Radar University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics

Radar University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Graduation Thesis Proposal
College: College of International Education Major: Aeronautical Engineering Topic: The Study on Methods of Anomaly Detection in Civil Aircraft
Flight Data of Airline Operations
Student Name: Sunil Chapagain (е† е†›)
ID Number: 191161211
Location:College of Civil Aviation
Advisor: Sun JianZhong(е™и§Ѓеї )
Title: Professor Date: 03/04/2015 1. According to the Graduation Thesis, each student is required to write a summary in about 1500 to 2000 words by
referring to scientific papers.
The Study on Methods of Anomaly Detection in Civil Aircraft Flight Data ofAirline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since a long time research have been in this filed which now a days finally lead us to the modern aviation industry. An anomaly is a deviation from
the normal or expected behavior. Anomaly Detection is that property which is used to identify cases, which do not conform to an expected pattern.
This has a great role in aviation filed to analyze the data and helps us to study about it, which finally helps us to maintain high–level safety in airlines
operation.
Motivation Aviation safety is one of the major concern for everyone who is directly or indirectly involved in this sector. As since last five decades we
can see that aviation safety have been improving steadily. Similarly accident rate has also decreased significantly. In last decade, accidents rate had
also been stable. Not only these, but also
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The Missing Malaysia Airline Flight Mh370
Malaysia Airline MH370
Bhavika Ravindra Kitawat
Syracuse University
Abstract:
The missing Malaysia Airline flight MH370 on March 8, 2014 is not only a technical mystery but determines current weaknesses in technical, regulatory
and organizational infrastructure of international civil aviation. Safety culture of international civil aviation is the fundamental pillar of success but
unfortunately aerial disasters occur. This article discusses about missing Malaysia Airline flight MH370 and the difficulties to manage search, rescue,
accidental investigation, recovery efforts and lessons learnt. Introduction:
Malaysia Airlines started in 1937, when it was registered as Malayan Airways Limited though its flying operations began in ... Show more content on
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In less than an hour after take–off at 1:20 MYT, Malaysia Airline lost contact with air traffic controls. Malaysia Airlines reported for the missing flight
at 7:24 MYT carrying 239 passengers including 12 Malaysian crew.
The disappearance and supposedly crashed flight MH370 disturbed consumer confidence in the airline with share prices falling. In a span of four
months, another Malaysia Airline was shot down over Ukraine. Even with the planned route airline earned criticism for travelling over conflict zone.
Malaysia Airlines was struggling for cost cutting to compete with a wave of new, low–cost without a distress signal. They lost almost US $137.4
million in the first quarter of 2014. Malaysian Airlines made no profit since 2010. In last three years, Malaysia Airlines booked losses of US $1.25
billion. The company 's stock fell by 20% following the disappearance of Flight MH370 and had fallen 80% over the previous five years. Following
the disappearance, ticket sale had declined. Especially in China it was down by 60% in the month of March. Also, there was a spike in resignation
from the flight crew though it was below industry norms.
Emergency Responses:
Final Contact: The final contact occurred at 1:19 MYT with air traffic control (ATC), when one of the pilots replied "Good night Malaysian Three
Seven Zero". The crew was expected to contact ATC when it passed into another area where the contact was lost.

Flight 800 Research Paper
Flight 800 One of the most deadly plane crashes was when two planes ran into each other on the ground, killing 583 people. One of the deadliest
plane crashes in the air was Trans World Airlines (TWA) flight 800. In the report they say that mechanical failure is at fault. Other people say that
it was a missile strike at fault. The mystery behind the crash of TWA flight 800 can be summed up in two groups, missile hit or mechanical failure.
First, Flight 800 was a plane that exploded killing all 230 people, they don't know what made it explode. "On 17 July, 1996 Trans World Airlines
flight 800 exploded off long Island. Killing all 230 people on the plane"(Girard, pg.1) Divers spent over 10 months finding 20,000 pieces of the plane
and finding the passengers(Schmitz. pg.2). They were able to put... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, the FDR and CVR both stop at 8:31 and pick up the pilot saying look at the crazy fuel flow indicator there on number 4(Schlager. pg.2). The
Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) says that there is no signs of criminal involvement in their last report before they stopped their
investigation(Schlager. pg.3). There was no sign of cratering, severe pitting as you would typically find them with a missile or bomb.(Gale.pg.4) The
official report says that something caused the volatile fuel/air mixture in the center wing fuel tank(CWT) to explode(Schmitz. pg.3). The crazy
message, no signs of criminal involvement and explosion of the CWT are the reasons officials use for backing up the theory of malfunction.
Lastly, missile strike and malfunction are two of the most common theories surrounding the mystery behind Flight 800. Many people saw a bright
light and there was a radar spot that no one knew what it was. The FDR and CVR both line up with what the FBI and National Transportation Safety
Board(NTSB) are saying happened. What would you do if your plane was about to crash and you most likely would not

Description Of The Flight Recorder Systems
The parameters that are mandatory and those that are only recommended depend of the type of the aircraft.
ICAO – A8 – 2.2.2.6 Type IA FDR
This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the 78 parameters in Table A8–1
ICAO – A8 – 2.2.2.7 Type I FDR.
This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the first 32 parameters in Table A8–1.
Table giving the parameters to record, the required precision and frequency (Extract)
Tests for crash protected devices
The manufacturers have to ensure to the authorities that their systems will be still usable even after a crash. Therefore they have to demonstrate its
reliability in extreme case through tests and certifications.
ICAO – A8 – 1.3 The flight recorder systems, when tested by methods approved by the appropriate certificating authority, shall be demonstrated to be
suitable for the environmental extremes over which they are designed to operate.
1.5 The manufacturer shall provide the appropriate certificating authority with the following information in respect of the flight recording systems:
a) manufacturer's operating instructions, equipment limitations and installation procedures;
b) Parameter origin or source and equations which relate counts to units of measurement; and
c) Manufacturer's test reports
The tests are supposed to simulate a crash of the aircraft so it has to be submitted to intense solicitations. To assure that the conditions are

Safety Management : A Priority For Aviation Operation
1–Introduction
Safety management is simply applying principles, framework, processes and measures to prevent accidents, injuries and reduce the risk. It is that
system which exists to help managers in better accomplishing their responsibilities for operations that design through either the prediction of system's
failures before errors occur or the identification and correction of system's failures and errors by analyzing safety occurrences. The safety management
has to be supported the top management; it must be a priority for aviation operation. (1)
SMS provide a set of practices, procedures and beliefs that will mitigated and monitor safety risks.
We have to differentiate between the SMS and Flight safety program, the Flight safety program is reactive towards the airline operation while SMS is
predictive in considering the risk and hazard and their impact on the whole system.
1.1 Definition
SMS is set of components contains technical – operational, financial and human resources management. Safety management is an organizational
function, which ensures that all safety risks have been identified, assessed and mitigated.
Risk Management is the process of assessing and recognition risk and measures taken to monitor and reduce them.
1.2 Scope
The focus of the safety management in aviation is on the safety of flights taking in consideration all associated and supportive services, which may
have an impact on safety, for example air navigation services, aerodrome

Qa & Aviation Safety
Name: Pinto, Rafael A. Date: 07/25/12 Activity 9.9– Aeronautical Science Perspective Paper Aviation Safety and Quality Assurance Despite having an
enviable safety record, the aviation industry is under constant pressure to drive down accident rates. Air accidents damage consumer confidence and
inhibit the growth of the industry. When it comes to flying, the word safety is mentioned constantly. Shortage of qualified professionals, ageing of
aircraft's fleet and environmental concerns are some of the challenges faced by today's aviation. The primary goal of the aviation industry is to maintain
airplane and helicopter safety standards and protect the interests of the mechanics, flight... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The QA (or FOQA) concept is the prevention of occurrence of defects. The principle of prevention is that it is necessary to preclude maintenance
failure. This principle extends to safety of personnel, maintenance of equipment, and virtually every aspect of the total maintenance and flight
operations. Prevention is about regulating events rather than being r regulated by them.. Flight operations quality assurance (FOQA) is the process
of collecting and analyzing data from flights to improve safety and efficiency of flight operations. FOQA is used to reveal operational situations in
which risk is increased in order to enable early corrective action before that risk results in an incident or accident Data is retrieved from the flight
recorder and categorized. Then, the data is sent to be analyzed. The analysis is usually done by software. After the data analysis is done, the manager
will contact the appropriate airline or pilot association and place the necessary corrections in place. Lastly, all the flight operations will be watched to
ensure safety protocols are being followed and any discrepancies being reported. For the maintenance department, QA will readily pinpoint problems
which managers can use to improve the quality and reliability of the total maintenance, work environment, tools and equipment use, eliminate
unnecessary man–hour and dollar expenditures, improve training, work habits, and

Trends and Current Problems in Aviation: Cockpit Voice and...
Problem statement
One of the most scrutinized pieces of evidence gathered from an aircraft accident is the collection of information contained in the Cockpit Voice
Recorder and Flight Data Recorder. CVRs and FDRs paint an often haunting, but frequently useful picture of what occurred during the last minutes of
an accident flight. This is not to say, however, that the recorders are always conclusive, or even useful. There are a handful of cases where the CVR
and FDR tapes have broken, failed to record, stopped recording early, or not captured enough information to be useful to the investigation.
Advancements in these devices are not new to the industry; however, the pace is slow to incorporate new technology into current fleets. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
4
Impact tolerance ...................... 3400 Gs / 6.5ms
Fire resistance .......................... 1100 deg C /30 min
Water pressure resistance ........ submerged 20,000 ft
Underwater locator beacon ...... 37.5 KHz
Battery: 6yr shelf life
30 day operation
Flight Data Recorder
Time recorded ........................... 25 hour continuous
Number of parameters .............. 5 – 300+
Impact tolerance ....................... 3400 Gs /6.5ms
Fire resistance ........................... 1100 deg. C/30 min
Water pressure resistance ......... submerged 20,000 ft
Underwater locator beacon ...... 37.5 KHz
Battery: 6 year shelf life
30 day operation
Previous accidents
The NTSB has submitted five recommendations to the FAA regarding the reliability of recorders in commercial and civil aviation aircraft. The

recommendations are based on historical data stemming from a series of accidents where forces interfered with the recording, and inaccurate or
incomplete data was recovered from the scene of an accident. A partial list of accidents will help in evaluating the need for improved recording
devices, however these are only the most recent cases in a long history of accidents where the investigation was hindered by a loss of data (Safety
Issue). Гє May 11, 1996, ValuJet 592, a DC–9–32, crashed shortly after departing Miami, Florida. The recorders stopped recording about 40–50
seconds before impact. All 111 onboard

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
NTSB ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION NTSB Aviation Accident Investigation's The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) was first
established in 1967, as they conducted independent investigations. The NTSB investigates all civil aircraft accidents in the United States. They
investigate military and civilian aircraft accidents. It consists of five board members and the appointed President for terms of five years. They usually
call this there 'Go Team'. They start by investigating major accidents and as quickly as they can to solve the most difficult transportation problems.
They go by manuals and policies that help through the investigation. All members must be available for 24 hours a day. To keep them on track

Effect of Terrorism on a Country
Effects of Terrorism to a Country Terrorism affects a country in many ways. They affect the economy and the population living in that country.
Economical effect Financial Market There is no doubt among economists that wars, terrorism and political instability have a significant negative effects
on the economies in which they take place. Recent economic literature investigates both the consequences of political violence and the mechanisms
that transform this violence into economic damage. The economy of the country will drop rapidly. An example of the September 11 attack had
significant economic repercussions for the United States and world markets. The New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange and
NASDAQ did not open on... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The attacks were regarded by some as particularly disturbing to children, in part because of the frequency with which the images were replayed on
television. Many schools closed early, especially those with children whose parents worked in Washington, D.C. and NYC. During the Air India Flight
182 Terrorist attack, the bomb on Flight 182 killed all 22 crew and 307 passengers, including 82 minors. Post–accident medical reports graphically
illustrated the outcomes of the passengers and crew. Of the 329 persons on board, 131 bodies were recovered; 198 were lost at sea. The bodies
recovered included 30 children. Eight bodies exhibited "flail pattern" injuries, indicating that they exited the aircraft before it had hit the water. This, in
turn, was a sign that the airplane had broken up in mid–air. Twenty–six bodies, including twelve children, showed signs of hypoxia (lack of oxygen).
Twenty–five bodies, mostly victims who were seated near windows, showed signs of explosive decompression. This included seven children.
Twenty–three bodies had signs of "injuries from a vertical force". Twenty–one passengers were found with little or no clothing. One official quoted in
the report stated, "All victims have been stated in the PM reports to have died of multiple injuries. Two of the dead, one infant and one child, are

The Safety Of The Air Travel
As one of the most popular methods of travel worldwide, air travel is something most can't live without. But we know that a metal tube soaring
through the air at 40,000 feet, in a low oxygen environment, at over 400 knots can contain a risk or two. When the worst case scenario happens, who
foots this bill? Is it the airline, country, maintenance facility? Or maybe it is a terrorist organization that was responsible for the accident. Either way, in
the aftermath of an aircraft accident, people want nothing more than to be able to mourn the loss of their loved ones without the politics involved in
the accountability department. Historically, these horrific accidents could have been prevented in most cases and I'm here to tell you that unless the
accident was caused by an act of war, the airline is absolutely responsible to the families of the victims involved.
Under an international agreement known as the Montreal Convention of 1999, an airline generally cannot escape liability for a passenger death
(Ingram) and per the IATA, the airline is responsible for death and injury as well as loss of baggage and cargo. The Montreal Convention makes it
difficult for an airline to propose any type of argument because it is an international treaty and a standardized way of pointing fingers at the airline
when an accident occurs. Complementing this international treaty is the Title 14 code of Federal Regulations which governs Airworthiness
Certification and Operation of all commercial

Treasure Hunting Research Paper
Hunting, whether it be for treasure, information, or lost cities, has always sought to serve a purpose. Be it to satisfy the wanton needs of wealth
hunters who scavange the ocean floor, hurricane data recorders who are in constant serch for knowledge to better the rest of the world, or
archealogists who share both qualities, the most universal thread is the fact that meathods for "hunting" have changed over time. Near every type of
hunting has benefited through advancements in modern technology. Treasure hunting on the ocean floor has seen advancement from sand clearing
devices. Methods of water dredging to "suction away sand" and clearing it from the excavation site as to make the diver's jobs far easier and faster
have come about in the last half centuty. The Mailbox, invented by Mel Fisher, uses the boat's engines to clear away sand from excavation sites in
fourty foot wide strips on the ocean floor far below. When choosing between using the water device and hand shoveling sand away with a trowel or
brush, the answer is clear. These newfangled devices,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What originated as a dare then lead to the one of the most esential aspects of our daily lives. Hurricane data was origionally collected through daring
avaiationist who risked themselved at every turn to get information on hurricanes before they hit the land. After poineering meterologists realized the
benefits to such collection methods, these flights became far more frequent. The data collected saved who knows how many lives by providing a
foretaste of the impending storm. The storm chasers can be acreddited for coaxing weather into a new age of advancement from weather fliers to
satellite imaging. The removed method saves potential lives and provides far more conclusive and accurate data. Not only can it give far better data,
but also far more in advance, providing a longer window for evacuations; and for the stubborn, time to board up their

Evaluation Of A Safety Management System Essay
NURETTIN DINLER
AVS5207– EXAM–1
OCTOBER 12, 2016
ANSWERS
1.A safety management system is a systematic approach to safety. It is a precise and proactive process for managing safety risks. As all management
systems, a safety management system provides for goal setting, planning, and measuring performance. This is approached in Safety Policy which is
one of the most important components of Safety Management System (SMS). Safety policy deals with the structure and outline of implementation of
safe operations. Within other elements, the safety policy includes planning, organizing, compliance with regulations and low, documentation, and
emergency preparedness and response. It is the level which upper level management must buy in and constantly assist the SMS. In the absence of
management buy in and assistance, the failure of SMS is inevitable. Since employees are affected by the behavior of management, it is highly
expected to observe deliberately not obeying the rules or ignoring policy which are an emulation of the management behavior. I also should not
overlook to the fact that top management demonstrates the way people do their jobs because managers are the role model for all the employees in
organization. From the top to the bottom, managers 'attitudes and actions will be copied. And, employees will make managers' beliefs and actions their
own. That is why top management support is crucial for an effective SMS.
2.The data transfer in aviation industry is critical to

Malaysia Airlines Flight
1.
On March 8th 2014, The Malaysia Airlines Flight MH 370 planned from Kuala Lumpur to
Beijing left at 12:41 am to achieve its goal at 6:30 am. The Flight MH 370 had 220 travelers and
10 teams from 14 nations. After the plane took off, this plane lost the connection with Air Traffic
control at 1:20 am simply following 40 minutes. An arrangement of endeavors reached MH 370
demonstrated unsuccessful and the Malaysian carrier powers issued a press discharge at 07:24
am expressing the flight and inquiry operations by Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand.
On March 9th 2014, the examination powers on ground and search groups were working adjust
the clock to get any insights in regards to the missing MH370. The last radar contact was secured
some place around Gulf of Thailand according to naval force chief naval officer. The plane
which should go at a height of 35000 feet plunged to 12000 feet exchanging off all conceivable
interchanges with ATC raising suspicions of a conceivable hijack.
On March 11th 2014, the examination groups were attempting to eliminate the likelihood of any
size by checking the profiles of every individual including the flight pilots. Flight upkeep group

affirmed that it was in flawless condition according to support report 12 days before takeoff.
On March 12th 2014, the satellites of chinese found few junk but they were not related to the
flight MH 370.
On March 13th, the outcomes were examined yet no data was acquired and required a

A Prototype Of Black Box For Vehicle
Abstract– The main purpose of the paper is to develop a prototype of Black Box for vehicle diagnosis that can be installed into any vehicle. Like flight
data recorders in aircraft, "Black Box" technology plays a key role in vehicle crash investigations. This prototype can be designed with minimum
number of circuits. This can contribute to construct safer vehicles, improving the treatment for crash victims, helping insurance companies with their
vehicle crash investigations, and enhancing road status in order to decrease the death rate. The prototype provides complete information about the car
along with Navigation system in collaboration with Google Earth. The prototype can provide Artificial Intelligence Support by having a
communication channel between the user and the car. Car–To–Car Communication for analyzing abruptness in the forthcoming vehicle before it
intends to collide is a major field studied in the paper along with live analysis through experiments.
Keywords–Black Box; Google Earth; Artificial Intelligence; Global Positioning Society.
I. INTRODUCTION
Have you ever wondered what really goes on under the hood of your car? Do you wish you could peek inside the engine–management system and read
values from it? Are you annoyed that your dashboard displays a cryptic "check engine" light but gives absolutely no explanation what the problem
might be? You don't need a $10,000 specialist diagnostic console or even a laptop computer to get access to useful data from

Physics : Surface Air Missile Strike
On October 31, 2015, the Russian international chartered passenger flight Metrojet 9268 crashed in the middle of the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, from
Sharm el–Sheikh International Airport en route to Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia. (Patrick, 2015). The crash took the world and Russia by
surprise, as it was unprecedented in that region and unexpected, given that the weather conditions were suitable and so was the plane's technical and
mechanical situations. As investigations around the accident proceeded, new details emerged around the circumstances surrounding the crash,
producing three main theories. One theory suggests an explosive device being the reason behind the crash, the second theory suggests technical and
mechanical failure, while the third theory suggests a missile strike that brought down the airplane. What do each of these theories argue? An
exploration of the evidence surrounding each theory would help provide an answer to this question. First Theory: Surface–to–Air Missile Strike The
first theory regarding the crash argues that there is a missile which hit the plane and caused it to crash down. Advocates of this claim believe that
Sinai is an active space for militants which have been receiving sophisticated weapons, including surface to air missiles. Alexander Smirnov, a
spokesperson for Metrojet, added a probability to this theory when he said that a technical fault is ruled out, in addition to pilot error, blaming the crash
on what he considered

Why Is Black Box Important
We have all seen commercial airplanes as huge and grand. From the very first time we laid our eyes on them, a childish dream of knowing what's
inside airplanes seemed inevitable. As we grew older, we might have taken a few flights and our curiosity was extinguished by examining the parts of
the plane that we can plainly see, and yet, there's this one aircraft component that we're still itching to see and know more about. Whenever a plane
crashes, one thing that investigators want to recover is the so–called black box. But what is a black box and why is it very important? Read on and
discover some information about this very intriguing plane component. More formally known as the flight recorder, black boxes have been around
since time immemorial.

A Brief Note On The Aviation Safety Of Aviation Accidents
According to Rodrigues and Cusick (2012) humans are accountable for approximately 70–80% of aviation accidents (p.156). A majority of these are
caused by the different variables associated with human performance. Psychological factors have a key role in a pilot's everyday responsibility. Some
of these traits include: perception, memory, attitude, judgment and decision making, as well as ego (Rodrigues & Cusick, 2012, p. 158–160). These
qualities can have drastic effects in commercial aviation if they are not recognized and adjusted accordingly. In this paper I will respond to some
questions that are raised in aviation safety: 1.)Can we stop the amount of human errors in aviation? 2.)Is training the problem? 3.)What is being done
to slow down the number of errors/accidents? If we can find the answers to these questions, then I believe it is possible to limit and slow down the
number of human errors in aviation, thusly slowing the number of accidents and lives lost due to human performance. Can We Stop the Amount of
Human Errors? The reality of the situation is no. Humans are different and that is what makes us unique. We will always make mistakes and you
cannot stop them. We all have different perceptions, memory capacities, attitudes, decision making skills, and egos. These qualities can be good or
bad. Perception is a very important aspect in aviation. That is why pilots are instructed to read back to ATC (Air Traffic Control) in order for them to
know that they

United Airlines 811
On February 24th, 1989 United Airlines 811 (UA811) took off from Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii (HNL) for a regularly scheduled 8 hour
flight to Auckland, New Zealand. The routine flight aboard the Boeing 747–122 had left Los Angeles, California enroute to Sydney, Australia, but
made a scheduled intermediate stop in Honolulu and would make one more in Auckland (NTSB, 1992, p. 1). UA811 departed Gate 10, at HNL, 3
minutes late with 3 flight crew, 15 flight attendants and 337 passengers onboard (NTSB, 1992, p. 1). The flight took place in the aftermath of
Lockerby and additional boarding procedures were in place adding to an extended passenger boarding process. The second officer noted that all
cabin and cargo door lights were out prior to departing the gate (NTSB, 1992, p. 2). The captain was at the controls for the takeoff from HNL
runway 8R at 0152:49 HST (NTSB, 1992, p. 2). "The flightcrew reported the airplane's operation to be normal during the take off and during the initial
and intermediate segments of the climb" (NTSB, 1992, p. 2). Due to thunderstorms enroute the flightcrew elected to deviate left of course and the
captain left the passenger seat belt sign "on". When climbing between 22,000 feet and 23,000 feet at 300 knots the flightcrew... Show more content on
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In military aviation the entire crew is aware of any faults with the aircraft and can therefore speak–up if something does not look right or sound right.
Though this may not be possible in commercial transport aviation I believe that the ground personnel and flight crew could have been better educated
on what to look for when completing their inspection. This would not have prevented the accident, but would have been a first step in making more
flight crew, support and maintenance personnel aware of the

Informative Essay On 9/11
September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by terrorist. It involved four planes that were hijacked. Three planes hit buildings such as, World
Trade Center 1, World Trade Center 2, and the Pentagon. Another plane eventually crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. September 11,
many Americans fear for their lives, 17 years later, do we actually know what really happened? What secrets are the government is keeping from us
American citizens? There's questions that still have not been answered. The Hijacking of four planes and those were American Airlines flight 11,
United Airlines Flight 175, American Airlines Flight 77, and United Airlines Flight 93. Two hit theWorld Trade Center1 and 2. One other plane hit the
Pentagon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why were the passenger planes was not intercepted early before the attack? Jim Meigs, a debunker, stated that NORAD is not geared to protect us
from toward domestic aircrafts, but does protect us from foreign aircrafts. The responsibility for tracking internal hijacks doesn't start with the
military, but the FAA had responsibility to say there's a hijack. During the hijack the planes transponders were turned off. Air Traffic controllers
lose the information on the aliu dude, but they can still track the plane as a primary signal. Webster Tarpley noted in his book 9/11, Synthetic
Terror, states that staff exercises or command exercises are perfect for a rogue network which is forced to conduct its operations using the same
communications and computer systems used by other officers who are not necessarily party to the illegal operation. Evening of september 10th, the
security level for the NORAD computer system called infocon had been drop to normal, witch makes it easier for anyone to penetrate or
compromise the computer networks of the air defense system on September 11th. Military exercises had been scheduled on that day of the attack.
Some exercises consisted of false hijacks of commercial airplanes. The unusual number of exercises had two big problems, first they moved a large
number of fighters tour to Canada and alaska. Finally, it created a major confusion in the system as soon the real hijackings were reported. General
Richard Myers, denied

On Board Diagnostics Research Paper
Reasons Behind On Board Diagnostics
On board diagnostics is an incredible achievement for technology in today's society. The purpose of the On Board Diagnostics connection is for
emissions testing. One application available to consumers is the scan tool or code reader. These devices are sometimes battery powered, but newer
units may be powered by the electricity provided by the on board diagnostic connection itself. When a Check Engine light is present, these handheld
devices connect to the on board diagnostic port and record and display any trouble code that the vehicle is sending. People can use the code to see
what's wrong with the car and once the problem has been fixed they can clear the code from the vehicle's memory, deactivating the Check Engine light
until the next issue arises. Most modern day technicians use an on board diagnostic tool to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These signals are gathered data processed through and flagged if the data does not meet the stored regulation requirements, which is where a
diagnostic code comes from. On board diagnostics can range in cost anywhere from 300 to 30,000 dollars depending upon the equipment that the
tool will assist in fixing and the software that the tool is equipped with. This tool is used to get a precise analysis of the engine on the equipment that
is having trouble. The on board diagnostics came about precisely 20 or so years ago and have had multiple improvements and changes as technology
has grew. Some changes this tool has are an updated software, it can perform new diagnosis codes, and can help speed up the amount of time someone
must spend working on equipment. This tool is very much needed and is a great asset for the future of all

Prevention / Containment Measures For Cyber Threats
1.Prevention/Containment Measures for Cyber Threats.
Protecting classified documents or valuable information is very hard against any kind of cyber–terrorism, there are no universal safeguards. There is no
existence of any agreement or policy to define cyber–terrorism. Threats can come from hackers, criminal group or terrorist group; governments use
computers and internet to attack without knowing the victims. It is not easy to stop such attacks but not impossible to stop if following basic
prevention steps follows by organizations administration.
Maintain an Accurate Inventory of Control System Devices and Eliminate Any Exposure of this Equipment to External Networks
Implement Network Segmentation and Apply Firewalls
Use Secure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Security policy must be created and train personnel against attack like not opening suspicious or unidentified emails, keep restriction on unsecured
websites etc.
Regular testing for defense software should be conducted 2.Preventing and Detecting Cyber Threats using Commercial Log monitoring software's.
The possibility of signs of cyber security incidents may arise every day and recorded or logged in security software, but it will be difficult to trace
each one of threats as high importance and low importance. Based on requirements organization need to identify the most applicable software for
detecting and logging the cyber–attack, It is not only the case of logging and monitoring cyber–attack analysis is very important part need to be
considered before choosing any software.
There are four key phases which need to follow for effective cyber security monitoring as follows:
Collect relevant event data
Fuse events together
Analyze anomalous events
Take appropriate action
Figure1: Four key monitoring phases
The proper guide shown in the figure 2: Cyber Security Framework how to implement cyber monitoring capability which will support using cyber
security software. The capability of security intelligence helps to identify and respond back to security threats.
Both company and provider of cyber security software need to focus on monitoring and software, security of company assets, responses and
organizational operation.

Causes Of Malaysian Flight 370
Have you ever wondered what happened to Malaysian Flight 370, which took off on March 8th 2014 from Malaysia headed toward Beijing? The
entire world was in shock when they heard that Flight 370 with its 239 passengers and crew vanished off the face of the earth. The airlines, media and
even aviation experts were all perplexed about how such a sophisticated aircraft with tracking and radar systems could just disappear during a routine
flight. Theories have emerged that the plane crashed into the ocean either by being set on auto pilot or by the actions of the aircrafts captain, or
even that it was taken over by highly trained hijackers and flown to a foreign land. Malaysian airlines Flight 370 took off out of Kuala Lumpur
International airport on March 8th 2014 with 227 passengers and 12 crew members on board. It was headed on a five and a half hour journey to
Beijing Capital International Airport in China. A little less than an hour after takeoff the aircraft's crew made its last voice contact with air traffic
control and 3 minutes later the aircraft disappeared from air traffic control's radar screens. However, Flight 370 was still being tracked on military
radar as it deviated westwards and crossed the Malay Peninsula. It left the range of Malaysian military radar an hour later while over the Adamen Sea.
That was the last known location of the aircraft. A large multinational search was set up in an effort to locate the jumbo jet that is presumably sitting at
the

Alaskan Flight 261: Case Study
The NTSB used every source they had to investigate Alaskan Flight 261, resources that did not even seem applicable. Everything from retrieving
the accident to digging into maintenance and company records, also pulling all parts that were left from the wreckage apart and examining them as
thorough as possible. Then coming to a conclusion and recreation of what exactly happened prior to and during the accident. The NTSB had to call
on the navy to retrieve the wreckage from the bottom of the ocean. They used sonar to retrieve information on how wide spread the wreckage was
along the sea floor. After retrieving the cockpit voice recorder and reviewing the data from not only the actions performed by the pilots, but as well as
the actual voice recordings

Trends And Current Problems In Aviation: Cockpit Voice...
Problem statement
One of the most scrutinized pieces of evidence gathered from an aircraft accident is the collection of information contained in the Cockpit Voice
Recorder and Flight Data Recorder. CVRs and FDRs paint an often haunting, but frequently useful picture of what occurred during the last minutes of
an accident flight. This is not to say, however, that the recorders are always conclusive, or even useful. There are a handful of cases where the CVR
and FDR tapes have broken, failed to record, stopped recording early, or not captured enough information to be useful to the investigation.
Advancements in these devices are not new to the industry; however, the pace is slow to incorporate new technology into current fleets. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no disputing the fact that black boxes are essential components of civil aircraft today; their job is critical to the investigation of an accident,
however, safety experts would argue that the basic capabilities of these devices are no longer sufficient.
Specifications
The International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) is a regulatory body, which sets standards for international aviation. ICAO is broken into 18
annexes, and, comparable to international law, they are the very basic requirements that the organization's 185 member states must follow. Annex 6
to ICAO deals with the operation of aircraft and states that CVRs should be capable of retaining the information recorded during the last 30 minutes
of the device's operation. In addition, ICAO has recommended that CVRs installed in aircraft over 5,700kg with a certificate of airworthiness issued
after January 1, 1990 be capable of retaining information recorded during the previous two hours of operation. ICAO suggests that flight recorders be
"constructed, located and installed so as to provide maximum practical protection for the recording in order that the recording information may be
preserved, recovered and transcribed. Flight recorders shall meet the prescribed crashworthiness and fire protection specifications" (Frostell 20). The
FAA has met the recommendations of ICAO and set the following standards for CVRs and FDRs:

Exploratory Essay On Loose Change
In the expository documentary, Loose Change, director, Dylan Avery, challenges the master narrative dealing with the events that lead to, and occured
on September 11, 2001. Throughout the film, he provides a multitude of theories that may better explain the pending questions about 9/11. But on a
more broader sense, this documentary is a call to action for the american people to just simply, ask questions. Avery's search for thetruth, surfaced many
inquiries that most U.S. citizens did not even know existed. Some may argue that this film is a false belief and an unpatriotic representation of America,
and as we all have a right to our opinions, we must all recognize that these horrific events happened, and Avery's assessment on how and why this...
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And Kevin Ryan, an employee at Underwriters Laboratory ("the company that certified the steel components that were used in the World Trade
Center), emphasizes this fact in a letter to Frank Gayle of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He stated that all the steel used, met the
qualifications and was able to withstand a fire of 2,000 degrees. He also said that if the towers did fall due to the melting of steel, then the deaths on 9
/11 were due to "safety–related features" and that his company should be greatly concerned. A few days after he wrote this letter, he was fired from his

Description Of A Flight Recorder
1. Introduction It is very difficult, when an accident occurs during a flight to determine precisely what happened for several reasons: п‚§Most of
the time, during a flight, an aircraft is not in an environment where people cannot testimony what they saw (over water, high in the sky ...)
п‚§When the aircraft crashes, it is often in an area difficult to access (open sea, on a mountain, ...) п‚§When the aircraft is ready to be examined,
after being recovered from a difficult crash area or after a potential fire has been extinguished, the pieces are frequently severely damaged. To be
able to retrace what happened during the last moments of the flight of the aircraft, before an accident or incident, a flight recorder has been
developed. The information collected by this flight recorder can help the investigation teams to understand what happened even when the aircraft is
badly damaged or even impossible to use to find answers. But developing a flight recorder is not simple precisely because it has to withstand a
severe accident. When an extreme fire starts after a crash for example, the flight recorder has to stay in good conditions until it is recovered by
someone on the crash site. Therefore, regulations, certifications and standards have been made to ensure that this element in the aircraft has all the
required properties. Nowadays, the flight recorder has an increasing role to play in investigations of accidents because of the number of passengers
that can be carried on a

Forensic Evidence Regarding Air Indiaflight 182
THE FORENSIC EVIDENCE CONCERNING AIR INDIAFLIGHT 182
Background
The in–flight disintegration of the Kanishka, most of the aircraft came to rest on the ocean floor almost 7,000 feet below the surface. During the
accident investigation that followed, the submerged wreckage was surveyed, photographed, videotaped and pieces were recovered off the ocean
floor. Floating wreckage was also recovered and examined. Each piece was given a unique number called "target". Target means that specific parts of
planes were to be destroyed. When the RCMP returned to the crashed site for two subsequent salvage operations in 1989 and 1991 during which
further underwater video footage was captured and further wreckage was recovered. The 465 targets observed on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bart Blachford, the RCMP member with primary conduct of the forensic investigation into the explosion of the Kanishka. The underwater images of
many of the unrecovered targets were converted into computer aided design ("CAD") images, which in turn were used to simulate certain important
targets from the aft fuselage of the aircraft. Under the supervision of the RCMP, these simulated targets were assembled with the actual recovered
wreckage in a partial reconstruction of the Kanishka at a warehouse in the Lower Mainland as an aid to understanding the technical expert evidence
regarding the destruction of the aircraft. Experts presented portions of their evidence at this warehouse during the trial and referred extensively to the
reconstruction in demonstrating their respective theories. The significance of this expert evidence lies primarily in their differing opinions regarding
the location of the bomb that precipitated the destruction of the Kanishka. The Crown theory, supported by the opinion evidence of Professor
Christopher Peel, is that it was located in Baggage Area 52, which contained the M. Singh bag. The defence theory, supported by the opinion evidence
of Dr. Edward Trimble and Mr. Frank Taylor, is that it was located some five feet forward of that location in Baggage Area 51, containing luggage
checked in at Toronto. A conclusion that the defence evidence raises a reasonable doubt with respect to the Crown's bomb location would
fundamentally undermine

Knowing Why Airplanes Crash Is Important Essay
There are technologies being discussed to improve crash location technologies. They are improvements to the ULB battery life, an additional low
frequency ULB. Another technology is ADS–B which monitors aircraft position. Crash deployable flight recorders are also being considered as well
as streaming flight data via a satellite. Let's us take a closer look at each technology. There are several improvements to ULB technology in
progress. ULB Battery Life is in the process of being extended from 30 days to 90 days. There will be an additional ULB attached to the fuselage
which will broadcast at a lower frequency which increases the range the beacon can be heard. In light of the MH370 tragedy and the lingering doubt
over whether the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The US Military has had crash Deployable Flight Recorders (DFR) for over twenty years with 110 crashes and 110 successful deployments. In
addition to crash data the device incorporates an ELT which broadcasts the aircraft serial number (Werfelman, Thinking outside the black box).
Streaming data is another technology that has been popularly suggested for use in Locating and accessing FDR information. After all if we can stream
movies in high definition why can't we do the same with the FDR data? In light of the AF447 tragedy there has been a tremendous amount of research
into aircraft streaming fight data if the aircraft detects a potential crash condition. On September 3, 2010 a UPS 747–400 successfully uplinked flight
using a streaming data before a fatal catastrophic crash due to a cargo fire (Werfelman, Narowing the search). This data was streamed live in real–time
to the UPS command center in Lexington, KY. UPS was aware the flight had inflight fire before the plane had crash and was aware of when, where
and why the flight terminated (BEA). However there are several concerns about this technology. Pilots are very resistant to

Us Air Flight 1549 Research Paper
On January 15, 2009, about 3:27 PM eastern standard time, US Airways flight 1549, an Airbus Industrie A320–214, N106US, piloted by First Officer
Jeffrey Skiles and monitored by Captain Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger was scheduled for domestic commercial flight from LaGuardia Airport, New
York City, New York to Seattle
–Tacoma InternationalAirport in SeaTac, Washington experienced loss of thrust in both engines after encountering
multiple bird strike during its take off and was ditched on the Hudson River roughly eight miles from LaGuardia Airport, New York City, New York
about two minutes before the in–flight event occurred. All 155 occupants safely evacuated the airplane by the forward and over–wing exits and were
rescued from nearby watercraft. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Damages are visible to the flaps and the right engine while the fuselage looks almost undamaged shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Crane lifts N106US back
onto dry ground
The right engine was found attached to the wing with fractures and deformation in several locations of the nacelle while the left engine was found
eight days after the accident, separated near the initial impact location with the waters (Knezevic). Both engines were sent to the Smithsonian
Institution for analysis. Around the time of the incident, they were able to find feather and tissue samples from both engines (shown in figure 4) but
wasn't able to discriminate between multiple birds within the same species, sex, and maturity level (National). A more detailed DNA analysis was
completed in February 2010 and determined that the left engine contained both male and female Canada geese remains, indicating that the engine
ingested at least two geese. The average length can range between 25 to 45 inches while the average weight of a male Canada goose is from 3 to 13
pounds, and the average weight of a female goose is from 3 to 11 pounds (Canada). The Smithsonian Institution report stated that only male Canada
goose remains were found in the right engine, suggesting that it might have only ingested one bird; however, a comparison of the physical features

Why We Must Go Wrong
As the saying goes "anything that can go wrong, will go wrong", yet being fully aware of this, humans don't avoid doing things altogether, instead
we intentionally thrive toward finding that which can go wrong out of curiosity for knowledge and fear that we might miss out on something if we
don't. There is a lesson to be found in every disappointment and negative outcome therefore, we gain experience, we discover, and learn to live with
things going wrong because that means we are one step closer to it going right. We learn to live with these things by jotting down our mistakes and
others prior mistakes to help us prepare accordingly to future situations. This is especially true in aviation. Without things going wrong, flying would
not hold the safest mode of transportation nor would it be as advanced, as there would be nothing to aid us in how to prepare for the next flight
otherwise. We've spent the last years in aviation focusing on increasing safety by trying to perfect aircraft to only learn, as Wilbur Wright stated, "...the
safety of the operator is more important than any other point. Greater prudence is needed rather than greater skill." This meaning that it isn't the
technology or the aircrews' individual capabilities; it is the lack of caution and preparation instilled into the aircrew. Information gathered from flight
data recorders, FDRs, and cockpit voice recorders, CVRs, revealed new insights on aircraft accidents. The result of several accidents was

The Disappearance Of Malaysian Airlines Flight 370
On March 8th, 2014, Malaysian Airlines Flight 370 (MH370) departed Kuala Lumpur at 0049 local time, en–route to Beijing, carrying 239 people on
board (Devlin). To this day, no official confirmation has been made about the disappearance of MH370, and the aircraft has not been found. The
flight crew's last radio call "All right, goodnight" by the first officer was received at 0119LT, 2 minutes later the aircraft's transponder was turned off
(Sharp). A primary target was seen on Malaysia's military radar near the island of Phuket at 0214LT and that was the last known location of MH370
after immediately changing course and flying back towards Malaysia and the Indian Ocean; the plane was due to land in Beijing at 0630LT (Devlin).
The disappearance

Building A Department Of Natural Resources And...
This study's finished product will also serve as the springboard for the government to establish a Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Management since it is my belief co–management is intertwined with the establishment of this department in order to sustain the peace and national
development initiatives in post–conflict Liberia. The views of these participants, particularly those from Liberia, will also set the structure of the
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. This data will also be used to determine whether or not it is plausible to establish
such a department in Liberia. I will travel to Liberia, Guinea, and/or Tanzania using Guinea's co–management of forest resources as a case study or
Tanzania's forest conservation group's strategies that were used to rescue the forests from charcoal producers.
Implications
This study will serve as a new approach of conflict resolution between the local communities and the national government in Liberia. It could also serve
as a practical approach to bridge the gap of distrust and lack of faith in government's institutions between the young people of Liberia and their national
government. It could also help to educate rural communities about conflict resolution and forest resource management and pave the way to incorporate
the teaching of forest and environmental sciences into high school's curriculum throughout the country. Besides these benefits, this study could serve
as a potential tool

Mount Erebus Research Paper
The Mount Erebus Disaster
On the 28th of November in 1979, the Air New Zealand DC10 п¬‚ight 901 crashed into the side of Mount Erebus in Ross Island, Antarctica, resulting
in the instant death of all on board. The crash became "widely regarded as New Zealand's worst air accident."
One of the most memorable photos from the aftermath of the Mt Erebus plane crash showing the Koru symbol of Air New Zealand planes.
What happened?
On the 28th of November 1979, Air New Zealand п¬‚ight 901 took off from Auckland airport. It was taking 237 excited passengers on the 11 hour
long sight seeing п¬‚ight of a lifetime to see one of the most incredible natural places on earth – Antarctica. The plane would п¬‚y through McMurdo
Sound to show the passengers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"–Where's Erebus in relation to us at the moment –Left about (twenty)or (twenty) п¬Ѓle miles –Left do you reckon –WellI don't know–––I think I've
been looking for it –Yep Yep–I think it'll be erh –I'm just thinking of any high ground in the area that's all –I think it'll be left yes –Yes I reckon about
here Yes–––no no I don't really know"
"This map shows the п¬‚ight path of Air New Zealand Flight TE901 on 28 November 1979 (solid red line) before it crashed into the lower slopes of
Mt Erebus. The dashed line on the left shows the п¬‚ight path the crew probably thought they were on."
The Mahon Report Shortly after Chippendale's п¬Ѓndings were released, public demand forced a Royal Commission of Inquiry to begin, conducted
by Justice Peter Mahon. During the Inquiry, witnesses such as Air New Zealand staff, the CAD, members of the pilots families and Ron Chippendale
were called to give evidence. With thousands of pages of evidence Mahon disagreed with the Chippendale п¬Ѓndings and concluded that there were ten
ultimate causes of the crash. Although he believed that every

A Brief Report On Colgan Flight 3407 Essay
February 12th, 2009. A sad day it was in the United States, mostly in the eastern section of the great land. Colgan flight 3407 was set for departure
from Newark, New Jersey set to land in Buffalo, New York. Traffic was significant enough to illuminate plenty of people travelling to Buffalo and
back as a total of 110 recorded flights from different carriers were incoming and going between the two locations. In which seven Continental flights
were bound for the Newark Liberty International Airport from Buffalo Niagra International Airport on the same day. Little did the passengers and
crew members know that Flight 3407 was special. As the plane was approaching the New York area, the cockpit crew observed ice accumulation on
the aircraft's wings. This was an indication of the flight operating in a low temperature area and may have been the cause of the crash. The
accumulation of ice on the wing adds weight to the air–bone body and thus, reduces the lift. Additionally, it also changes the shape of the wing, and
this shape is what gives the lift. During the investigation held by the National Transportation Safety Board, the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) was
examined and found out that the crew did not recheck if the de–ice system installed in the aircraft was operational or not. This was critical due to the
fact that the ice buildup was a mere 6 minutes before the plane crashed. The Flight Data Recorder was brought into account, it stated that the de–ice
system was set in the

Examples Of Confirmation Bias
CASE STUDY: AVOID THINKING TRAPS KIMBERLY BLACKBURN WESTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY What has become known as
Confirmation bias is the tendency people have to embrace information that supports their beliefs and reject information that contradicts them
(Kolbert, 2017). The crash of Comair Flight 5191 in Lexington Kentucky in 2006 due to pilot error is a good example of confirmation bias. It is
believed the flight crew convinced themselves they were on the right runway due runway lights that they were told were unserviceable in a previous
flight. On the flight's voice recorder, the pilots never appeared confused (Ortiz, Patton, & Ku, 2007). It was a classic example of confirmation bias,
the act of only seeing evidence supporting their preconceptions, investigators said (Ortiz, Patton, & Ku, 2007). Confirmation bias is our feeling to
choose the information that confirms what we belief or the ideas we have on a subject. Sometimes this can lead us to misjudge or make wrong
decisions. The pilots of flight 5191 out of Lexington airport let their belief of the situation make them make the wrong decision and not confirm they
were on the right runway. Pilots Clay and Polehinke ignored the warning signs of the unlit runway, too short runway and their distracted conversation
during the pre–flight time. To avoid confirmation bias one has to be aware of its existence. Mindfulness and emotional intelligence can both be of help
in avoiding confirmation bias

Essay on Psa Crash
Running head: MID–AIR OF PSA FLIGHT 182 OVER SAN DIEGO
Mid–Air of PSA Flight 182 and its Impacts on U.S. Aviation
Lance Paston
Utah Valley University
Abstract
This paper reviews the tragic mid–air crash of PSA flight 182 and Cessna N7711G a Cessna 172 over San Diego and its resulting FAA rules and
regulation changes, and their affect on the U.S. aviation industry.PSA Flight 182's mid–air resulted in the most sweeping FAA changes to airspace to
date. The FAA rules and regulation changes was a success in preventing similar mid–airs of this type.
On September 25, 1978, I was a 16–year–old inspiring young pilot going to high school within 10 miles of San Diego's Lindbergh International
Airport. It was about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
19 seconds before the mid–air the controller received a conflict alert alarm in the tower indicating a possible aircraft conflict. The controller
subsequently ignored the alarm because he felt that since PSA flight 182 had acknowledged having the Cessna in sight and the controller felt that
the aircrew of PSA flight 182 was meeting their requirement of visual separation, notification was not required in his opinion. The controller did
try to notify the Cessna that PSA 182 had them in sight and that PSA 182 was eastbound at six o' clock and descending. There was no response
from the Cessna as they had already switched frequencies as was being controlled by Miramar TRACON for the ILS approach procedures. The
Cessna was unaware of the PSA flight coming from behind as the Cessna could only monitor one frequency at a time, unlike PSA flight 182 which
was being controlled by Lindbergh tower had capabilities of monitoring both Lindbergh tower and Miramar TRACON (Time).
According to the National Transportation Safety Board, the mid–air was primarily the fault of the PSA aircrew for failing to maintain visual separation
and not informing the tower that they had lost visual contact. Contributing factors were control tower procedures allowing

Data Collection On Board Diagnostics Tool
3.2. DATA COLLECTION:
The possible data collection using the on–board diagnostics tool can be categorized into different groups that may be of use to a variety of
applications. Among all the details, most of the data which is relevant for used–car market would be the trip data that gets populated through the entire
trip or usage of the vehicle. This covers the details of "trip duration, total kilo–meters travelled, kilo–meters travelled related to the type of road (say:
regular motorways, urban areas, bumpy terrain, elevation, other types of roads), travel by time of day (rush hour, daylight, night), acceleration,
deceleration and sharp turns" (Vaia, G. (2012)). The in–built setup of OBD device will generate all this information through ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These factors are selected not based on any evidence but only based on people's knowledge or hypothesis. Figure–3: Factors that affected people to
buy their latest used car Figure–4: Factors influenced people to buy used car from a particular dealer
The worth of used car market can be given by below figure and numbers from the year 2003–2014:– Figure–5: Worth of Used–Car Market over the
years
4. BUSINESS MODEL FOR TELEMATICSIN USED–CAR MARKET:
4.1. Telematics Architecture:
Telematics has three basic capabilities:
1. Wireless two–way communication capability
2. Location technology (geographic position)
3. Computing platform for system control and interface to ECU
FunctionWay/Approach
Two–way communications–Embedded mobile phone
–Integrated driver mobile phone
–Telematics service monitoring
–Crash event data recorder
Location technology–Global positioning satellite receiver
–Mobilephone location technology

Computing platform for system control–Embedded safety and security telematics
–Mobile phone to radio integration
–Mobile phone to navigation integration
Table–1: Essentials of Telematics
(Future of Automotive Telematics,

Southwest Airlines : The Air Carriers Essay
Abstract
Southwest Airlines is one of the top air carriers in the United States. They are known for their low cost fares, excellent customer service, and their safe
track record. Unfortunately, in aviation there are many variables that can affect flights, and through a series of events lead to a terrible accident. That is
exactly what happened with Southwest Airlines Flight 1248 December 8, 2005 when their Boeing 737 slid off of the end of the runway while landing at
Chicago Midway International Airport in Chicago Illinois. When the aircraft finally came to a stop one child was dead, there were multiple injuries, and
there was extensive damage to the aircraft. Through the examination and discussion of The investigation completed by the National Transportation
Safety Board (NTSB) had multiple findings that uncovered several causes that led to the deadly accident of Southwest Airlines Flight 1248. Southwest
Airlines Flight 1248
Introduction
Southwest Airlines is one of the top air carriers in the United States. They are known for their exceptional customer service, cheap fares, and safe
flight history. Traveling by air is known to be one of the safest modes of transportation according to current data. Unfortunately, there is always a slight
chance that an aircraft can have an accident when the conditions are right. That is exactly what happened to Southwest Airline Flight 1248 in
December of 2005 while trying to land in declining weather conditions at Chicago Midway

Factors Affecting The National Transportation Safety Board...
The captain and 10 passengers were killed; the first officer, the flight attendants, and 105 passengers received serious of minor injuries; and 24
passengers were not injured. The airplane was destroyed by impact forces and a post–crash fire. Flight 1420 was operating under the provisions of 14
Code of Federal Regulations (CRF) Part 121 on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan. Contributing Casual Factors There are several causal factors
that led to this event. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable causes of this accident were "the flight crew's
failure to discontinue the approach when severe thunderstorms and their associated hazards to flight operations had moved in the airport area, and the
crew's failure to ensure that the spoilers had extended after touchdown. Contributing factors of the flight crews determination to land in the inclement
weather are: (1) impaired performance resulting from miscommunication associated with the intent to land under the circumstances, (2) continuation of
the approach to a landing when the company's maximum crosswind component was exceeded, (3) failure of the spoilers to deploy, and (4) use of
reverse thrust greater than 1.3 engine pressure ratio after landing." (NTSB, 2001). Weather Weather observation at Little Rock National Airport are
made by an Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), which is maintained by the NWS. The ASOS edit log also indicated that "Little Rock
weather

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