long
periods of time, in order to promote lasting relief for those in therapy. How Does SFBT Work? SFBT, which aims to help people experiencing
difficulty find tools they can use immediately to manage symptoms and cope with challenges, is grounded in the belief that although individuals may
already have the skills

Effect Of Iodine On Cornstarch
Testable Question: If iodine diluted in water (iv and solvent) is put in a plastic baggie (control) how will diffusion occur while put in a beaker with
diluted cornstarch (dv and solute)?
Background research: Iodine is an indicator for cornstarch and will turn purplish–black when reacting with it. In this case iodine is the solute and
cornstarch is a solvent. Diffusion is where molecules go from an area of low concentration to high concentration until molecules are evenly spread out.
Plastic is semipermeable and iodine is smaller than the pores in plastic while cornstarch and water are bigger.
Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the iodine will go from the plastic baggie to the cornstarch then back until it evens out as the iodine is smaller than
the plastic baggies membranes , so it will fit through and go from the high concentration to low concentration in the beaker outside then come back to
the baggie as the outside will have higher concentration until it evens out in the baggie and in the beaker. While the water and cornstarch cannot go
through as their molecules are bigger than the plastic baggies membrane they will not traverse between the baggie and the beaker.
Materials: Plastic Baggie, Water, Iodine, Cornstarch, A spoon, Rubber Band
Procedure: 1 – Fill baggie until it is about в…“ full. 2–Then add 20 drops of iodine and tighten it but using rubber band on top 3– Fill beaker halfway
with water and add 2 tsp of cornstarch and start mixing with spoon. 4 – Put baggie in

A Report On Chemical Equilibrium
Garcia 1
Chemical Equilibrium
Alvin Garcia
ID 3256622
Lab partner: Allison Galea, Valentina
TA: Lissette Lozano–Lewis
Formal lab report
CHM 4610 L
07/14/15
Table of Contents Garcia 2 Page.
Name, student ID, course number, date, report, title, section, Instructor's name....... 1st
Table of Contents.............................................................................. 2nd
Purpose..........................................................................................3rd
Introduction.....................................................................................3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th
Procedure........................................................................................6th, 7th, 8th, 9th
Results.............................................................................................. 9th, 11th
Data Analysis & Calculations................................................................. 11th– 19th
Discussion / Conclusion....................................................................... 19th – 21st
References....................................................................................... 21st
Garcia 3
Introduction
Chemical equilibrium is the study of change within a chemical reaction and how far it will go to reach a dynamic equilibrium (Burdge). Dynamic
equilibrium is defined as the constant movement of species in a chemical reaction, gone to incompletion while the rates of production and consumption

are equal (Kf = Kr ) (Burdge). It differs from static equilibrium in that species are constantly being consumed and produced, it is dynamic movement
(Fox). The concentration of such species do not change, it remains constant (Fox). The rate at which species are being

| the Occurrence of Osmosis and Diffusion in Artificial...
| The Occurrence of Osmosis and Diffusion in Artificial and Living Cells | David Michael| March 24, 2011| Partners: Fady Guirguis, Klaus Blandon,
and Mauricio Rodriquez.| |
* Table of Contents
I.Abstract3
II.Introduction4
III.Materials and Methods9
IV.Results15
V.Discussion18
VI.Works Cited23
*
Abstract
This lab focuses on the understanding of osmosis and diffusion in a practical sense. It allows the conductor to see what factors affect diffusion and
osmosis. This report was written to explain and present the results gathered in a precise and organized manner. This experiment was divided into two
parts. The first part concentrated on the placing potato cylinders in different sucrose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When this occurs most of the solute is now unable to diffuse to the other side the water molecules are now in the shells of the solute. The water is now
not available for diffusion. In this case the water concentration is low. On the other side of the concentration gradient there is little or no diffusible
solute. The water is "free", thus allowing the water to move from areas of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Osmosis can affect blood cells based on the level of the solute. If a red blood cell were placed in a beaker of seawater, the red blood cell would shrink.
This shrinking of the red blood cell happens because the seawater has more solute that the cytosol of the red blood cells. This situation causes the
water to move out of the red blood cells. Due to the fact that the red blood cell shrunk this environment is considered hypertonic. When a red blood
cell is dropped into a beaker of distilled water solution the red blood cell will burst. The reason the red blood cell exploded was because the cytosol
has more solute than the distilled water and the distilled water move into red blood cell. This environment is called hypotonic. If a red blood cell is
dropped into a beaker of the same solute concentration solution as the cytosol, the water will move in and out of the cell. This creates no net movement

of

Gummy Bear Hypothesis For Osmosis
Introduction:
Osmosis is a natural occurrence constantly happening within the cells of all living things. For osmosis to occur, water molecules must move across a
semipermeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an are of high concentration. In order to understand osmosis, people must understand
the different types of concentrations that can be present within solution. One of them is an Isotonic solution where the concentration of dissolved
particles is equal to that of a cell's. Another is a hypertonic solution where there is a higher concentration of dissolved particles then inside the cell.
And lastly there is a hypotonic solution where there are less dissolved particles than inside the cell. As dissolved particles move to a region of lower
concentration, water moves the opposite direction as a result of there being less water in the highly concentrated region. In this experiment, gummy
bears were placed in salt water, sugar water, and tap water to find the measure of osmosis between the solution and gummy bear.
Hypothesis:
If the gummy bear is added to the solution, then it will lose its coloring and expand.
Materials:
The materials used during the experiment included three plastic cups, three gummy bears, masking tape, marker, balance, calculator, tray, one plastic
spoon, a measurement tray, and a ruler. The three plastic cups were used to hold the tap water, salt water, and sugar water. The masking tape and
marker were used to label each cup with the

Problem With Debt
1 – A Problem With Debt
As a High School senior, the inevitability of student loans always hung over my head, and yet among the sea of things that I could've done,
scholarships never felt like an option. Scholarships exist to help students pay for a college education, something which has become indispensable for a
"suitable" life nowadays. So then why do students willingly ignore the plethora of scholarships available to them? The answer is frustratingly simple:
scholarships aren't built around the student's they're supposed to target. Most scholarships require individualized essays in order to apply, let alone the
extra essays and/or projects demanded by scholarships that provide larger sums. Even more so, these essays call for a certain ... Show more content on
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Our first solution tackles the problem from the academic side: a middleman service provided to high schools which links academic progress with
third–party academic resources (such as scholarships). An online checklist linked to permanent records would be given to students. This checklist
would help visualize a student's chances of getting into University, and offer premade info–sheets that can be forwarded to any resource (including
scholarships) linked through the service. Ultimately, this service would reduce financial stress on the student by decreasing some of the grunt work
requested by scholarships and by providing other alternatives. At the same time, scholarships would gain access to more information about their
applicants and be able make more informed

Forced Labor Solutions Essay
There are many possible solutions that have been attempted to try and stop forced labor and while some have helped a little none of them have been
able to make the problem go completely away. These solutions have a better chance at working and getting rid of the forced labor problem if they
were combined. There is no one set solution to any problem, there are multiple that needs to be put together to make one integrated solution. The
possible solutions are all really good ideas they are just not good enough to stand alone and solve the problem of forced labor. For example the law that
was created that said forced labor is illegal needs to be enforced is a good idea but people break the law all of the time so this is not a very good
solution. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If companies were not so money hungry and actually paid attention and knew where their product is from then there will be less of a demand for
people to be in forced labor. If companies were having their product made from or getting their product from a place that used forced laborers and the
public found out then the company would get really bad press because everyone will mad. With companies not using forced laborers to get their
product made then there is no demand
for forced laborers and people knowing the tricks that the traffickers use then they are less likely to be tricked into forced labor.
Any way that these possible solutions are combined could help solve the problem of forced labor rather than these possible solutions standing alone.
Either way all of the solutions could be combined as one big whole solution or smaller solutions with two solutions that make them up. If all of theses
different solutions were to be combined with one another then this could potentially solve the whole forced labor problem. With combing the victims
sharing their information solution with the government needs to enforce the law solution with the companies knowing where they get their product from
solution with so on and so

The Viscosity Of Different Formulation At 10 % Water
The viscosity of different formulation at 10% water as follows, F1 (28В±6.08 Cp), F2 (257В±12.12 Cp), F3 (181В±23.26 Cp) and F4 (141В±29.82).
This might be to the semisolid characteristics of Cremophor RH while T80 is liquid at room temperature [36]. It was stated that the introduction of
Cremophor RH surfactant into the interface film increases progressively a number of ethylene oxide units available for bonding with the surrounding
water molecules, providing a much higher extent of hydration as well as droplet interactions compared to T20 [9].
4.10. Nasal ciliotoxicity study:
The mucosa of the nose is very important for its proper function as a barrier to foreign matters and drug absorption. A nasal drug delivery system must
undergo the evaluation of its irritation to the nasal mucosa. In this study, histological study of the nasal mucosa was performed to claim the potential
toxic influences or the expected drug/excipient irritations.
The nasal mucosa treated with PBS (pH 6.8, –ve control) exhibited intact ciliated respiratory epithelium and normal goblet cells, appearance with no
nasociliary damage (figure 5a). Conversely, the nasal mucosa was extensively damaged with loss of nasal cilia and even the dipper tissue part
destroyed (figure 5b) upon use of +ve control "isopropyl alcohol" [37]. On the other hand, The nasal mucosa treated with MEs (figure 5c–5f) showed
no signs of mucosal cell damage, no signs of remarkable destructive effects and no

Ap Biology Egg Osmosis Lab Essay
AP Biology
August 23, 2012
Egg Osmosis Lab
Definition of osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentrations
Hypothesis: If I place an egg in vinegar, then the outer layer of the egg is going to become slimy and look like rubber. It will also become larger and
bubbles will form on and around the egg.
Hypothesis: If I place an egg in corn syrup, then the egg will become small and the outer layer will not look like rubber any longer.
Day one:
Date started: 8/6
Volume: 2 oz. pH of acetic acid: 2.4
Day two
The egg shell completely disappears due to the vinegar reacting with the egg; bubbles form on the surface of the vinegar and on the egg because
carbon dioxide was produced from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also known as a hypertonic solution which explains why the egg will decrease in size. Corn syrup is a hypertonic liquid because it is very
concentrated with not much water compared to the egg unlike water which is hypotonic because it contains more water than the egg. In this solution,
the solute remains the egg, and the solvent is changed to corn syrup. Osmosis still plays an action because water is still passing through the membrane
from high to low concentrations.
Hypothesis: If the egg is placed into water, then it will increase in size since water is a hypotonic liquid because it contains more water than the egg.
Day Five
Egg volume: 4oz.
Remaining water: 6oz.
Conclusion:
Osmosis took place in the egg under a variety of conditions because the membrane of the egg has tiny openings where water can pass through from
high to low concentrations. On day one, it was a hypotonic solution because the higher concentration of water in the vinegar moved to the smaller
concentration in the egg. This means the egg was filled with water, which resulted in the eggs increase in size. On day three, the hypotonic solution
occurred because the corn syrup had a lower concentration of water than the egg. That means the egg released water into the corn syrup, which
resulted in the eggs decrease in size. On day four, the egg was placed in water which resulted in an isotonic solution where the concentrations become

even. This

The Effect Of Salt Concentration On Osmosis In Potato

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