The Time-Consuming Task Of Preparing A Data Set For...

The Time-consuming Task of Preparing a Data Set for...
Preparing a data set for analysis in data mining is a more time consuming task. For preparing a data
set it requires more complex SQL quires, joining tables and aggregating columns. Existing SQL
aggregations have some limitations to prepare data sets because they return one column per
aggregated group. In general, significant manual efforts are required to build data sets, where a
horizontal layout is required. Also many data mining applications deal with privacy for many
sensitive data. Therefore we need privacy preserving algorithm for preserving sensitive data in data
mining. Horizontal database aggregation is a task that involves many participating entities.
However, privacy preserving during such database aggregation is a challenging task. Regular
encryption cannot be used in such cases as they do not perform mathematical operations & preserve
properties of encrypted data. This paper has two main approaches preparing Data set and privacy
preserving in data mining. For preparing the data set we can use the case, pivot and SPJ method for
preparing the horizontal aggregation and then employ a homomorphic encryption based scheme for
data privacy during aggregations. Homomorphic encryption is the conversion of data into cipher text
which allows specific types of computation operations to be performed on the data set and obtains
encrypted result. The encrypted result is same as the result which is performed on the plain text.
Although such schemes are already being used for
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Nt1310 Unit 2 Data Analysis
The accompanying is a rundown of elements offered by the K–Security and KSSL bundles:
Keys: Symmetric keys of distinctive lengths and RSA Public/Private keys with modulus lengths up
to and including 1024 bits.
Figures: RSA (for key trade) and RC4 (for mass encryption). DES code is accessible yet no
longer included as a matter of course.
Message Digests: MD5 and SHA.
Running Head: INTERNET SECURITY 13
Marks: RSA with both MD5 and SHA (as portrayed in PKCS#1).
Testaments: Only X.509 endorsements containing RSA keys and marked utilizing RSA with MD5 or
SHA are upheld. X.509v3 augmentations are taken care of effectively – subjectAltName, essential
Requirements, key utilization and augmented Key Usage are perceived. Unrecognized

Cryptograpy Exam
1. What are some threats associated with a direct digital signature scheme?
a. The scheme validation is dependent on the security of the sender's private key, which the sender
can later claim lost or stolen and that the signature was forged when trying to deny sending a
particular message.
b. If a private key is stolen from Bob at time t, the thief can send a message signed with Bob's
signature with a time stamp equal to or less than t.
c. The need for trust between 2 participants is a potential threat since there is no independent
verification process.
2. How can you get physical possession of the password hashes from a MS Server 2008 running
Active Directory?
a. To obtain hashes from a MS Server 2008, the system has to be ... Show more content on
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b. Two parties each create a public–key, private–key pair and communicate the public key to the
other party. The keys are designed in such a way that both sides can calculate the same unique secret
key based on each side's private key and the other side's public key.
4. What are the principal services provided by PGP?
a. Digital Signature (DSS/SHA or RSA/SHA)
b. Message Encryption (CAST–128, IDEA, 3–DES in conjunction
c. with RSA)
d. Compression (Lempel–Ziv)
e. E–mail compatibility (Radix–64 conversion)
f. Segmentation (to overcome maximum message length of 50,000 bytes for SMTP)
5. What is involved in obtaining a VeriSign certificate? There are some 3rd party companies that
provide VeriSign certificates below is one process from Internet Junction:
a. Domain Ownership
i. The person applying for VeriSign must be either the owner of a registered domain or an employee
of the company that owns the domain
b. Proof of Right
i. Organizations applying for VeriSign must be legitimate and registered with the proper government
authorities. The following can be provided as proof of right.
1. DUNS (Dun & Bradstreet) number
2. Business license
3. Articles of incorporation
4. Partnership papers
5. Business license

c. Application completion
i. Application is completed once the required documents have been verified
d.

Data Security Cloud Computing Using Rsa Algorithm
Data Security in Cloud Computing using RSAAlgorithm Abstract: In cloud computing, data
security is the major issue. Security in single cloud is less popular than in multicloud due to its
ability to reduce security risks. In this paper, we describe a new architecture for security of data
storage in multicloud. We use two mechanisms–data encryption and file splitting. When user upload
a file ,it is encrypted using AES encryption algorithm. Then that encrypted file is divided into equal
parts according to the number of clouds and stored into multicloud. This proposed system enhances
the data security in multicloud. Introduction: Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on–demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released
with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.[1] Cloud Computing appears as a
computational paradigm as well as a distribution architecture and its main objective is to provide
secure, quick, convenient data storage and net computing service, with all computing resources
visualized as services and delivered over the Internet [2,3]. The cloud enhances collaboration,
agility, scalability, availability, ability to adapt to fluctuations according to demand, accelerate
development work, and provides potential for cost reduction through optimized and efficient
computing [4].As the data

Use Of Pressure And Information Encryption
Abstract–Problem confronted by today 's communicators is security as well as the pace of
correspondence and size of substance. In the present paper, a plan has been proposed which utilizes
the idea of pressure and information encryption. In first stage th center has been made on
information pressure and cryptography. In the following stage we have underscored on pressure
cryptosystem. At long last, proposed procedure has been examined which utilized the idea of
information pressure and encryption. In this first information is compacted to diminish the measure
of the information and expansion the information transferrate. There after compress data is
encrypted to give security. Consequently our proposed system is powerful that can decrease
information size, build information exchange rate and give the security amid correspondence.
keywords–Arithmetic coding, cryptography, skimming point number, one time cushion,
compression crypto.
1. INTRODUCTION
The present system situation requests trade of information with more security and diminishment in
both the space prerequisite for information stockpiling and the time for data transmission. This can
be proficient by pressure and encryption, such sort of framework is called pressure –crypto
framework. Encryption is in fact a safe coding method and information pressure is likewise a coding
strategy, whose reason for existing is to diminish both the space necessities for information
stockpiling and the ideal opportunity for

Annotated Bibliography On Cryptography And Presence Of...
Cryptography
The practice and study in securing communication between parties in presence of potential
adversaries. A cryptographic algorithm or cipher is a mathematical function used in a plaintext in the
encryption and decryption process. A cryptographic algorithm works in combination with a key
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext also encrypts to different
cipher text with the use of different keys. The core of modern cryptography is the construction and
analyzation of protocols of various aspects in information security such as data integrity and
confidentiality, authentication, and non–repudiation.
Modern practice of cryptography involves cryptographic method.
First cryptographic method is the Symmetric–Key Algorithm also known as Secret key
Cryptography. The symmetry of algorithm comes from both parties involved sharing the same key
for both data encryption and decryption. It works like a physical door where anyone who has the
right locking and unlocking uses a copy of the same key. Symmetric–key Algorithm works by taking
the message and combining it with a shared key that inputs the algorithm then outputs a ciphered
message.
Two ways of symmetric–key algorithm encryption involve block ciphers and stream ciphers.
Stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom
cipher digit stream (keystream). In astream cipher each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time
with the corresponding

Elliptic Curve Cryptology Used to Make Keys
Elliptic Curve Cryptology
What and Why of ECC?
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a public key cryptography technique by making use of elliptic
curve properties and their algebraic structure of over finite fields. It is one of the efficient ways of
providing encryption of cryptographic keys.
Elliptic curves as algebraic/geometric entities have been studied extensively for the past 150 years,
and from these studies has emerged a rich and deep theory. Elliptic curve systems as applied to
cryptography were first proposed in 1985 independently by Neal Koblitz from the University of
Washington, and Victor Miller, who was then at IBM, Yorktown Heights.[1]
These curves have allowed establishment of a new generation of asymmetric ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
We take another point Q on the curve. We compute R = P + Q. It is a graphical operation consisting
of tracing a line through P and Q. This line defines a unique intersection with the EC: the point –R.
R is found by taking the symmetric point with respect to the x–axis (see figure 2).
Figure 2 – Example of addition
Formally:
P = (x1,y1)
Q = (x2,y2)
R = P + Q = (x3,y3)
Where,
x3 = ө 2 – x1 – x2 y3 = ө (x1 + x3) – y1 with ө = (y2 – y1)/(x2 – x1).
If P = Q, R = P + Q is equivalent to adding a point to itself: doubling point P.
Doubling
The operation needs a single point and consists of finding a point 2P. We draw a tangent line to the
EC at point P. This line intersects the curve in a point –R. Reflecting this point across the x– axis
gives R: R = 2P. See figure 3.
Formally: the only difference with an addition is the definition of ө. ө = (3x1 + a)/2y1
Figure 3 – Example of doubling a point P
Calculations over the real numbers are slow and inaccurate due to round–off error. Cryptographic

applications require fast and precise arithmetic; thus elliptic curve groups over the finite fields of Fp
and Fm2 are used in practice.[1]
The key generation and verification of elliptic curve analogue (ECDSA) of the U.S. government
digital signature algorithm (DSA) is described below.
ECDSA Key Generation: E is an elliptic curve defined over Fq , and P is a point of prime order n in
E (Fq ); these are system–wide

Computer Security
Contents
INTRODUCTION 4
SECURITY 4
Client Security 4
Server Security 5
Document Confidentiality 5
Risks and threats to E–commerce Sites 5
Hackers 5
Software/hardware failure 5
WHY SECURITY FAIL 6
Exposure of confidential data 6
Modification of Data 6
Errors in Software 6
Poor stipulation and testing 6
Repudiation 6
Solutions to E–commerce Security Risks 7
Encryption 7
Data Encryption Standard (DES) 7
RSA Public Key Algorithm 8
Digital signatures 8
Digital certificates 9
Security for Transactions 9
Secure sockets layer 10
Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) 10
Conclusions 11
INTRODUCTION
Internet security is not fully understood by many. However, ... Show more content on

Helpwriting.net ...
Now that the more general risks that E–commerce websites face have been examined,
The security issues that present themselves to E–commerce websites can be
Crucially examined.
WHY SECURITY FAIL
Exposure of confidential data
A web server is the wrong place for the storage of confidential information as it is
Information that is made accessible by the public unless intended. To reduce the risk of
Exposure it is important to limit the methods by which information can be accessed
And Limit the people who can access it as it can also lead to loss of files. Authentication is a main
requirement for websites. It means asking people to prove their identity. The most common ways of
authentication are passwords and digital signatures.
Modification of Data
Modification to files could include changes to data files or executable files. A hacker's motivation
for Altering a data file Might be to vandalise a company's site or to obtain fraudulent Benefits.
Replacing The Data can be protected from modification as it travels over the network by using
digital Signatures. This does not stop somebody from modifying the data but if the signature Still
matches when the files arrive, it can be seen whether the file has been modified.
Errors in Software
Errors in

On the Development of Quantum Computers and Cryptography
On the Development of Quantum Computers and Cryptography
In 2010, the United States government, after accessing encrypted files by means of physical
intervention, exposed ten Russian sleeper agents; in 2013, the United States government, without
any means of physical intervention, surreptitiously collected and promptly decrypted many
previously encrypted (Wood). Within this decade, concerns regarding the dubious security of
contemporary cryptography will begin to emerge as the secrets of quantum computing quickly
unravel. Companies that rely on Moore's law, which asserts that computing power doubles every
eighteen months, to justify using the theoretically weak cryptography scheme known as RSA will
succumb to the risks posed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These individuals cite a "three qubit impasse," which states that because quantum computers have
not become more complex than three qubits, they will not become more complex than three qubits.
From the start of serious research in 2001 up until recently, this argument had remained tenable. But,
the human endeavor to create technological advancements would not relent. This drive proved itself
as successful in 2012, when D–Wave Systems, a quantum computing company founded in 1999,
announced that their work on a 512 qubit quantum computer had concluded. D–Wave then went on
to state that they would computer would reveal the computer later that year, albeit with a limited
range of abilities. Since then, companies such as Google and the National Aeronautics and Space
Association (NASA) have begun to work in conjunction with D–Wave to improve upon their
prototype and apply them to calculations to discover new potential. Nevertheless, dogmatic
advocates for RSA hold the proposition that their point still stands as these do not count as full–
fledged quantum computers. With the progression of time, the development of quantum computers
will do as it has already done once and relegate the power of the three qubit impasse to a continually
smaller role.
While RSA performs its final show, a new system débuts. Praised by some as unbreakable, they call
the method "Quantum Key Distribution," (QKD) and in it lies

Disadvantages Of Quantum Computer
The application and development of quantum computing is still in progress and there aren't any fully
developed quantum computers out there right now. In spite of that, there are many advantages of
quantum computing based on the theory and calculations provided by the scientists will benefit us in
the future. First of all, there is a difference between quantum computer and traditional computer
need to be explained. For example, traditional computer uses long strings of "bits", which is either
zero or one. While for the quantum computer, it uses quantum bits, or qubits (University of Waterloo
n.d.).
Sounds confusing? Here is the advantage I want to explain now. In traditional devices, information
is stored and handled in binary form which was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because he proved that due to a classic computers cannot slow down without exponentially,
thus, a classical computers cannot simulate the quantum effects. But a quantum computer can
simulate the physical processes of quantum effects in a real time. They named it as molecular
simulations (Talele etal 2012). This definitely will allow us to study, in remarkable detail, the
interactions between atoms and molecules. This could help medical and engineering field to design
new drugs and new materials (University of Waterloo n.d.). Those pharmacists can know more
about how was the interactions with each other of their products. They also can see the biological
processes after they used a drug on a person to view the interaction of a drug with a person's
metabolism or disease. Meanwhile in the engineering field, they can create new materials such as
superconductors that work at room temperature, nanotechnology, and semiconductor. This has been
theoretically demonstrated to have this incredible potential, but hopefully those benefits would bring
to us in the

Public Key Cryptography : Cryptography
PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY
Public key cryptography is also known as asymmetric cryptography. Public key cryptography is
dependent upon cryptographic algorithms which are based on mathematical problem. In Public key
cryptography there are two keys public key and private key. Public key is a mathematical code
which is known to all i.e. it is widely known. Private key is also a mathematical code but is known
only to proprietor. There are many algorithm used for public key cryptography some of them are
discussed below.
 RSA algorithm. This algorithm is used in bank security and online banking. It is also used in
secure electronic communications. This algorithm is discussed briefly in the following section.
 DSA. Digital signature algorithm is a method in which digital signature of a person are saved and
can be used to authentication of electronic document. These types of authentication are used widely
in modern world.
 Elliptic curve cryptography. It is based on algebraic stricter of a curve. In this type of
cryptography key required are smaller than other algorithm.
RSAALGORITHM This scheme was discovered by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman so it
is called RSA method. In this method we choose two large prime number p and q. These number
should be very large an acceptable range for this number is at least 256bit number. Bank use p and q
of 512 bit. Now n = p*q then we choose a number e such that the gcd of e and (p–1)(q–1) is, gcd(e,
(p–1)(q–1)) = 1.This pair (n,e) form

Advantages Of Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Index
Sr.no Topic Page no Sign sign 1. Abstract
2. 1. Introduction
3. 2. Objective
4. 3. Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem
5. 4.Application
A. Personal computer
B. Hand Held and other small devices
C. Identity Based Encryption
6. 5.Advantages Of ECC over RSAA. Security B. Space Requirements C. Efficiency
7. 6. Conclusion 16
9. 8.References 17
Elliptic curve cryptography
Abstract:
Cryptography is the art of hiding or securing the important communication from the possible attacks
of the outside. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Identity Based Encryption is a public key encryption scheme where any string can be a users email
address or name. The advantage of Identity Based Encryption is no certificate is needed to bind
names to public keys. This feature may help to launch a public key infrastructure since receiver does
not have to obtain public key and certificate before receiving encrypted communication. The sender
can use receivers Id as its public key and does not need to obtain and verify certificate on the
recipient's public key.
5. Advantages of ECC over RSA

A. Security
The main advantage ECC has over RSA is that the essential operation in ECC is point addition and
it is computationally very costly. To maintain the same security degree the bits number will increase
in RSA generated key pair. We can see from below figure that RSA should use 3072 bit while 256
bit for ECC. Hence ECC is more secure than RSA.
B. Space Requirements
Because increasing computation is needed for higher bit encryption more transistors are needed
onboard the smart card to achieve operation. This causes growth in the area of employed processors.
By ECC transistor number can be cut back on since numbers required are much smaller than RSA
with similar level of security. Bandwidth requirements are same for RSA and ECC when message is
long but when message is short ECC is

Cryptography, The Most Important Part For Secure Any...
ABSTRACT
CRYPTOGRAPHY is the most important part to secure any business by securing the
communication range. In this project important topics of cryptography that should be known in
general is discussed . How decoding and encoding in done with the help of cryptography to secure
any communication. How it helps to maintain authenticity of any industry or company.
Cryptography helps in making transactions by keeping data secure. It also protect passwords, ATM
pins etc. from hackers. Cryptography maintains aspects which is authenticated like Confidentiality,
authenticity & integrity. In this project it is described how cryptography converts the essential data
in coded form and how it is changed using terms encryption and decryption. In this undertaking
distinctive keys utilized for encryption and unscrambling is examined like cryptography mystery
key and open key. In this a short portrayal of encryption is given which is the starting venture in
cryptography. Encryption takes an arrangement of calculations, or scientific articulations, to
scramble information from its unique organization into one undecipherable. Purpose of
cryptography is discussed in the project. How secret codes were used in ancient period is briefly
described. Now key is used in cryptography how key convert the data from one format to another is
discussed. There are three keys in cryptography public, private and shared keys. A brief discussion
about how these

Encryption And The Security Of A Message
Amanda V. Jennings
Professor Tres Brooks
CCT 110
November 24, 2014
Encryption
"Encryption is a way to enhance the security of a message or file by scrambling the contents so that
it can be read only by someone who has the right encryption key to unscramble it" (Microsoft).
Encryption uses an algorithm to change plain text data to cipher text. It played a very important role
in wars and in military circles to protect top secret information from foreign countries.
There are two types of encryption symmetric–key and asymmetric–key encryption. Symmetric is
faster than asymmetric at decrypting the data. Sometimes asymmetric and symmetric encryption are
used together. The symmetric key is encrypted using asymmetric encryption.
SYMMETRIC–KEY ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DES was one of the first symmetric encryption methods used by NSA dating back to the 1970s. It
used a 56–bit key and 8–bit parity. DES can easily be broken, which is why AES replaced it in 2001.
AES is stronger and faster than DES. It can use a variety of key lengths (128–, 192–, or 256–bit).
Other ciphers used with symmetric–key encryption are Ron's Cipher v2 (RC2), Ron's Cipher v5
(RC5), International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), Triple DES (3DES), Blowfish, Twofish,
and SkipJack.
ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION Asymmetric encryption (also known as public key encryption)
uses two different keys that are mathematically similar but distinctly different. One key for
encrypting (public key) and the other for decrypting (private key). The two keys together are called
a key pair. The strength of the secrecy and integrity lies in the private key. Asymmetric encryption is
usually used for smaller data, like the encryption of a symmetric key. Asymmetric uses multiple
different protocols, including, SSL/TLS, IPSec, VPNs, S/MIME, and SSH tunnels. The most
popular cipher used in asymmetric encryption is RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman) created in 1977 by
Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman. It is based on factoring large numbers in their prime
value (Wikipedia). RSA is the most secure. It ranges from 512 bits to 8,000 bits, which is about
2,401 digits. Others
ATTACKS ON ENCRYPTED MESSAGES Just like a burglar trying to get into a house without

Annotated Bibliography On The Security Of The Age Of...
1. Introduction
Security in the age of internet has become a tremendously important issue to provide comfort not
only for paranoid people but for many others who are naïve to believe that protection in digital era is
essential to communication between millions of people that increasingly used as a tool for
commerce.
There are many aspects to security and applications, from secure commerce and payment to private
communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography, is the practice and study in securing
communication between parties in the presence of potential adversaries (Yousuf, N.D.). This report
focuses on modern methods of cryptography its operation, strengths and weaknesses, its application
techniques in computing and some other aspects where cryptography deemed essential as discussed
in this report.
Moreover, it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications,
this report is not by itself sufficient. The reader is advice then, that the topics covered in this paper
only describe the first of the many steps necessary for better security in a number of situations.
Cryptography
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext also

Cloud Computing : Data Security
Louisiana Tech University
Department of Computer Science
Fall 2016
Course: CSC 552 Distributed and Cloud Computing
Data Security in Cloud Computing using RSA
Sai Sanjay Sivva
Student Id: 102–53–018
Email: sss045@latech.edu
ABSTRACT
Cloud computing is the set of IT services provided to a customer by a company through the network
giving the customer freedom to modify his requirements anytime he wants. Cloud Computing is
now a fast growing segment of the IT Industry due to the economical services it provides to its
customers. Start Ups and growing companies are now preferring to use Cloud computing rather than
maintaining traditional server as it saves establishment and running costs. Especially when you are
unsure about the usage. But as the Information present in the cloud has been increasing rapidly in
the recent times, it also causes concern over the safety of data stored in cloud. This paper will
discuss the Security Issues faced by the Cloud Service Providers and also focus on the encryption
using RSA algorithm which enhance the Security of the data protected over cloud.
INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing provides various services to its users through internet using a pay as per usage
plan giving users the freedom to use just exactly what they want and change their requirements
accordingly based on their usage. Hence avoiding the huge costs that incur to setup and monitor a
server system which has a limited scalability. Even though Cloud Service

Analyzing The Three Types Of Cryptography
Chapter 5 Review_CIS591_Spring16 Chapter Summary
After reading this chapter and completing the exercises, you should understand the following about
cryptography.
Identify and describe the three types of cryptography
Symmetric cryptography is based upon the idea of a common mystery or key. Asymmetric
cryptography is based upon a key that can be made transparently accessible to the general
population, yet still give security.
One–way, or hashing, cryptography takes information and enciphers it. Be that as it may, there is no
real way to disentangle it and no key
List and describe current cryptographic algorithms
Hashing is the utilization of a restricted capacity to produce a message outline for information
uprightness. Hashing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Integrity is picked up in light of the fact that hashing calculations are particularly intended to check
respectability. They can lessen a message to a numerical worth that can be freely ascertained,
ensuring that any message adjustment would change the scientific quality.
Nonrepudiation is the property of not having the capacity to claim that you didn 't send the
information. This property is picked up in light of the properties of private keys.
Authentication, or having the capacity to demonstrate you will be you, is accomplished through the
private keys required in computerized marks.
Digital marks, joining various sorts of encryption, give a verification strategy confirmed by an
outsider, permitting you to utilize them as though you were really marking the report with your
general mark.
Digital rights administration (DRM) utilizes some type of unbalanced encryption that permits an
application to figure out whether you are an approved client of the advanced substance you are
attempting to get to. For instance, things like DVDs and certain advanced music arrangements, for
example, AACS use DRM. Essay Quiz
1. Describe how polyalphabetic substitution works.
The Alberti figure by Leon Battista Alberti around 1467 was accepted to be the main polyalphabetic
figure. Alberti utilized a blended letter set to encode a message, however at whatever point he
needed to, he would change to an alternate letter set,

Annotated Bibliography On The Security Of The Age Of...
Introduction
commerce.
in this report.
Cryptography
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext also

Annotated Bibliography On Rsa Cryptography
Introduction
RSA cryptography is vastly used to encrypt and decrypt message while communicating through
internet and in the field of digital signature. This encryption system is used regularly in web
browsers, chat applications email, vpn and any other types of communications that require securely
sending data to severs or the other people.[8] RSA cryptography is an asymmetrical cryptography
system. Because it have two keys. One is public another is private. The encryption key is public
while the decryption key is private. So only the person with the correct decryption key can decipher
the encrypted message. Everyone have their own encryption and decryption keys. The keys must be
made in such a way that the decryption key may not easily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Which is by trying every possible combination. The length of the key determines the strength. DES
uses a 64–bit key, but eight of those bits are used for parity checks, effectively limiting the key to
56–bits. So, it would take a maximum of 256 or 72,057,594,037,927,936 attempts to find the correct
key. In present state, this is not safe because this amount of combination isn't too high. Even so, up–
to 1990's mid this method was very popular and widely used. In 1998 a computer system broke this
security in 56 hours which later reduced in 22 hours. So presently instead of providing compatibility
in some instances, reliance on DES is a serious security problem for data confidentiality and should
be avoided. As encryption strength is directly proportional to key size and 56–bit key length is not
enough for present computing system so in 1997, the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) announced an initiative to choose a successor to DES, in 2001, it selected the Advanced
Encryption Standard as a replacement. [1]
2. Triple DSE method was designed to take the place of Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm.
Triple DES was the recommended standard and vastly used symmetric algorithm in the industry.
This system uses three individual keys each having 56–bits. So the total key length becomes 128–
bits which is more secured than normal DES system. Although slowly became out of date Triple
DES still capable manages to make a dependable hardware encryption

Swot Analysis
embedded arefindout. The embedding is accomplished after block dividing the cover picture and
WI. The experimental effects display that the proposed technique is powerful.
[35], DivjotKaurThind, et.al In this paper a ultra–modern digital video watermarking scheme is
proposed which mixes DWT and SVD in which watermarking is achieved within the HF sub band
and then various forms of attacks have been carried out. The watermark object has been embedded
in each body of the original video. Since in each frame, watermark is embedded and it offers
robustness towards attacks.
[36], Abhilasha Sharma, et.al. The proposed watermarking technique is based on two TD
techniques, DCT and DWT. In embedding method, the CI is divided into two separate ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
[39], ArashSaboori, et.al In this paper a new method is proposed the usage of the combination of
DCT and PCA transform with a view to lessen the low frequency band for the shade image
50 in YUV color space. The Y (luminance) is divided into non–overlapping blocks and the low band
coefficients of each block are placed in the matrix data than PCA transform are applied on it. This
method eliminates the disadvantage of low band based on the combination of DCT and PCA
transform.
[40], Hwai–Tsu Hu, et.al. This paper affords a singular scheme able to providing sturdy, high
potential and transparent blind audio watermarking. A set of guidelines is developed to keep the
power balance in frequency band. A scheme has been proposed to attain high performance
watermarking by exploiting perceptual masking in DCT domain. The audio signal is partitioned into
non–overlapping frames of length 4160.
[41], D. Vaishnavi, et.al introduces two methods for invisible and robust watermarking proposed in
RGB color space. In the first strategies, grey scale watermark is embedded at the blue coloration
channel and in 2nd technique, blue colour watermark is embedded at the blue colour channel factors
and then SVD applied on the blue channel of HI to retrieve singular values. They concluded that
first method gives a good robustness for median filtering attacks, for motion blur etc. and second
method gives good

Advantages Of Quantum Cryptography
Quantum Cryptography
Introduction
Quantum cryptography is a new method for secret communications offering the ultimate security
assurance of the inviolability of a Law of Nature. Unlike traditional classical cryptography, which
uses mathematical techniques to restrict eavesdroppers, quantum cryptography is focused on the
physics of information. The development of quantum cryptography be classified as either "public–
key" or "secret–key" methods. This cryptography also involving two or more parties who may not
trust one another. The best known cryptographic problem is the transmission of secret messages.
Suppose wish to communicate in secret. For example, you may wish to give your credit card number
to a merchant in exchange for goods, hopefully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mathematical cryptography, as bad as it sometimes is, is the strongest link in most security chains.
Our symmetric and public–key algorithms are pretty good, even though they're not based on much
rigorous mathematical theory. The real problems are elsewhere: computer security, network security,
user interface and so on. "
Even quantum cryptography doesn't "solve" all of cryptography: The keys are exchanged with
photons, but a conventional mathematical algorithm takes over for the actual encryption.
Conclusion
Cryptography is used frequently. For example, credit card numbers are encrypted when you buy
something on the internet. Many government agencies are used cryptography to get messages safely
around the world. Public key cryptography is an innovation and which is an unavoidable part of
almost all security protocol and application. Being able to negotiate a shared secret between two
devices online without the need of any exchange of secret data created a breakthrough in secure
network/internet

Ransomware
Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that limits access to a computer system that it affects. Just as its
name goes, it then asks for ransom payment to pay to its creator in order for the limitation to be
taken away. Some of these malwares encrypt files on the hard drive while others just lock up the
system and display messages persuading the user to pay the ransom (Michael). There are two types
of ransomware, one that locks the screen and displays a message that prevents you from accessing
the computer, and the other that encrypts files on a systems hard drive and prevents one from
opening them (Blue).
The first known ransomware was written by Joseph Popp in 1989 and was known as PC Cyborg or
"AIDS." This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This file encryption only works with certain documents that have particular extensions including
Microsoft office and open documents.
The computer then displays a message that the files have been encrypted and the user needs to pay a
certain amount of money for the files to be decrypted. The operators of CryptoLocker started an
online service in November 2013 allowing victims to get buy the key online after the expiry of the
deadline (Mark). The victims were required to upload a sample of the infected file and wait for the
key to be generated after they paid the ransom. If the deadline had elapsed, then the victim would
have to pay more money (Blue).
Files that have been encrypted by CryptoLocker are very hard to break. Experts advised the victims
not to pay any money even if they did not come up with any solution for them to recover their files.
It was however unfortunate that paying the ransom did not always guarantee that the files were
decrypted. The people who were responsible for this malware did not always assure the victims that
they were going to decrypt the files (McMillan).
CryptoLocker was isolated in June 2014 through an operation known as Operation Tovar. This
operation enabled the security firm to obtain the database of private keys that were used by the
CryptoLocker and used an online platform for victims that were affected to obtain the private keys.
In August 2014,

The Cloud Service Providers Should Address The Still Open...
C RYPTOGRAPHY T ECHNIQUES
The cloud service providers should address the still open cloud security problems in order to
encourage users to use this technology. The most important concerns are confidentiality, integrity
and availability. In a complex and non–transparent system like cloud computing, it is difficult for a
user to even determine what kind of security measures are implemented in the cloud. This section
presents Cryptography, as one of the security measure that can be implemented.
Cryptography techniques are defined as methods that protect the data by changing the format of the
data, such that it can not be understood by unauthorized users. The objectives of cryptography are
[9]:
1) Confidentiality
This is the service that makes sure that the data is accessed by the owner of the data and not allow
unauthorized to access the data.
1) Resource Location
As the data is stored at an unknown location, the client is unaware of the problems when there is a
dispute and is not in the control of the cloud service provider. The data stored by the cloud service
providers is not only under the policies of the service provider but are also affected by the countries'
legislation policies where the data is stored. This makes the service providers hand over sensitive
information in accordance to the countries' law and its law enforcement requests. If someone
subpoena the data stored then the service provider has to hand over that data without any consent
from the owner of the data.

Cryptography Report On Technology On The Age Of Internet...
Cryptography Report
Introduction
commerce.
in this report.
Cryptography
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The

Importance Of Cryptography And Its Accompanying Security...
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Who is Rakuten? 2
What is Cryptography? 2
Cryptography and Rakuten.com 3
Feasible Attacks 3
Passive Attack 3
Native Attack 1
Circulated Attack 1
Insider Attack 1
Close–in Attack 1
Phishing Attack 1
Hijack Attack 1
Spoof Attack 1
Buffer overflow 1
Exploit attack 2
Password attack 2
Protection through Cryptography 2
Authentication 2
Confidentiality 2
Integrity 2
Non–repudiation 2
Key Cryptography 2
The Applications of Keys 1
Public Key Cryptography 1
Certification administration 1
Attacks on Encrypted Data and Keys 1
Data Encryption Standards 2
Password–Based Encryption 2
Biometrics 2
Identification 2
Verification 3
Use of Digital Signatures 3
References 3

Abstract
The purpose of this report is to provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is Cryptography?
Cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for
whom it is intended can read and process it. (Rouse, Definition: Cryptography, 2016)
It's meant for keeping secrets secret.
The objectives of Cryptography are as follows:
Confidentiality – Ensuring that the information cannot be understood by anyone other than whom it
was intended.
Integrity – Ensuring that the information cannot be altered in storage or in transit.
Non–repudiation – Where the creator or sender of information cannot later deny creation of the
message to be sent.
Authentication – In which the sender and receiver can confirm each other's identity as well as the
origin and destination of the information.
Cryptography and Rakuten.com
There will be 8 concepts covered and we'll attempt to address how they concern Rakuten.com
1. Feasible Attacks
2. Protection Through Cryptography
3. The Applications of Keys
4. Attacks on Encrypted Data and Keys
5. Digital Encryption Standards
6. Password–Based Encryption
7. Biometrics
8. Use of Digital Signatures
Feasible Attacks
In the past, hackers were highly skilled computer users who used exploited computer vulnerabilities,
fiddled with code, or otherwise were programmers in their own right. Today however, nearly any
person can become a "hacker" by downloading "hacking" software from the Internet. With these
pieces of software that often attack devices and generally open

Malicious Detection And Detection System
MALICIOUS DETECTION IN MANET USING ENHANCED ADAPTIVE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT C.VINODHINI Mr.S.Sakthivel Dept.name of org:ME(AE),dept of ECE
Dept.name of org:AP,dept of ECE Vivekanandha College Of Vivekanandha College Of Engineering
For Women Engineering For Women City,Country:Elayampalayam,India
City,Country:namakkal,India vinoblossom@gmail.com sakthiece@gmail.com ABSTRACT:
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor. Node works as both transmitter and a receiver and in which
MANET does not require a fixed network infrastructure.Within the communication range,the nodes
can communicate with each other.MANET made popular in military use and emergency recovery.In
this paper a new approach for intrusion and detection system named EEACK is proposed. Both of
the TWOACK and Watchdog methods are considered as the first line of defense and it is not
sufficient to protect MANETs from packet dropping attacks. EAACK provide higher malicious–
behaviordetection rates in certain circumstances while does not greatly affect the network
performances. This paper proposes a mechanism for a novel IDS named EAACK protocol specially
designed for MANETs and compared it against other popular mechanisms in different scenarios
through simulations and migration

Evaluation By Sarah ( 0624279 )
Final Lab9 Evaluation by SARAH(0624279) KEY CONCEPTS Following are the key concepts
listed in a question 1 1)Confidentiality involves an obligation to protect some other person's or
organization's secrets if you know them. 2)Privacy is the ability and/or right to protect your personal
information and extends to the ability and/or right to prevent invasions of your personal information.
Privacy can extend to families but not to legal persons such as corporations. These terms clearly
overlap, because they all give you the impression of private or personal data/information that has to
be hidden, but equally clearly are not exactly the same. For example, hospital patients have a right to
privacy, and in order to uphold this right the doctors, nurses and other staff have a duty of
confidence towards their patients. The hospital has no right of privacy in respect of its business
dealings but those employees who are privy to them may have a duty of confidence. In short,
privacy is secrecy for the benefit of the individual while confidentiality is secrecy for the benefit of
the organization. 3)PGP stands for Pretty Good .It is an application level protocol that provides
security and authentication for data communication. OpenPGP is a widely used email encryption
standard. It's main purpose is end –to– end encrypted email communication. OpenPGP is available
for all major platforms,such as windows, MacOS, Linux

Information About a New Pradigm, Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm in which computing resources:(i) Processing, (ii) Memory and
(iii) Storage are not physically present at the user's location. The proposed system will create the
multiple users to monitor and handle the data integration physically in the Third Party Auditor
(TPA). A utilization of homomorphic linear authenticator and random mask will guarantees that the
TPA will unable to retrieve any information / data content stored in the cloud server during auditing
process. In the proposed work, the reinforcement of TPA handles multiple audit sessions from an
outsourced data files and extend the existed Privacy–Preserving Public Auditing Protocol (P3AP)
into an Multi–User Public Auditing Protocol (MUPAP). It performs an efficient Multiple Auditing
Tasks (MAT) to typically eliminate the burden of tedious and expensive auditing task and improves
outsourced data leakage Cloud computing is more convenient, on–demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be hastily provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Outsourced data is merely the farming
out of services to a third party auditor. By data outsourcing, users can be relieved from the trouble of
local data storage and maintenance. But during this sharing of the data, there are huge chances of
data vulnerability, leakage or threats. So, to prevent this problem a data leakage reduction scheme
has been

The Threat Of Attending Rsa 's Cyber Security Seminar
Recently, I had the privilege of attending RSA's cyber security seminar in San Francisco, CA, the
seminar was held from February 13th to the 17th. Furthermore, some of the top cyber experts in the
industry were available afterwards, to answer one–on–one questions. Even though, the one–on–one
was not a part of my package, I still learned some valuable information for the seminar. For
example, the seminar devoted a few hours to internet banking and provided the banking industry
with tips on how to thwart attacks and what forms those attacks might come in. After the seminar
concluded, I went to grab a quick bite to eat in the hotel restaurant, before catching my flight back.
Thus, I was excited to share all the information I learned with my ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, fraudsters use social engineering to deceive the bank customers and gain access to
sensitive online credentials (Schneider, 2013, p. 480). Unfortunately, fraudsters use phishing to hold
clients' customer data through making phone calls or sending emails to determine information on the
payment cards. Moreover, the information obtained through phishing enables the fraudsters to
obtain access and make withdrawals, thus forging the customers' identity. For example, backdoor
programs, such as Cart32, steal customer data (Schneider, 2013, p.430). Therefore, phishing not
only impacts negatively internet banking but also poses threats to the bank payment system.
According to Schneider (2013), the phishing scheme involves the fraudsters using stenography in
spoofed emails to lead bank customers to a prototype of their bank's websites that look legitimate.
However, the fake website would be designed to steal their information (p. 427). Thus, the websites
save customers financial information through coaxing bank customers to learn their credit card
numbers and social security numbers. Moreover, the fraudsters may use advertisements or deliver
emails that appear to be sent by IB bank. Further, the advertisements contain website links that
replicate customers' bank's website. Moreover, fraudsters may use mobile communication to ask
bank customers about the information concerning their banks

Cyber Attack on RSA Security LLC
CYBER ATTACK ON RSA
1. BREACH:
RSA Security LLC, is an American computer and network security company, and is a division of
EMC Corporation. RSA is an independent company named after its co–founders Ron Rivest, Adi
Shamir, and Len Adleman. The company's headquarters is located in Bedford, Masachusetts, United
States of America. Encryption and network SecurID Authentication tokens are its major products. In
mid March 2011, spear phishing attack exploited an Adobe Flash vulnerability that was not patched
at the time, and is considered as one of the worst attacks in 21st century. The RSA immediately
reported that information stolen is related to SecurID two factor authentication products. The
company has faced criticism of its approach and maintained secrecy by keeping attackers in the dark
as much as possible. Later, in a conference call with analysts, RSA revealed that small groups of
RSA employees were targeted through e–mail phishing displaying the title "Job Recruitment 2011"
that landed in email–junk folder. The document is an excel sheet, resulting hackers to gain control of
machines and access servers in RSA's network. The excel sheet contained a zero–day installed
through Adobe Flash vulnerability. Some hints were left when the thefts of RSA's database mapping
token serial numbers to the secret token seeds that were injected to make each one unique.
2. IMPACT :
The impact of this cyber attack is,

Essay on Ethical Issues in Secured Communications
Ethical Issues in Secured Communications
1. Introduction
The outstanding growth of network technologies in the past decade have contributed to millions of
new applications and industries. Literally millions of companies around the world were created to
serve this huge growth. Even though many of those companies did not survive until the present time,
most of the applications did survive and they are still widely used among consumers of all ages,
cultures, and backgrounds.
Most of the widely used applications are not secured. I will define what is meant by a secured
communication later in the paper. However, this paper is more concerned in the way people use
these applications in terms of identity. Many applications allow ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2. Background
2.1 Security Background
2.1.1 Secured Communications
Security and privacy are not new concepts. At 400 BC the Greeks used a transposition cipher.
Individual letters were written on a long thin sheet of paper and then wrapped around a cylinder. The
diameter of the cylinder was the key to find out the original letter. In this context, I find it necessary
to give some definitions of related vocabulary in this field.
–Plain text or PT is the original message that we need to send. Usually we do not want others to be
able to know our original message.
–Cipher text or CT is the encrypted plain text which is not readable for others.
–Encryption is the process of changing a secret message (plain text) into a disguised one (cipher
text).
–Decryption is the process of changing the Cipher text back to the original Plain text.

–Cryptography (literally means secret writing) is the science encompassing the principles and
methods of transforming a PT message into a CT one, and then retransforming that message back to
its original form.
–cryptanalysis the study of principles and methods of transforming a CT message back into a PT
message without knowledge of the key. Also called code breaking
–cryptology both cryptography and cryptanalysis
We encrypt the PT to get the CT and then send it on a communication channel. The channel

Inf640 Research Paper 2
INFA640 Research Paper Two.
SCENARIO ONE: 1. Alice, a high net worth customer, she banks online at Super Secure Bank
(SSB) and has agreed to use 3DES in communicating with SSB. 2. One day, Alice received a
statement that shows a debit of $1,000,000 from her account. On inquiring, she was told that the
bank manager,Bob, transferred the money out of Alice's account and into an account of his own in
an offshore bank. 3. When reached via email in the Cayman Islands, Bob produced a message from
Alice, properly encrypted with the agreed upon 3DES keys, saying: "Thanks for your many years of
fine service, Bob. Please transfer $1,000,000 from my account to yours as a token of my esteem and
appreciation. Signed, Alice." 4. Alice filed suit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SCENARIO TWO: 1. Alice changes banks following her troubles with SSB. At her new bank,
Modern Security Trust (MST), she uses RSA as her cryptographic system. 2. She creates a key pair
and supplies Frank, an officer of MST who will handle her account, with her public key {eA, nA},
securing her private key {dA, nA}on a floppy disk which she keeps locked in a wall safe at her
home. 3. In turn, Frank gives Alice access to a key server maintained by MST so that she can readily
obtain his current public key {eF, nF} whenever she needs to communicate securely with him. 4.
Things are fine for several months, until Alice sends Frank a message m asking about current
interest rates on Certificates of Deposit issued by MST. As shown below, she enciphers the message
first, and then signs it: 5. A few days later, Alice received a statement that shows a debit of
$1,000,000 from her account. On inquiring, she was told that Frank transferred the money out of
Alice?s account and into an account of his own in a bank on the Caribbean island of Nevis. When
reached via long distance in Nevis, Frank produced a message g from Alice saying: "Thanks for
your excellent service, Frank. Please transfer $1,000,000 from my account to yours as a token of my
esteem and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Data Saniticy Techniques
The privacy preserving techniques also have data sanitization, cryptography techniques and access
control techniques. The data sanitization techniques refer as a process, which conceals sensitive
information in their data sets. Here in this method implements various techniques to offer the
privacy to their dataset. The access control methods are implemented to reduce and handle the
access to the host system and their applications through communication links. The cryptography
techniques are implemented to offer a tough security and privacy and also offer exact and practical
implementation. The cryptography protocols permits secure communications through addressing
their authentication [1].
There are various advantages and disadvantages of the cryptography of using techniques with
privacy preservation data mining.
Advantages: Robust Sender and recipient authentication Anonymity Fairness Accountability
Integrity in Storage
Disadvantages:
Takes a long time to figure out the code. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blocking them can exchange specific attributes of data having a question mark [4]. Regarding this
minimum support and its confidence going to be altered into lessen interval. Here in distort the
support and the confidence of the sensitive rule depends on the confidentiality factor of data which
is expected to be secured and called as data perturb action or data randomization too, in this case
individual data records are changed from actual data, and rebuilt from its randomized data. This
motive of this method to design for its distortion methods after that the actual value of individual
record is hard to ascertain, but not vary for its danger data. In the generalization transforms and
exchange each record value with its correspond generalized

A Study For Public Key Digital Signature Schemes
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM
Faculty Of Mathematical Sciences
Department Of Computer Science
MSC 2014
Proposal Of:
Survey of Digital Signature Schemes
Prepared By:
Abdalla Adel Abdalla
Rashad Tag Eldean Habob
Mamoun Omer Bashier
Supervisor :
Dr. Hwaida Tagelser Elshosh
Abstract: In this proposed paper a study for public–key digital signature schemes that based on
different mathematical NP hard problems. That problems influence in performance and reliability of
digital signature schemes. In this paper we make a survey on mathematical NP hard problems of
digital signature schemes and present the powerful and practical of some schemes depending on its
security level.
Introduction:
Digital signature is a verification mechanism based on the public–key scheme, and it provides: Data
integrity (the assurance that data has not been changed by an unauthorized party). Authentication
(the assurance that the source of data is as claimed). Non–repudiation (the assurance that an entity
cannot deny commitments). Generally, every public–key digital signature schemes is based on a
mathematical problem. This problem is known as NP (Non–deterministic polynomial) hard problem.
The problem is considered to be an NP hard mathematical problem if the validity of a proposed
solution can be checked only in polynomial time. Basically, public–key digital signature schemes
are successfully classified into many major

Symmetric And Asymmetric Encryption ( Ian Pierre Gomes Santos
Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption
Ian Pierre Gomes Santos
1. Introduction
When it comes to information and about this concept related to the digital medium, particularly in
the use of public computer networks like the Internet, various services relevant to human's
credibility in computing systems are performed. In fact, they are really important in the
fundamentals of security information that are defined by the availability, integrity, confidentiality,
authentication, non–repudiation, and finally authorization, which should be free and readily apparent
understanding when performing computational transactions:
Availability – ensuring that information is available for the desired access point.
Integrity – ensuring that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, it is essential that computational techniques are performed so that the requirements of
information protection are met. In this scenario are presented the two basic types of encryption,
symmetric or private key and public key or asymmetric.
2. Symmetric or Private Key Encryption
The oldest cryptography model, where the key,the element that gives access to the hidden message
exchanged between sender and recipient is equal (symmetric) for both of them and should remain
secret (private). Typically, this key is represented by a password, used by both the sender to encrypt
the message and the recipient to decrypt it.
Essentially, when the sender encrypts a message, it uses a cipher algorithm to convert the plain text
of the message into cipher text. When the destination deciphers a message, it uses the corresponding
deciphering algorithm to convert the cipher text back into a clear message. If an intruder knows the
cipher algorithm, s/he could just decipher an encrypted message as easily as the destination. The
solution in the use of private key encryption proposes that when the sender encrypts a message,

Data Encryption Plays a Key Role in Technology Essay
Data encryption is the key role in current and future technologies. Many public key cryptography
algorithms were presented depending on a specific mathematical problem. It is desired to
communicate data with high security over insecure network. Due to sensor technology biometrics
has lead to rising concerns about the network security, privacy, trust issues and accuracy. Hence,
securing biometric template in public network is great challenge. Because once it is compromised or
stolen it cannot be revoked. In order to provide remote biometric authentication these systems
incorporated with cryptography and primarily focused on template security, revocability, privacy,
accuracy. The system is secure in the sense that the biometric are going to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security over public network. To
improve the strength of these security algorithms, a new security blind authentication protocol for
remote authentication is designed using combination of iris features.
Public acceptance of biometric systems has a critical impact on their success due to their potential
misuse of biometric data. Unlike passwords and tokens, compromised biometric templates cannot be
revoked and reissued. Therefore it is illegally acquired by an attacker, not only the security of the
system is at risk but the privacy and the security of the user may be compromised forever too. So
granting template security is one of the most important issues in practical. The need of protecting
user sensitive information locally and performing secure user authentication remotely become more
increasing.
A. BIO–CRYPTOGRAPHY
Bio–Cryptography is emerging as a powerful solution to provide template security which can
combine the advantages of conventional cryptography and biometric security. Cryptography is the
science of converting data in non understandable form for the unintended viewers, for securely
transmitting messages. A cryptosystem is a system of algorithms for encrypting and decrypting the
messages for this purpose [2]. The conventional security

State-of-the-art E-mail Encryptions
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Today with drastic changes in
communication technologies based on computer and internet, people more often communicate via
emails. However, traditional email protocol is insecure because the message that has been
transmitted is in plain text. Someone can intercepts copy or even alter the emails. Individual
privacies such as personal/commercial secrets, bank transaction and even the countries intelligence
information that send through email are more vulnerable to be hacked. Therefore, the security of
emails has raised the attention of community. The primary explanations behind the Email
communication not utilizing encryption is that the current Email encryption results require
monotonous operations and hard key administrations. In this way, research about on basic, very
secured also effective Email content protection frameworks are in incredible need. This paper will
discuss about some background information is provided, state–of–art email encryptions are
reviewed and the IBE scheme is introduced. Then an encryption system based on IBE, DNS and
proxy service is proposed. 2.1 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORKS The protected informing
framework has three profits: keeping sensitivity information private, keeping anybody from messing
with the substance of the message and validating the personality of both the message sender and
receiver. The two primary security administrations gave by the current secured email system are
2.1.1 Digital

A Closer Look At Cryptography Essay
A Closer Look At Cryptography
Ever since the earliest days of writing, people have had reasons to limit their information to a
restricted group of people. Because of this, these people have had to develop ideas of making their
information unable to be read by unwanted people. The general techniques used to hide the meaning
of messages constitute the study known as cryptography. "Ciphers, in general fall into three major
classifications: 1. Concealment Cipher, 2. Transposition Cipher, and 3. Substitution Cipher" (4).
Cryptography protects information by altering its form, making it unreadable to unwanted people or
groups of people.
Cryptography, from the Greek kryptos, meaning hidden, and graphei, meaning to write. The origins
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advances in cryptography appeared with unprecedented frequency in the 1970's as strong
encryption–based protocols and new cryptographic applications emerged. On January 15th, 1977,
the National Bureau of Standards adopted an encryption algorithm as a federal standard, the Data
Encryption Standard (DES), marking a milestone in cryptographic research and development. In
December 1980, the American National Standards institute adopted the same algorithm for
commercial use in the United States.
Cryptography has not been used solely for diplomacy and warfare. It has also played a major role in
the economy. The banking and finance industry has been the leader in promoting the use of
cryptography for protecting assets transferred via messages sent through large networks of
computers and terminals. (2)
Francois Viete was born in 1540 in Fontenay–le–Comte in France, and died on December 13th,
1603 in Paris. He was a French mathematician who introduced the first systematic algebraic
notation and contributed to the theory of equations. Although he was best known as a
mathematician, he was also one of the best cipher experts ever. By the end of the sixteenth century,
the Spanish empire ruled over a large portion of the world

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