The document provides an overview of various separation techniques such as adsorption, electrophoresis, centrifugation, and chromatography, highlighting their mechanisms and applications in industrial and laboratory settings. It discusses processes like distillation, crystallization, and filtration, which exploit differing physical and chemical properties for the separation of mixtures. Additionally, the document covers methods like magnetic separation, precipitation, and winnowing, emphasizing their importance in fields like chemistry, mining, and agriculture.

1. Separation Techniques
Kittitat Kanta-anantapornBy…

2. Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms,
ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or
dissolved solid to a surface. This process
creates a film of the adsorbate on the
surface of the adsorbent. This process
differs from absorption, in which a fluid
(the absorbate) is dissolved by or
permeates a liquid or solid (the
absorbent), respectively
1. Adsorbtion

3. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is
a family of electrokinetic separation
methods performed in submillimeter
diameter capillaries and in micro
and nanofluidic channels. Very
often, CE refers to capillary zone
electrophoresis (CZE), but other
electrophoretic techniques including
capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE),
capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF),
capillary isotachophoresis and
2. Capillary electrophoresis

4. Centrifugation is a process which involves the
application of the centripetal force for the sedimentation
of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge, and is used
in industrial and laboratory settings. This process is used
to separate two miscible substances, but also to analyze
the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules.
3. Centrifugation

5. 4. Chromatography
Chromatography is the collective term
for a set of laboratory techniques for the
separation of mixtures. The
mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the
mobile phase, which carries it through
a structure holding another
material called the stationary phase.
The various constituents of the mixture
travel at different speeds,
causing them to separate.
The separation is based on differential
partitioning between the mobile and

6. Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical
or biological operations that separate solids from
fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium
through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid
that passes through is called the filtrate. However,
the separation is not complete; solids will be
5. Filtration

7. Crystallization is the (natural or artificial)
process where a solid forms where the atoms
or molecules are highly organized in a
structure known as a crystal. Some of the
ways which crystals form are through
precipitating from a solution, melting or
more rarely deposition directly from a gas.
Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid
separation technique, in which mass transfer
of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure
solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical
6. Crystallization

8. Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a
liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid
into a gaseous phase that is not saturated
with the evaporating substance. The other
type of vaporization is boiling, which is
characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor
forming in the liquid phase. Steam produced
in a boiler is another example of evaporation
occurring in a saturated vapor phase.
Evaporation that occurs directly from the
solid phase below the melting point, as
7. Evaporation

9. Decantation is a process for the
separation of mixtures, by removing a
layer of liquid, generally one from
which a precipitate has settled. The
purpose may be either to produce a
clean decant, or to remove undesired
liquid from the precipitate (or other
layers). If the aim is to produce a
clean solution, a small amount of
solution must generally be left in the
container, and care must be taken to
8. Decantation

10. Demister (vapor) is a device
often fitted to vapor-liquid
separator vessels to enhance the
removal of liquid droplets
entrained in a vapor stream.
Demisters may be a mesh type
coalescer, vane pack or other
structure intended to aggregate
the mist into droplets that are
heavy enough to separate from
9. Demister (vapor)

11. Distillation is a process of separating
the component or substances from a
liquid mixture by selective evaporation
and condensation. Distillation may result
in essentially complete separation (nearly
pure components), or it may be a partial
separation that increases the
concentration of selected components of
the mixture. In either case the process
exploits differences in the volatility of the
mixture's components. In industrial
chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of
practically universal importance, but it is a
10. Distillation

12. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or
another solvent[1] by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. This process
is often used as a final production step before selling or packaging products. To
be considered "dried", the final product must be solid, in the form of a
continuous sheet (e.g., paper), long pieces (e.g., wood), particles (e.g., cereal
grains or corn flakes) or powder (e.g., sand, salt, washing powder, milk powder).
A source of heat and an agent to remove the vapor produced by the process
are often involved. In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like
vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water. Desiccation may
11. Drying

13. Electrophoresis is the motion
of dispersed particles relative to
a fluid under the influence of a
spatially uniform electric field.
Electrophoresis is a technique
used in laboratories in order to
separate macromolecules based
on size. The
technique applies a negative
charge so proteins move
towards a positive charge. This is
12. Electrophoresis

14. Elutriation is a process for separating
particles based on their size, shape and density,
using a stream of gas or liquid flowing in a
direction usually opposite to the direction of
sedimentation. This method is mainly used for
particles smaller than 1 μm. The smaller or
lighter particles rise to the top (overflow)
because their terminal sedimentation velocities
are lower than the velocity of the rising fluid.
The terminal velocity of any particle in any
medium can be calculated using Stokes' Law if
the particle's Reynolds number is below 0.2.
13. Elutriation

15. Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting in the
separation of a substance from a matrix. It includes Liquid-liquid
extraction, and Solid phase extraction.
14. Extraction

16. Field flow fractionation
bbreviated FFF, is a separation
technique where a field is
applied to a fluid suspension or
solution pumped through a long
and narrow channel,
perpendicular to the direction of
flow, to cause separation of the
particles present in the fluid,
depending on their differing
"mobilities" under the force
15. Field flow fractionation

17. Froth flotation is a process
for selectively separating
hydrophobic materials from
hydrophilic. This is used in
mineral processing, paper
recycling and waste-water
treatment industries. Historically
this was first used in the mining
industry, where it was one of the
great enabling technologies of
the 20th century. It has been
16. Froth flotation

18. Flocculation is a process wherein colloids come out of
suspension in the form of floc or flake; either spontaneously or due
to the addition of a clarifying agent. The action differs from
precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely
suspended in a liquid and not actually dissolved in a solution. In the
flocculated system, there is no formation of a cake, since all the flocs
are in the suspension.
17. Flocculation

19. Fractional freezing is a
misnomer, since it is not
distillation but rather a process
of enriching a solution by
partially freezing it and
removing frozen material that is
poorer in the dissolved material
than is the liquid portion left
behind. Such enrichment
parallels enrichment by true
distillation, where the
18. Fractional freezing

20. API oil–water separator is
a device designed to separate
gross amounts of oil and
suspended solids from the
wastewater effluents of oil
refineries, petrochemical plants,
chemical plants, natural gas
processing plants and other
industrial oily water sources.
19. API oil–water separator

21. Magnetic separation is a process in which magnetically
susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic
force. This separation technique can be useful in mining iron as it is
attracted to a magnet. In mines where wolframite was mixed with
cassiterite, such as South Crofty and East Pool mine in Cornwall or
with bismuth such as at the Shepherd and Murphy mine in Moina,
Tasmania, magnetic separation was used to separate the ores.
20. Magnetic separation

22. Precipitation is the creation
of a solid from a solution.
When the reaction occurs in a
liquid solution, the solid formed
is called the 'precipitate'. The
chemical that causes the solid
to form is called the
'precipitant'. Without sufficient
force of gravity (settling) to
bring the solid particles
together, the precipitate
21. Precipitation

23. Recrystallization is a technique
used to purify chemicals. By
dissolving both impurities and a
compound in an appropriate solvent,
either the desired compound or
impurities can be coaxed out of
solution, leaving the other behind. It
is named for the crystals often
formed when the compound
precipitates out. Alternatively,
recrystallization can refer to the
natural growth of larger ice crystals at
22. Recrystallization

24. Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control
devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases
from industrial exhaust streams. The first air scrubber was designed
to remove carbon dioxide from the air of an early submarine, the
Ictineo I, a role for which they continue to be used to this day
23. Scrubber

25. Sedimentation is the tendency
for particles in suspension to
settle out of the fluid in which they
are entrained and come to rest
against a barrier. This is due to
their motion through the fluid in
response to the forces acting on
them: these forces can be due to
gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or
electromagnetism. In geology,
sedimentation is often used as the
24. Sedimentation

26. Sieve A sieve, or sifter, is a device for
separating wanted elements from
unwanted material or for characterizing
the particle size distribution of a sample,
typically using a woven screen such as a
mesh or net or metal.[1] The word "sift"
derives from "sieve". In cooking, a sifter is
used to separate and break up clumps in
dry ingredients such as flour, as well as
to aerate and combine them. A strainer
is a form of sieve used to separate solids
from liquid.
25. Sieve

27. Stripping is a physical
separation process where one or
more components are removed
from a liquid stream by a vapor
stream. In industrial applications
the liquid and vapor streams can
have co-current or
countercurrent flows. Stripping is
usually carried out in either a
packed or trayed column.
26. Stripping

28. Sublimation is the
transition of a substance
directly from the solid to the
gas phase without passing
through the intermediate liquid
phase.
27. Sublimation

29. Vapor–liquid
separator is a vertical
vessel into which a liquid and
vapor mixture (or a flashing
liquid) is fed and wherein the
liquid is separated by gravity, falls
to the bottom of the vessel, and
is withdrawn. The vapor travels
upward at a design velocity
which minimizes the entrainment
28. vapor–liquid separator

30. Winnowing is an agricultural
method developed by ancient
cultures for separating grain from
chaff. It is also used to remove
weevils or other pests from stored
grain. Threshing, the loosening of
grain or seeds from the husks and
straw, is the step in the chaff-
removal process that comes
before winnowing.
29. Winnowing

31. Zone melting is a group of similar methods of purifying
crystals, in which a narrow region of a crystal is melted, and this
molten zone is moved along the crystal. The molten region melts
impure solid at its forward edge and leaves a wake of purer material
solidified behind it as it moves through the ingot. The impurities
concentrate in the melt, and are moved to one end of the ingot.
30. Zone melting

32. The end