Introduction

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presentation ON.
SEPARATION OF
SUBSTANCES

INTRODUCTION
To separate components of mixture, we use some characteristic methods
that separate one component from the other in different modes.
Some of the common physical methods of separation are:
HANDPICKING STRAINING
WINNOWING WATER TREATMENT
THRESHING SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
EVAPORATION
FILTERATION
CONDENSATION
DECANTATION
SEDIMENTATION
CHURNING

 Hand picking is used for removing the undesirable
solid constituents from the mixture.

USES OF HANDPICKING
The method of handpicking is used for many
substances are:
 For separating slightly larger sized
impurities.
 The pieces of dirt and stone.
 Husk from wheat.
 Rice or pulses.

WINNOWING
 Winnowing is a process of separating light solid
particles such as husk from heavier solids, such
as rice & wheat grains. The mixture is dropped
slowly from a height in the presence of wind.
The heavy particles drop almost vertically,
where as the light particles are carried some
distance away by wind. Hence 2 different heaps
of light & heavy particles are formed.

Uses of winnowing
The method of winnowing is used in many ways are:
To separate heavier and lighter components of a
mixture by wind or by blowing air.
The method is commonly used by farmers to
separate lighter husk particles from heavier seeds
of grain.

THRESHING
 The process that is used to separate grain from
stalks is threshing.

Uses of threshing
The method of threshing is used for in many ways are:
 To separate grain from stalks.
 The stalks are beaten to free the grain stalks.

 The process of conversion of water into
its vapour is called evaporation.

Uses of evaporation
The method of evaporation is used for in
many ways are:
 To separate a mixture of water into its
vapour.
 Heat is evaporated by heating.

Condensation
 The process of conversion of water vapour into its
liquid form is called condensation.

USES OF CONDENSATION
 Steaming clothes
 steam-cleaning
 blistering paint off walls easily...better than
scraping

Sedimentation
 When the heavier components in a mixture
settles after water is added to it, the
process is called sedimentation.

 Sedimentation in glacier-influenced marine environments.
 Sedimentation of the coarse particles of the suspended load
takes place simultaneously.
 Intercalation of shallow marine deposits with these two units
indicating active sedimentation during falling sea-level.
 Formation of this clay is possibly the result of recent
geological sedimentation and particulate sorting due to
riverine activity.

When the water is removed, the
process is called decantation.

USES OF DECANTATION
 Take care to avoid, as much as feasible, the decantation of coarser
particles of the sample.
 Deposits containing aggregates which display a history of coating
problems require decantation.
 Wash the resin repeatedly by decantation until the supernatant water is
free of foam and turbidity.
 Care should be taken to avoid, as much as possible, the decantation of
the coarse particles of the sample.
 The sodium soaps are soluble in the glycerol phase and must be isolated
after neutralization by decantation as fatty acids.

filtration
 Filtration can be used to separate components
of a mixture of an insoluble solids and a liquid.

USES OF FILTERATION
 The coffee filter to keep the coffee separate from the grounds.
 HEPA filters in air conditioning to remove particles from air.
 Belt filters to extract precious metals in mining.
 Horizontal plate filter, also known as Sparkler filter.
 Furnaces use filtration to prevent the furnace elements from fouling with
particulates.
 Pneumatic conveying systems often employ filtration to stop or slow the flow
of material that is transported, through the use of a baghouse.
 In the laboratory, a Büchner funnel is often used, with a filter paper serving
as the porous barrier.

CHURNING
 Churning is the process of shaking up cream to
make butter, and various forms of butter churn have
been used for the purpose, which was moved by
hand. Afterward, mechanical means of churning
were usually substituted.

 Churning out of small answers to small problems on a colossal scale.
 Churning up high swells.
 Churning out rubbish on celebrities, worth a check on anti-war coverage.
 Churning up the mud.
 On the story goes, in came milking machines, smaller milk churns.
 Churning the stomach while stirring the gonads.
 Churn away.
 Churn around inside you and you'll end up feeling worse.
 Churning out thousands of pages of new law every year, supplemented by
thousands more of statutory instruments.

STRAINING
 straining is a process, generally used in cooking, in
which the yolk is removed from the white. This allows
one part of the to be used without the other part, or
each part to be treated in different ways. Recipes for
custard call for yolks.

 Strain every sinew to make the world demonstrate next March.
 Straining at the leash.
 Strain through a sieve and leave the custard to cool before placing in the
fridge to chill for 20 minutes.
 The current H5N1 strain of avian flu virus does not transmit easily from
birds to mammals like cats.
 Strain gage errors is important in the accurate measurement of the fatigue
life of an aircrafts airframe.
 Also I was carrying a groin strain that wasn't making life sweet.
 Strain out a gnat but swallow a camel.

WATER TREATMENT
 Water purification is the process of removing
undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants,
suspended solids and gases from contaminated
water. The goal of this process is to produce water fit
for a specific purpose.

 Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any biological
growth
 Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron
and manganese
 Coagulation - for flocculation
 Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes - to improve
coagulation and for thicker floc formation
 Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended
solids trapped in the floc
 Filtration - removing particles from water
 Desalination - Process of removing salt from the water
 Disinfection - for killing bacteria.

SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
 In chemistry and chemical engineering, a separation
process, or simply a separation, is any mass transfer
process that contain a mixture of substances into
two or more distinct product mixtures, at least one of
which is enriched in one or more of the mixture's
constituents.

EXAMPLES OF SEPARATION OF
MIXTURES Distillation is used to separate homogenous mixtures that are based
in liquid such as water. The liquid mixture is heated until pure vapor
rises up, leaving the heavier material that was suspended in the liquid
condensed at the bottom of the container. The vapor is removed
through a condenser tube and condensed into liquid in another
container.
 Filtration is a common way to separate soluble solids from a solution.
The mixture is poured over an appropriately-sized filter. The solids
remain on top of the filter, while the liquid drains into a container
underneath.
 Centrifuges are machines that put an object in rotation around a fixed
axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. Centripetal
acceleration causes denser substances to separate, moving toward
the bottom of the tube, while the lighter substances will move toward
the top.

Distillation
 Distillation is based on the fact that the vapour of a boiling mixture will
be richer in the components that have lower boiling points.
 Therefore, when this vapour is cooled and condensed, the condensate
will contain more volatile components. At the same time, the original
mixture will contain more of the less volatile material.

EXAMPLE OF DISTILLATION
 Fractional distillation is used to separate petroleum into its fractions.
 Distillation is used to get fresh water from salt water.
 Distillation is used to make any of the liquors that are stronger than wine.
 Distilled water for chemical reactions that may be affected by impurities in the
tap water.

Separating Funnel
 A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating
funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory
glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition)
the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases
of different densities[1] Typically, one of the phases will be
aqueous, and the other a non-polar lipophilic organic solvent
such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl
acetate. All of these solvents form a clear delineation between
the two liquids

USES OF SEPARATING
FUNNEL
 A mixture of oil and water is put into a separating
funnel and then shaken and then left until it
becomes stable again. The liquid with higher
density, in this case water goes to the bottom of
the separating funnel.
 When this is done, the bottom of the Separating
funnel is opened and the water flows out, leaving
only the oil left.

RIVER WATER TREATMENT
 The River Water Treatment Plant uses membrane
filter technology and is the one of the most
sophisticated water treatment plants in
Australasia. This world leading technology has
already proved effective in other countries
including France, America, Canada and Great
Britain. In most cases, the raw water from the
Waikato River contains considerably less
pollutants, bacteria and viruses than these
overseas plants.

USES OF RIVER WATER
TREATMENT
 Rivers have many uses,one of the most important
being a source of drinking water. In California, 23
million people rely on the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta for their drinking water. Treating
river water to remove harmful contaminants is
essential to improving global health. There are
several straight-forward river water treatment
methods.

Introduction

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