Vasopressin Case Study
The oxidation of blood components by the oxygen released from erythrocytes may cause
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal insufficiency [67]. Primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency
occurs in patients with sepsis and is associated with a poor outcome [68 – 71]. Blood oxidation
affects the hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroidal axis, inactivating thyrotropine , thyroid gland hormones
(triiodothyronine(TT3), thyroxine (TT4) and their binding proteins. Thyroid hormone regulates
metabolism and has impact on sepsis prognosis. The level of TT4 is lower in patients with septic
shock than in patients without septic shock [72–74]. De–iodinations of iodothyronines play key
roles in metabolic regulation [75, 76].
Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone) also is oxidized by the oxygen released from erythrocytes.
Vasopressin plays a role in circulatory homeostasis and serum osmolality. Oxytocin and vasopressin
are oxidized with formation of dityrosine [77]. Its oxidation and depletion cause vasodilatory shock
– a syndrome with high mortality [78–81]. Low expression levels of Angiotensin II and ACE
(angiotensin converting enxyme) are valuable in predicting the mortality of patients ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Albumin, a 66.5 kDa protein, is quantitatively the most important plasma protein [85]. Albumin is
the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure, it plays a pivotal role in modulating the
distribution of fluids between compartments, and exhibits many other biological functions, such as
transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds, modulation of capillary permeability,
neutrophil adhesion and activation, hemostasis and free radical scavenging (for review see 86]. Even
mild oxidation of human serum albumin (HAS) impairs HSA functional properties including
protease susceptibility, ligand–binding affinity and antioxidant activity [87]. The major structural
change in oxidized HSA is a disulfide–bonded cysteine at the thiol of Cys34 of reduced HAS
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Assay For Quantification Of Anti Rabbit Proteins
9/30/2014
Rakshitha. P. Miskin
01399629
Tuesday– 10
Lab #2
MicroELISA assay for quantification of anti– rabbit protein antibodies in mouse before and after
immunization
Objective
Preparation of microELISA plates for the detection of antibodies in sera from pre–immunized
mouse against rabbit protein and comparing this to sera extracted at weeks 1 and 2 after
immunization and re–immunization of the mouse to check for increased titer of antibodies in the
sera
Materials and methods
Preparation of phosphate buffer saline (PBS): A tablet of PBS sigma #P4417 was added to 200 mL
of water maintaining pH between 7.2–7.4.
Preparation of PBS/BSA: 10mL of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS was prepared (0.1mg
BSA in 10mL PBS) and the solution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The strips were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature and then washed 3 times with PBS–
tween. To each of the wells, 100µL of peroxidase conjugated goat anti– mouse immunoglobulin was
added and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The strips were washed again with PBS– tween
and then with PBS. 100µL each of activated ABTS (100µl hydrogen peroxide was added to 1mL 2,
2'–azino–bis (3–ethylbenzothiazoline–6–sulphonic acid) (ABTS)) was added to each of the wells.
The strips were incubated for a few minutes and the absorbance was read at 405nm in a
microELISA plate reader.
Calculations
Dilutions for strip 1:
Well # Sera Dilution Volume of sera Volume of PBS–tween Total volume
1 – Negative control – 100µL 100 µL
2 – Negative control – 100 µL 100 µL
3 Pre–immunized sera 1:10 22 µL 198 µL 220 µL
4 Week 1 immunized sera 1:10 20 µL 180 µL 200 µL
5, 6 1:100 25 µL (of 1:10 stock) 225 µL 250 µL
7 Positive control 100 µL – 100 µL
8 Positive control 100 µL – 100 µL

Dilutions for strip 2:
Well # Sera Dilution Volume of sera Volume of PBS–tween Total volume
1 – Negative control – 100µL 100 µL
2 – Negative control – 100 µL 100 µL
3 Pre–immunized sera 1:10 22 µL 198 µL 220 µL
4 Week 2 immunized sera 1:10 (Stock 1) 15 µL 135 µL 150 µL
5, 1:100 (Stock 2) 15 µL (of stock 1) 135 µL

Lab Report : Bca Protein Assay
Shrutika Mintri/ E2 Date : 09/17/2014 Lab Report #1 Project Title: BCA Protein Assay Purpose:
BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) Assay otherwise known as the "Smith Assay" has the fundamental
purpose of determining the protein concentration of the two given unknown proteins in the sample
solutions. The absorbance is measured using a Plate reader and a Standard curve is generated. Also,
the different types of pipetting techniques are assessed in this Assay. Methods: (1) There are two
methods using which the BCA Protein Assay can be performed– Test tube method and Micro plate
method. The following experiment has been performed using the Microplate procedure. Vial Volume
of Diluent Volume and Source of BSA Final BSA Concentration A 325 μL 325μL of Stock
1000μg/ml B 325μL 325μL of vial A dilution 500μg/ml C 325μL 325μL of vial B dilution 250μg/ml
D 325μL 325μL of vial C dilution 125μg/ml E 400μL 0 0μg/ml= Blank 1. Preparation of Diluted
Albumin (BSA) Standards: The following Diluted Albumin (BSA) Standards have been prepared
using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Standard Solution (2.0mg/ml) and the Diluent Phosphate
Buffered Saline (PBS) having

The Effect Of Serum Albumin On Blood And Urine Samples...
77 citations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Firstly, a test to determine the concentration of serum albumin in both blood and urine samples were
carried out. Table 1 demonstrates that Patient B discharged 43mg/mL of serum albumin which was
within the normal literature reference range provided.
Low serum albumin levels are usually associated with acute glomerulonephritis, the normal albumin
levels for Patient B implies that acute glomerulonephritis could be eliminated from list of conditions
provided. Thus suggested for both Patient B and Patient N there were no leakage of the serum
albumin in the urine. Nevertheless, (McClatchey, 2002) identified that low albumin levels may also
signify impaired liver function. Conditions such as hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatic cirrhosis
can also be dismissed because of the normal level of albumin in blood. This implies that no
anomalies were present thus signifying accurate results.
An advantage of the test was that the blood samples used are one of the leading analysis preferences
chosen to identify biomarkers, and easily obtainable from patients. However, as direct assay was
unavailable, Bromocresol green solution was used which changed the electronic structure thus
specific whilst binding to albumin. As a result, this generates accurate results with no anomalies for
both serum and blood. Moreover, within the expense limitations of University of Chester, a simple
assay was used (Rehm, 2006) expands that BCA assay may have been used

Synovial Bacterial Lab
Edwanny Nivar
Professor Fair
Microbial Physiology and Genetics
12 November 2017
Role of phenol–soluble modulins in formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in synovial fluid
ABSTRACT/OVERVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Who did the research, and where?
a. This research was done by Sana S. Dastgheyb, Amer E. Villaruz, Katherine Y. Le, Vee Y. Tan,
Anthony C. Duong, Som S. Chatterjee, Gordon Y. C. Cheung, Hwang–Soo Joo, Noree J. Hickok and
Michael Otto.
b. It was conducted at the Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial
Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson
University, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of septic arthritis and orthopedic infection, in particular
those developing on prosthetic joints after arthroplasty. Joint infections can cause prolonged
disability and increased health care cost, due to prolonged antibiotic treatments, multiple surgeries,
and in some cases joint fusion. If there is rejection of treatment, these infections can cause
significant morbidity, including loss of limbs, systemic infection, and even death.
b. Biofilms are surface–attached bacterial agglomerations that frequently develop on indwelling
medical devices.
c. The matrix that connects cells in a biofilm consists of a variety of chemically different
macromolecules, such as polymeric proteins, teichoic acids, extracellular DNA and polysaccharides.
d. The pronounced recalcitrance of S. aureus joint infections to antibiotic treatment is due to
exceptionally strong bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation, which renders even high
concentrations of antibiotics given to patients ineffective.
METHODS, RESULTS, AND CONCLUSIONS
4. How was the research conducted and with what materials and methods (experimentally or
otherwise), and why were these methods used?
a. The research team started by draining human synovial fluid (SF) from the joint during total knee
arthroplasty in the operating room and collected this with permission of the Thomas Jefferson
University Institutional

Subject Identification And Enrollment For Alzheimer 's...
Subject identification and enrollment Subjects recruited for this study consisted of individuals aged
60 to 85, with 10 or more years of education or more. Those diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease
(AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were recruited to the study at the Memory Clinic of the
Jewish General Hospital (JGH) in Montréal, and normal community elderly volunteers were
recruited through advertising. Subjects received standardized clinical, mental status,
neuropsychological, and cognitive evaluation. Depression was excluded via the Yesavage Geriatric
Depression Scale (Geriatric Depression scale > 15) [37]. None had evidence of cerebral infarct on
CT, and all subjects scored less than 4 on the Hachinski ischemic scale [38]. No individuals had
evidence of significant heart disease, alcoholism, or drug use and all showed normal routine blood
work. Subjects were classified as normal if they lacked subjective memory complaints, and scored at
or above 26 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test [39], and scored above 25 on the Folstein
Mini–mental state exam (MMSE) [40]. Their average MoCA score was 27 (range 25–29). The AD
patients received the diagnosis of mild, moderate, or severe probable AD according to standard
clinical criteria [41]. They had mild, moderate, or severe probable AD [42], scored below 26 on the
Montreal Cognitive Assessment test [39], scored between 4 and 25 on the Folstein Mini–mental
state exam (MMSE) [40], and showed

Case Study: Nursing Diagnosis
L.S. was a patient at Baptist Memorial Hospital who was admitted for a femur fracture who
displayed symptoms of a potential nutritional problem a few days into their stay. The patient
presented to the floor with a loss of appetite previous to her diagnosed nutritional deficits. Although
a femur fracture does not usually bring about nutritional problems. But in this situation the patient
received a blood transfusion which in turn caused a hemolytic transfusion reaction. After this
reaction occurred the patient developed a decreased mental capacity and extreme loss of appetite.
This transfusion reaction caused many more complications along with increased body temperature,
restlessness, and irritability. The most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this patient would be
"Imbalanced Nutrition; less than body requirements related to decreased mental status." This nursing
diagnosis covers broad aspects of many medical diagnoses. Some of the medical diagnoses covered
by this nursing diagnosis include; 'Bulimia Nervosa', and 'Anorexia.' Some examples of the patient's
subjective data include statements made by the patient like "I'm in pain." The patient's family stated,
"She normally doesn't act like this." The patient's son stated, "I'm worried her body can't handle the
medicines and surgery." Some examples of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the patient's refusal to eat, the patient's nutritional problems did not improve and continue to
deplete. The patient had an incision on her left leg, which was a result from surgery. Protein was an
essential nutrient in order to help heal the incision. Without this adequate amount of protein intake,
the patient experienced delay in wound healing. Along with the delayed wound healing the
inadequate amount of protein intake caused the patient's muscles to weaken. Therefore, the
prognosis for the patient was decreased wound healing due to the lack of protein (Lewis et al.,

Spectrophotometer: Concentration and Standard Curve Essay
Lab Report 4
Biology 103
Prof. Dr. Johnson
Spectrophotometer; the finding of protein concentration of an unknown sample of BSA, and by
using the standard curve.
Abstract A spectrophotometer's purpose is to use colors of the light spectrum to determine the
concentration of light absorbing molecules in a solution. (p.59) In this particular lab, our mission
was to determine the protein concentration and the standard curve of the unknown sample of BSA.
This, by preparing five dilutions of the unknown solution of BSA together with other known
concentrations, and then experimenting by observing how the concentrations were passed through
the spectrophotometer. The outcome resolved in the absorption levels being decreased, and this ...
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The same solution of 0.5 ml BSA was then added from test tube 1 to the test tube 2 after being
properly mixed, and from test tube 2 the solution was being added to test tube 3, and so forth all the
way up to test tube 5, with the same exact procedure. From the last tube, we then disposed the 0.5
ml solution. After above procedures, we now labeled another test tube "blank"; 0.5 ml blank distilled
water was purred into the tube with the serial dilution of 1:10. We also had a tube C labeled
"unknown" with the same 0.5 ml of solution. And after adding 5ml of Coomassie Blue to each tube
(1–5) and to the blank, the result of absorbance was read at 595 nm.
Result | Protein Concentration(µg/ml) | Absorbance(595 nm) | Tube 1 | 120 | .922 | Tube 2 | 60 | .557
| Tube 3 | 30 | .377 | Tube 4 | 15 | .180 | Tube 5 | 7.5 | .082 | Unknown: .759 |
The ending result of this experiment confirms that as five test tubes are lined up with the varying
level of absorbance, different results in the level of absorbance will appear as well, this is visible in
above table. Thus, this is due to the varying amount of water in the solution. The blank sample had a
0.30 in its level of absorbance.
Calculating serial dilutions and their concentrations
(Examples of test tube 1 and test tube 2for respective dilution and concentration)
Dilution or D = previous dilution (if any) ×the

Fluorescence Spectroscopy And The Emission Wavelength Of...
Abstract Fluorescent properties are used to study protein and small molecule interactions.
Fluorescent spectrophotometry determined the excitation wavelength of eosin isothiocyanate to be
525 nm and its emission wavelength was 545 nm. Glycogen phosphorylase was similarly studied.
The excitation wavelength was 330 nm and the emission wavelength was 360 nm. The emission
wavelength could be indicative of the presence of the fluorophore, tryptophan. The potential
interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1–anilino–8–naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS)
was studied through fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). BSA had an
emission wavelength of 358 nm which could also be indicative of a tryptophan. When BSA and
ANS were mixed together, the emission wavelength was longer suggesting that the molecules
interact with each other and follow FRET.
Introduction
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful technique to determine the proteins and nucleic acids of a
macromolecule. Some molecules, fluorophores, can absorb light at certain wavelengths and then
emit it at another wavelength. When the molecule absorbs light it is excitation and the light released
is emission. The light particles, photons, hit a fluorophore to excite the molecule (Voet et. al 2013).
Excitation occurs by the valence electrons of the molecule receiving energy and moving to a higher
energy state from the ground state. The excited electrons will later return to the ground state because
they

Ligand Bonding Lab Report
For this experiment, ligand binding was introduce into this course. What is ligand binding? It is a
smaller molecule that bind to a larger molecule, called a substrate (Berger). Bovine serum albumin
(BSA) is a protein that derive from cow that has a large molecular weight up to 66,436 Da. Phenol
red dye has a molecular weight of 354.88 Da, and is binding to bovine serum albumin at pH 4, pH 6,
pH 8, and pH 10, and our target was to determine the optimal pH. The optimal pH ranging between
3 to 5, and that it will appear to have two peaks on the graph. The first peak would be the phenol
red–BSA at maximum and the second peak is only phenol red at maximum because it does not bind
to BSA. After gather each pH peaks, then calculate the percent bound.

Case Study On BMI Levels
A total of 71 patients were included in the study, according to subjects' BMI level, 31 patients
(43.7%) belonged to level I while the rest belonged to level II. Though median follow up duration
appeared to be longer in level II BMI, than level I yet not significant, 20.4 (0.1–44.1) months vs;
14.3 (2.1–36.6) months respectively, p = 0.5. In addition, there were no significant differences
between the two levels in terms of age, visceral metastasis, bone metastasis, serum levels of
albumin, PSA,
AKP and degree of differentiation (Gleason score). However, serum LDH levels were significantly
higher in level II subjects than the level I group, i.e., median (range) 212 (47–1937) than
163 (65–4575), p= 000, respectively (Table 1).
The cumulative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The findings reported in the present study that provide better prognosis were associated with BMI<
25 kg/m2. In the multivariate analysis, serum AKP levels, serum albumin levels, visceral metastasis,
and BMI< 25 kg/m2 were reported as significant prognostic factors with cumulative survival
probability in 10, 20 and 30 months favoring low BMI <25 kg/m2.
These results are consistent with many previous studies.
Rodriguez et al. [9] found PC mortality rates to be significantly higher among obese men.
Efstathiou et al. [10] reported greater baseline BMI is independently associated with higher PC–
specific mortality in men with locally advanced PC. According to Gong et al.
[11], obesity at the time of diagnosis was associated with increased risks of PC metastasis and death.
In a prospective cohort study on 5313 men who underwent radical prostatectomy,
Siddiqui et al. [12] demonstrated worse clinical and pathologic features in patients with a higher
BMI. There are additional studies concluding the same results [13–16].
On the other hand, our results contradict some studies that reported better effects of obesity on PC. A
retrospective study was conducted of 55 patients who were diagnosed with castration–resistant
prostate cancer (CRPC) and received docetaxel treatment between 2003 and 2009. The findings
suggested that BMI as well as other prognostic factors are independent prognostic factors in patients
with CRPC who

Copper and the Human Body
Copper is present in body tissue in trace amounts, but the highest amount is found in the liver,
followed by the brain, kidney and heart. An adult body contains around 100 mg of copper3.It
usually bound to protein complexes; 95% of blood plasma copper is bound to ceruloplasmin, while
the rest is bound loosely to other blood proteins such as albumin, transcuperin, and amino acids.
However, for a given ceruloplasmin concentration in healthy people, the total copper concentration
is varying by 50 µg/dL (8 µmol/L)17.
It is recommended to have adequate copper intake, which ranges between 0.34 mg/day for 1–3 years
old to 0.90 mg/day for adults18. Beef liver is considered the richest dietary source of copper. Some
beans, nuts, and legumes are particularly high in copper, such as cashews, sunflower seeds, and
cooked lentils. Dark chocolate and enriched cereals and rice would also help add copper to diet.
Absorption of copper occurs in its ionic form in the small intestine and, to a limited extent, in the
stomach. However, intestinal absorption of copper limited by other metal ions like zinc and
cademium, and sulfide ions19,20. The presence of some amino acids and ascorbic acid in the
intestine also lower the absorption of copper21,22. Absorbed copper carried in the blood by different
transport proteins such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and transcuprein and/or histidine23. Once it is in
the blood, it is distributed in two stages; in the first stage, most taken up by liver and kidney;

The Criteria For American College Of Rheumatology ( Acr )...
Subjects
Thirty patients that fulfilled the criteria of American College of Rheumatology (ACR) for RA will
be included in our study. According to 2010 ACR Classification Criteria for RA equal or more than
6 criteria = definite RA
Thirteen healthy persons were also, included in our study as a standard group.
All persons were subjected to:
Full history taking include:
Age and sex.
Anti–Rheumatic drugs administration.
Underlying medical conditions: liver diseases, renal failure, malignant diseases, infectious diseases
or other inflammatory diseases.
Exclusion criteria:
1. Renal or hepatic disorders
2. Platelets < 150000 & WBCs < 3500
3. Other autoimmune disease
4. Malignancy
5. Cardiac diseases
Clinical examination:
All patients will be assessed according to 2010 ACR Classification Criteria for RA equal or more
than 6 criteria = definite RA.
Disease activity was assessed with the 28–joint disease activity score (DAS28).
Routine Laboratory investigation:
Complete blood picture was done for healthy and RA patient groups.
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C–reactive protein (CRP) will be done.
Rheumatoid factor (RF)–IgM was determined in all patients by means of latex agglutination.
Serum levels of anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti–CCP) were measured by ELISA.

Concerning the administered basic therapy, all patients received MTX dose 17.5 mg/week. In
addition, patients received hydroxychloroquine

Total Serum Protein Determination Lab Report
Introduction
Total serum protein determination is a standard clinical test that is often used for the diagnosis of
diseases involving the kidneys, liver or bone marrow and other metabolic or nutritional disorders1.
Blood plasma contains approximately 7% proteins by weight and the fluid that remains after the
clotting factors are removed from the plasma is the serum2. Albumin and globulin are the most
common blood proteins, and the total protein is the combined measure of the two3. The most
abundant protein is albumin, which acts as a carrier of many different molecules in the blood and
helps maintain blood volume2. The globulin proteins include many enzymes and elements of the
immune system such as antibodies and immunoglobulins2. Changes in ... Show more content on
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This method is a chromogenic test that uses biuret reagent to detect the presence of peptide bonds in
blood serum12. The active ingredients in the reagent are sodium hydroxide, potassium sodium
tartrate and copper sulphate pentahydrate13. The development of a violet colour after incubation at
room temperature is indicative of the presence of proteins and peptides in the blood serum12. A
coloured coordination complex forms when the copper ions (Cu2+) binds to the deprotonated
nitrogen atoms that form the peptide bonds of the amino acids12. Reactions can also occur between
Cu2+ and the nitrogen in the amide groups and the imidazole rings12. The colour intensifies after a
period of incubation as the alkalinity of the solution increases and more deprotonated nitrogen atoms
become available12. The concentration of the protein and the colour intensity are proportional,
thereby exhibiting a linear relationship in accordance with the Beer–Lambert law14. Absorbance is
measured by spectrophotometer, λmax = 540

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dihydropyrimidin-2
Recently, the synthetic chemists have gradually taken concern of the compounds containing nucleus
of 3,4–dihydropyrimidin–2(1H)–one, which have a series of pharmacological characteristics, such
as calcium channels blockers, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiinﬂammatory activities [1–5]. But
their efficiently utilizing is boxed in low water solubility. The sulfonate group is strongly acidic. As
a result, it is expected that the solubility of 3,4–dihydropyrimidin–2(1H)–one derivatives could be
greatly improved by introducing the sulfonte group. In this essay, through sulphonation with good
hydrosoluble prosperities, we have successfully obtained two creative 3,4–dihydropyrimidin–
2(1H)–one derivatives 1, 2 (structures shown in Scheme 1).
Serum albumin (SA) is one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reaction scheme is showed in Scheme 1. Brieﬂy, using sulfamic acid as a catalyst, DHPMs1 and
DHPMs2 were synthesized by ethanol thermal method. Urea (0.90 g, 15 mmol), acetaldehyde (0.44
g, 10 mmol) / benzaldehyde (1.06 g, 10 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (1.56 g, 12 mmol) and sulfamic
acid (0.8 g, 8 mmol) were dissolved in 10 mL ethanol to form a clear solution, which was settled in
a 25 mL teflon–sealed autoclave and maintaining at 80 ºC for 2 h. After cooling, the reaction
mixture was cleaned with cold water and 50 % ethanol, and the residue recrystallized from 95 %
ethanol to afford the pure product. DHPMs1: Slightly water–soluble white powder; Yield = 1.31 g
(71 %); Mp 192 – 193; formula: C9H14N2O3; FW: 198.22; IR (KBr) cm–1：3244, 3118, 2978,
1702, 1654；ESI–MS (m/z): 197.33 (M + H). DHPMs2: Slightly water–soluble white powder;
Yield = 2.43 g (93.6 %); Mp 206 – 207; formula: C14H16N2O3; FW: 260.29; IR (KBr) cm–1：
3235, 3108, 2975, 1702, 1645；ESI–MS (m/z): 259.18 (M +

Reaction Of The Maillard Reaction
Introduction
The non–enzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with amino groups of amino acids, peptides and
proteins is called as non–enzymatic glycosylation or simply glycation. This non–enzymatic reaction
ultimately results in the formation of complex brown pigments and protein–protein crosslinks that
were first studied under defined conditions by Maillard in the early 1900s (Maillard and Gautier,
1912) and the reaction came to known as the Maillard reaction. There is a condensation reaction
between reducing sugar and free amino acids at the amino terminus or susceptible ε–amino group of
lysine residues of proteins producing labile N–substituted glycosylamine (Schiff base) that may
undergo two sequential rearrangements, forming a stable Amadori product (Fayle & Gerrard, 2002).
The reducing sugars namely, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, ribose and certain carbohydrate
relatives are inherently reactive toward nucleophilic groups. Glucose is the least reactive among
common sugars because it exists in least concentration in the open chain form (Paulsen and
Pflughaupt, 1980). Amadori rearrangement was a key early step in the Maillard reaction (Hodge,
1955). Early glycation directs the formation of Schiff's bases and Amadori products that further
oxidized to advanced glycated end products (AGEs) (Chetyrkin et al., 2008). Studies have shown
that the glycation process (in the early stage where the interaction of sugars, such as glucose, with
free amino groups of lysine and

Animal Cruelty In The Iditarod
"The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step."(Lao Izu) This quote connects to the Iditarod
because to start the 1,049 mile journey they just have to take one step and it all begins. The Iditarod
is a 1,049 mile long dog sled race across Alaska through the fridge cold weather. The race takes over
a week to finish without shelter, it's just you the dogs and the cold weather of Alaska.
The Iditarod is not animal cruelty because of the mandatory gear the mushers are required to have.
The most important required item that mushers must carry is a vet book. Having a vet book is an
official Iditarod rule. (Iditarod rules) Vet books keep track of everything about the dogs from
how/what they are eating to how they are running. The vet book is required to be signed by the
musher and a vet at every checkpoint. A second, thing they are required to bring is at least 8 booties
per dog. (Iditarod rules) The dogs wear the booties to help prevent injuries to their paws while they
are running. One last required thing they have to bring is a pot that holds ... Show more content on
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Alaskan Huskies are a modern Iditarod dog of choice for a couple of reasons. One of the biggest
reasons is that Alaskan Huskies are an ultimate racing machine. A second reason, is that Alaskan
Huskies ancestry is combined with the quality of strength, speed, agility and endurance. (Gray line
Alaska) A second, breed is the Traditional Iditarod dog the Siberian Husky. Siberian Huskies love to
exercise and they are natural born runners. So the Iditarod is kinda their thing. (Gray line Alaska) A
third, breed is the Alaskan Malamutes. Alaskan Malamutes are one of the oldest breeds of sled dogs.
They also have a thick coat so the cold weather doesn't affect them as much. The Iditarod isn't
animal cruelty because the dogs love exercise/running and they are natural born runners made just
for the Iditarod. (Gray line

Case Study : Acute Liver Failure From Fungal Toxins
Case study: Acute liver failure from fungal toxins.
INTRODUCTION
A 20–year old male presented to the hospital with: nausea; diarrhoea and fever. Upon examination
he had abdominal pain and a tender liver. The patient admitted to eating wild mushrooms, of which
he had collected himself, the afternoon before attending the hospital. Laboratory analysis at the time
of admission revealed elevated serum ALT (665 U/L) and AST (880 U/L), increased total bilirubin
(4.9mg/dL) and an increased prothrombin time (3.11 seconds). Laboratory tests were repeated six
hours later and all levels, except AST, were elevated even further; with ALT and bilirubin doubling
in concentration and the prothrombin time also doubling. Albumin concentration was also tested and
presented normal at both times. The patient was administered a haemodialysis with N–
acetylcysteine.
SYMPTOMS & DIAGNOSIS
The 20–year old male was experiencing nausea and diarrhoea; a common result of mushroom
poisoning due to the gastrointestinal irritants contained within the mushrooms. However,
considering these symptoms alongside the abdominal pain and tender liver, suggested inflammation
of the liver, problems with liver function and hence suspected acute hepatitis or liver failure.
Biochemical tests were performed to test the function of the liver and the results were as shown in
Table 1. These tests were used to estimate the severity of the disease and hence the likelihood of the
continuation into acute liver failure.
Table

The Specificity of Albumin Binding Experiment
The specificity of albumin binding experiment was to determine the binding interactions that occur
between serum albumin and three synthetic dyes with the use of electrophoretic procedure. Whole
blood, or plasma. Clots upon standing and if the clot is removed, the remaining straw colored fluid
is called serum. The major protein in serum is albumin which functions as a carrier molecule for the
transport of certain small molecular weight compounds in blood. Molecules that bind to serum
albumin are fatty acids, hormones and some synthetic dyes. In this experiment the synthetic dyes
used are Bromophenol Blue, Ponceau S and Orange G. we observed that free dyes not bound to
albumin migrate faster that albumin or dyes bound to albumin. This ... Show more content on
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The 2nd half for the gel is our experiment compared to Anderson group 6. The 1st layer in all 3
pictures is the bound dye, the 2nd layer is the free dye.
Fig1 shows on the right group one next to it, 1st half of our result on electrophroresis gel. The 2nd
half for the gel is our experiment compared to Anderson group 6. The 1st layer in all 3 pictures is the
bound dye, the 2nd layer is the free dye.
Group 1, the gel picture and Andersons experiment are closely related. The binding did occur, in the
1st lane of group 1the dye was free therefore no binding occurred because no Bovine Serum
Albumin (BSA) was present in the mixture. While in lanes 2 to 4 binding did occur because there
was BSA in the mixture, with the higest binding occurring in lane 4, this is because there was no
buffer to interrupt the binding. (saturation).
Group 6, which is the 2nd half of the gel picture, does not correspond with Anderson results, no
visible binding occurred. This group had two different dyes and SDS included in the mixture also. In
Andersons version although two different dyes were used, it didn't affect his results, it's the SDS that

Bradford Assay On Unknown Concentrations Of Proteins
Bradford Assay on Unknown Concentrations of Proteins
Taylor Coleman
September 27, 2016
Lab Group 3
BIOL 1111: General Biology Lab
Fall 2015
Section 107
Chad Perry
Abstract Colorimetric assay is a process of determining a concentration of a solution based on
absorbance of light. The purpose of this lab is to determine if the Bradford assay is an accurate way
to determine an unknown concentration of two samples of protein. The Bradford assay is done by
measuring wavelength of light passing through a cuvette filled with Bradford dye and
concentrations of PBS and proteins. After the cuvettes are mixed they are placed into a
spectrophotometer to measure wavelength. The wavelength given will be used to plot a standard
curve based on concentration (x–axis) and wavelength (y–axis). The standard curve is then used to
measure an educated guess on the concentrations of unknown protein concentrations. We
hypothesized that if we use the Bradford assay and colorimetric spectrophotometry we can
determine an accurate concentration of two unknown concentrations of proteins. The results of this
lab failed to reject our hypothesis based on accurate measurements of protein concentrations. The
standard curves are drawn with a linear increasing slope. The Bradford assay is an accurate way to
demine the concentration of an unknown concentration.
Introduction Colorimetric assay is a process determining the concentration of a chemical element or
compound in a solution

Colloid Hypertonic Saline
Colloid and Hypertonic Saline Due to the high morbidity associated with high–volume
resuscitations, an interest exists in using various colloid solutions to both decrease edema and
volume requirements and blunt the myocardial depression phenomena observed with large burns. An
important consideration for adding colloid in the first 24 hours is the loss of capillary integrity
during early burn shock. This process occurs early and is present for 8–24 hours depending on
which authority is referenced. A strategy for testing whether the capillary leak has begun to resolve
involves substituting an equal volume of albumin solution for RL solution. An increase in urine
output suggests that at least some of the leak has resolved and that the further ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, after the first 8 hours, the fluid is changed to RL solution to complete the resuscitation.
Hypertonic saline management must be titrated closely to both urine output and serum sodium
checks and probably should not be used routinely outside of tertiary burn centers. The safety and
benefits of hypertonic saline resuscitation extend to both the pediatric and geriatric populations, but
using solutions at the lower end of tonicity is probably safer. The greatest benefit may ultimately be
for those patients with the most limited cardiopulmonary reserves, those with inhalation injury, and
those with larger burns approaching 40% or

Membranes Case Study
GO has also been mixed with the polymeric matrix to fabricate different nanocomposite membranes,
such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) MF/UF [141,224,225], polyether sulfone (PES) NF
membranes [226] and PSf [162]. One of the main drawbacks of the blending technique is the
absence of GO direct exposure to foulants, which restricts the interaction between foulants and GO.
Accordingly, the superior GO features, in terms of antifouling, will not be entirely exploited. The
direct deposition of GO nanosheets on the membrane surface is a more effective technique for
fouling control, hence the GO/foulants interaction can be maximized. The exceptional structure of
GO confers a considerably greater contact area for the convenient interaction ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The employment of GO leads to the production of small, uniform, stable and distributed AgNPs in
addition to improved silver loading and ion release control. Several applicable and effective
techniques for the fabrication of freestanding ultrathin rGO membranes were reported. One of these
techniques was exemplified by Liu et al [220], in which a reinforced GO membrane was shaped on a
mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filter through the filteration of diluted GO dispersion. The formed
GO/MCE membrane was then positioned over a hydriodic acid solution, where the GO membrane
rapidly changed to a black colour, confirming the reduction of GO to rGO by the acid vapour.
Furthermore, a new water filtration membrane was fabricated by LbL–SA as it is an effective
method to generate dense layers on a membrane support [229]. This method was successfully used
to integrate the negatively charged GO nanosheets with a porous poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) support
through the positively charged poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) by electrostatic interaction
[211]. Additionally, GO–based FO membranes were fabricated in several studies. The first trial was
conducted by Park et al [222], in which GO nanosheets were combined with the PSf to produce a
novel membrane with a PSf/GO composite support layer. The PA active layer was then shaped on
the PSf/GO via IP to obtain the

Hydrolysis Of Aspirin Lab Report
The hydrolysis of aspirin in the absence and presence of rabbit serum
Results
In both saline and rabbit serum solutions, as the aspirin concentration increased, the salicylic acid
concentration also increased. However, the salicylic acid concentration achieved in the saline
solution at increasing concentrations of aspirin was not equivalent to the increase attained in the
rabbit serum. In serum solution, the amount of salicylic acid metabolized from aspirin was always at
least double that achieved by the saline at the comparable aspirin concentration (x3.375, x2.96, and
x2.67 at aspirin concentrations 0.36mg/ml, 0.9mg/ml, and 1.8mg/ml, respectively; Figure 1).
Furthermore, these results were supported through the visual observations after ... Show more
Regarding distribution of the hydrolases involved, the major contributors to aspirin hydrolysis
activity outside of plasma are human CES 2 in the intestine and human CES 1 in the liver. In
plasma, aspirin is hydrolysed by BChE, PON, and albumin.
In rabbit plasma, there is a distinctly high concentration of CES, seemingly due to the low
expression of BChE, indicating an inverse relationship between CES and BChE levels (Bahar and
Imai, 2013). PON and BChE expression in all species are ubiquitous, with especially high
expression in primates (Bahar et al., 2012).
In humans, it is estimated that, for aspirin hydrolysis in plasma, BChE is approximately 30%
responsible for activity, and has low– and high–affinity binding sites for calcium and/or magnesium
(Bahar and Imai, 2013). PON is approximately 50% accountable, requiring calcium for substrate
hydrolysis, and albumin is 16%, acting as a plasma carrier protein by binding, and shows esterase–
like activity. In rabbits, CES, due to its extensive hydrolytic ability (Bahar et al., 2012), makes it the
primary contributor to aspirin hydrolysis in rabbit plasma (Bahar and Imai, 2013).
Figure 1 consequently proves the presence of hydrolases –most likely CES– in the tested rabbit
serum solution. It was an effective medium in which aspirin hydrolysis could

Elder Assessment Paper
Elder Assessment Findings General Assessment General assessment of Mr. McKay raises a few red
flags that may indicate potential elder mistreatment. Dried stool and dirty sheets are noted on more
than one occasion. This reveals that Mr. McKay is not getting adequate and timely care and the care
takers are neglecting to tend to him on a more frequent basis. Pre albumin and albumin are used to
interpret individual's nutritional status. Mr. McKay's pre–albumin was within a normal range with
16.0 to 35.0 mg per dL being the norm (Beck & Rosenthal, 2002). His albumin level, used to
monitor long term nutritional changes was below the norm. However, these levels are dependent on
other factors like hydration status as well as kidney function and are not as sensitive to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
J. (2015). Addressing the burden of stroke caregivers: a literature review. Journal of Clinical
Nursing, 24(17–18), 2376–2382. doi:10.1111/jocn.12884 De, D., & Wynn, E. (2014). Preventing
muscular contractures through routine stroke patient care. British Journal of Nursing, 23(14), 781–
786. doi:10.12968/bjon.2014.23.14.781 Fulmer, T. (2008). Screening for Mistreatment of Older
Adults. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 108(12), 52–59. Sorrell, J. M. (2014). Moving Beyond
Caregiver Burden: Identifying Helpful Interventions for Family Caregivers. Journal of Psychosocial
Nursing and Mental Health Services. doi:10.3928/02793695–20140128–05 Stechmiller, J. K.
(2010). Understanding the Role of Nutrition and Wound Healing. Nutrition in Clinical Practice,
25(1), 61–68. doi:10.1177/0884533609358997 Sullivan, M. T. (2003). Caregiver Strain Index (CSI).
Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional, 21(3), 197–198.
doi:10.1097/00004045–200303000–00024 Sundin, K., Jansson, L., & Norberg, A. (2000).
Communicating with people with stroke and aphasia: understanding through sensation without
words. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 9(4), 481–488.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Shock
Shock is a life–threatening condition with a variety of underlying causes. Shock is caused when the
cells have a lack of adequate blood supply and are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In cases of
shock, blood is shunted from peripheral areas of the body to the vital organs. Hemorrhage and
decreased blood volume are associated with some, but not all, types of shock.
Adventitious lung sounds occur in the upper airway
D)
Heart and respiratory rates are elevated
Ans:
D
Feedback:
As sepsis progresses, tissues become less perfused and acidotic, compensation begins to fail, and the
patient begins to show organ dysfunction. The cardiovascular system also begins to fail, the blood
pressure does not respond to fluid resuscitation and vasoactive agents, and signs of end–organ
damage are evident (e.g., renal failure, pulmonary failure, hepatic failure). As sepsis progresses to
septic shock, the blood pressure drops, and the skin becomes cool, pale, and mottled. Temperature
may be normal or below normal. Heart and respiratory rates remain rapid. Urine production ceases,
and multiple organ dysfunction progressing to death occurs. Adventitious lung sounds occur
throughout the lung fields, not just in the upper fields of the lungs.
36.
An 11–year–old boy has been brought to the ED by his teacher, who reports that the boy may be
having a “really bad allergic reaction to peanuts” after trading lunches with a peer. The triage
nurse's rapid assessment reveals the presence of

LDLI Case Study
Royal jelly treatments caused significant reductions in serum LDL–C, VLDL–C, TG, TC levels and
induced significant elevations in HDL–C level. These results may be due to that RJ decreased gene
expression of squalenee poxidase enzyme (SQLE), "key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis" and
also cause decrease in sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREB)–1, which may be a
transcriptional factor of SQLE. On another hand, RJ increased gene expression of low–density
lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (Kamakura et al., 2006) or may be a result of lowering very low–
density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels due to RJ strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging quality (Guo et
al., 2008). Atherogenic index is a predictor of the development of ... Show more content on
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Treatment with RJ induced significant decrease in the level of blood glucose and the treatment with
RJ before or after cholesterol caused a significant decrease in the level of blood glucose. This may
be related to the antioxidant properties of the RJ which improves insulin levels. This result agreed
with Khoshpey et al. (2016) who suggest that RJ intake may have desirable effects on blood glucose
and decrease blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. But, this result is not agreed with
Sarita et al. (2011) who investigate the effects of different doses of royal jelly supplementation on
blood glucose level in swimmers and conclude that RJ supplementation at different doses did not
affect glucose levels Administration of cholesterol to rats caused significant decrease in serum total
protein, albumin and globulin levels. These results are is in line with results of Olorunnisola et al.
(2012) who showed that there was a significant decrease in levels of total protein, albumin and
albumin/globulin ratio in rats which fed on high cholesterol diet when compared to animals with
normal diet. This may be due to hypercholesterolemia caused an impairment of liver function and
leads to decrease in the capacity of hepatic parenchyma to synthesis albumin which lead to the
decrease of serum total albumin and globulin levels (Ghorab, 2014). Treatment with RJ induces a

Separation Of The Proteins Involved
Separation of the proteins involved in both species blood and serum revealed that each was
composed of a major protein. A prominent protein in the rabbit blood was found accumulating at
approximately 13kDa, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. It was concluded that this protein was
most likely hemoglobin, given the weight and large amount present in all blood due to its necessary
function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Hemoglobin is a
"tetrameric protein of about 64.5 kDa, consisting of two –chains and two –chains" which breaks
down into each subunit having an approximate weight of 15kDa (Yu et al, 1997). This was in
correlation with the data present in Figure 1, given that the major protein present in rabbit blood was
approximately 13kDa, which would be the subunits that make up hemoglobin.
We hypothesized that similar proteins would also be present in bovine blood, yet the major band
present in this sample was located at much higher molecular weight of approximately 45 kDa.
Potential causes in weight differences could be the longer amino acid sequence present in rabbit
hemoglobin, 170 amino acids, versus the 145 amino acids present in bovine hemoglobin, yet this
would result in bovine being further down on the gel versus what is actually shown (Altschul et al,
1997). Given the data obtained, potential misidentification of hemoglobin appearing as the main
protein present or possible error in lane one (rabbit blood), could explain the anomaly in

Liver Resection: A Case Study
The purpose of this study was to identify arly change of liver function after liver resection. Liver is a
multi–function organ with synthetic and metabolic functions therefore no single test can assist its
functions [16, 17]. After resection it begins to regenerate within 3 days and reaches its original size
by 6 months [7, 18]. Thus, we analyzed routine clinical practice postoperative biochemical blood
tests related to liver function.
Anatomic liver resection selection criteria are continuing to expand [19][20] due to development in
anesthetic and surgical techniques. However, liver functions and hepatic insufficiency still a
significant concern.
Liver synthetic functions are assessed by protein and coagulation factors synthesis. Decrease in
protein synthesis affects albumin .nevertheless; albumin is not specific or sensitive enough to detect
compromised function. Protein loss with ascites might decrease albumin levels; so
This decrease may be not proportional to the decrease in synthetic function only. Increase of the
international normalized ratio (INR) may refer to decrease synthesis of coagulation factors [17].
Transaminases are intracellular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
in this study the serum creatinine and urea levels in patients decreased as showed in table 1...There
was no significant change for both serum creatinine and urea levels when we compared anatomic
versus non anatomic resection. or serum creatinine when we compared malignant versus non
malignant resection. However change happened in urea when we compare malignant versus non
malignant

Microcapsules Essay
Layer–by–Layer Approach for Making Microcapsules
Muhammad Faiz Omar (201308264)
4th December 2014
Abstract
The fabrication of hollow multilayer microcapsules in the beginning is initiated by layer–by–layer
(LbL) self–assembly technique of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte on colloidal template followed
by core decomposition. The main concept of microencapsulation is to protect the contents of
fabricated microcapsules from the harmful environment in which it is surrounded. In this literature
review, I shall outline the technique of microcapsules encapsulation employing LbL approach, lists
of polyelectrolytes and templates and application of microcapsules.
Introduction
Over the past decades, nanometre–sized or known as microcapsules have been benefited the
approach of Layer–by–Layer(LbL) technique due to the ability of tailoring their properties(e.g., size
, shape, colloidal stability, surface–functionality, composition) that are biocompatible and
biodegradable.1–3,10They are broadly used in many applications including food technologies,
cosmetics, textiles industry and pharmaceuticals. The LBL assembly of multilayers are
fundamentally built up by the alternating deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto a
sacrificial template such that the charge oscillates between positive and negative with each layer.1,4
The establishment of nanocoatings using LbL assembly method distinguishes itself in its
intelligibility compared to the more conventional method. The

Lead Poisoning in Children
While the prevalence of lead poisoning in children is decreasing in the United States, screening of
lead levels remains an important task of the pediatric primary care provider. Risk factors for lead
poisoning and its toxic effects include children under six years (and especially those between 12 and
36 months), inner city children living in deteriorating housing, low–income and middle–income
children, and refugee and foster care children (Hurwitz & Lee, 2013a). The importance of this
screening is underscored by the fact that children can be asymptomatic even with high blood lead
levels (BLL) and symptoms of lead toxicity can be non–specific. Early diagnosis is crucial because
there are significant and permanent effects to almost all body systems with both toxic and below
toxic BLL, including neurologic (ranging from developmental delay and behavior problems to
encephalopathy), hematologic (anemia), renal (lead nephropathy), gastrointestinal (lead colic), and
endocrine (vitamin D deficiency) (Hurwitz & Lee, 2013a). Laboratory evaluation of lead poisoning
in children will now be discussed. Because children with lead poisoning are usually asymptomatic,
diagnosis of lead toxicity is usually made during routine screening of blood lead levels (BLL). The
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends lead screening should be performed at one and two
years of age and more frequently if a risk assessment warrants (Hagan, Shaw, & Duncan, 2009).
Lead poisoning is considered a BLL of

Beginning to the Great Alaskan Race
In 1925 a diphtheria epidemic broke out in the small Alaskan town of Nome. With the town at the
risk of death they urgently needed an antiserum. So twenty dogs sled teams relayed the serum from
the town of Nenana to Nome. The hardships of the dogs and mushers went through along with the
hero dogs, and teams of mushers and dogs will forever be alive in Alaskan history.This journey is a
gratifying accomplishment and a proud moment in Alaskan history. There were twenty teams of
dogs varying from seven dogs to twenty–three dogs with a total of over a hundred dogs running
from town to town carrying a life saving serum to the people of Nome. These teams of dogs carried
the antiserum from Nenana to Nome. William Shannon picked up the serum in Nenana from the
steam train that had brought it from Anchorage. As the first team to handle the serum they took off
with a fast start. The lead dog Blackie guided the team fifty–two miles from Nenana to Tolovana.
They serum was passed from musher to musher until Edgar Kalland picked the serum up in Nine
Mile he was the seventh musher to have the serum. He took the serum to Kokrines through
temperatures of forty–four degrees below zero. Another musher that handled the serum through
harsh conditions was, Charlie Evans. He took the serum thirty miles from Bishop Mountain to
Nulato. It was negative sixty–four degrees on the trail when he had the serum. Due to the weather he
lost his two lead dogs.He lost them to extreme exposure in a small

Lab Report On The Urinary Concentration Of Tnf-
participant in sterilized urine containers and used to determine albumin in 24 h urine specimen. The
urine levels of the biomarkers were normalized to the urinary creatinine concentration to control for
variations in hydration status. Serum and urinary TNF–α: serum levels were measured by an
enzyme–linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available standard kits
(Quantikine high–sensitivity human TNF–α Research & Diagnostic Systems, Europe Ltd, Abington,
UK). The urinary concentration of TNF–α was determined using an enzyme–linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) with a Human TNF–α Quantikine ELISA kit (DTA00C; R&D systems, Minneapolis,
MN, USA). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine,
Zagazig University and informed written consent was obtained from each individual. Statistical
analyses Were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (version
22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were expressed using descriptive statistic (mean ±
standard deviation) and were analyzed. One–way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was done to
compare different parameters between more than two groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was
used to assess the association between serum and urinary TNF–α levels, clinical, biochemical tests
and other studied metabolic parameters in patients with diabetic nephropathy. P–values were
considered significant if < 0.05).On the other hand there were no significant

Nutritional Assessment Paper
2. Identify the categories important for a total nutritional assessment. The total assessment includes
the anthropometric data, biochemical data, clinical data and the dietary data. Firstly, the
anthropometric data consists of the height, weight, ideal body weight and body mass index. Perform
a skinfold measurement to determine fat stores. You can measure the most common site (triceps)
skinfold by utilizing a special caliper that measures in millimeters. First, locate the midpoint which
is halfway between the acromion process and the olecranon process, then pinch the skin vertically
along the axis of the humerus. Place the caliper 1 cm below your finger to measure the thickness of
the fold in millimeters. For male clients this should be equivalent ... Show more content on
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Moreover, the client income and their ability to purchase and prepare food. There are four methods
to collecting this data, 24–hour food recall, food frequency record, food diary and a diet history.
With the 24–hour recall evaluate the food consumed in a 24– hour period at home and compare it to
the food guide. Food frequency record, obtain a list of specific foods eaten such as fat, fruit,
vegetables or fiber, this can determine if there is a deficient in the amount of foods consumed or if
the foods are being consumed in an excessive amount. The food dairy records all the foods and
fluids consumed during a specific time frame for about 3 to 7 days. A diet history is obtained by a
nutritionist or dietitian and includes the types of food, the frequency, and amount eaten. In addition,
it may include the 24–hour recall, food frequency record, food dairy, medical conditions, and
psychosocial conditions. The information is analyzed by the computer and translated into caloric
and nutrient intake, then compared to the daily recommended intake according to the client's

Tests The Ability Of Liver
3.1.3. Tests the ability of liver to biosynthesis
3.1.3.1. Serum proteins test
The main source of the serum proteins is the liver. Parenchymal cells are main cells responsible for
create of clotting factors, albumin, and fibrinogen.
Albumin is the most significant amount of protein in the plasma formation by the liver and is a
useful indicator of liver function, because the half–life of the albumin in serum is much than (20
days), and the level of serum albumin is not a reliable indicator of protein synthesis in the liver in
acute liver disease. The site of albumin synthesis is only in the liver. In the patients sever from liver
cirrhosis and ascites usually have low serum level. The normal serum range (3.5g/dl – 4.5 g/dl).
Serum albumin levels tend to be naturally occurring in diseases such as acute viral hepatitis, liver
and obstructive jaundice drug–related poisoning.
Albumin levels that below (3g / dL) in hepatitis should be raise suspicion of the chronic liver
disease such as cirrhosis of the liver, which reflects to decreased synthesis of albumin.
3.1.3.2. Prealbumin
The level of pre–albumin is (from 0.2 to 0.3 g /L). In the liver disease the levels of pre–albumin
decreased because decrease the synthesis. Due to it has short half–life. Pre–albumin was considered
useful to determine the drug that causes hepatotoxicity.
3.1.3.3. Serum ceruloplasmin
Levels of normal plasma are (from 0.2to 0.4g/L) .It is manufactured in liver is considered the acute
phase protein.

RTX Response Paper
We performed a retrospective chart review of clinical data already collected in the process of
treatment of pediatric patients at our institution. Records of patients between the ages of 0–18 years
who received RTX infusions for a diagnosis of steroid dependent or steroid resistant nephrotic
syndrome or glomerulonephritis between August 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012 were reviewed.
We collected data on the disease status (like renal histology, duration of nephrotic syndrome,
number of relapses) and treatment status (like immunosuppressive treatments used before RTX,
number of courses of RTX) of the patients. RTX response was measured at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24
months post RTX therapy in terms of proteinuria, spot urine protein/creatinine ratio (Up/Uc) or
creatinine clearance. Complete blood counts, lipid profile and serum albumin levels were monitored
regularly. Rituximab Therapy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When treated with more than a single dose, patients were administered one dose per week. To
minimize infusion reactions, patients received intravenous methylprednisolone, oral acetaminophen
and diphenhydramine 30 min prior to RTX infusions. All patients were closely monitored for at least
24 h after RTX infusion for observation of infusion reactions. Immunosuppressive agents and/or oral
prednisolone used at the time of rituximab treatment were continued until clinical response was
demonstrated in the form of remission or decreased

Testosterone Levels Essay
Serum testosterone levels exhibit a circadian variation with peak values in the morning. So, this
circadian variation in testosterone levels and the fact that normal ranges for serum testosterone are
usually established using morning blood samples, testosterone measurement for the diagnosis of
androgen deficiency should be performed in the morning. It has been argued that morning
testosterone measurements are not needed in older men in whom the circadian rhythm is blunted.
However, a substantial fraction of older men, 65 to 80 years of age, has low serum testosterone
levels in the afternoon will have normal testosterone concentrations in the morning.
Bremner WJ, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN 1983 Loss of circadian rhythmicity in blood testosterone levels
with aging in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:1278–1281
In a community–based, multiethnic cohort of middle–aged to older men, day–to–day ... Show more
J Clin E ndocrinol Metab 92:405–413
It is not recommended to use free testosterone measurements by analog methods. Free testosterone
level can be measured accurately by equilibrium dialysis or calculated from total testosterone,
SHBG, and albumin.
Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM 1999 A critical evaluation of simple methods for the
estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3666–3672
The assessment of men for androgen deficiency should include a general health evaluation to
exclude systemic illness, use of certain medications (e.g., opiates or high–dose glucocorticoid
therapy) and recreational drugs that affect testosterone production or metabolism, eating disorders,
and excessive exercise because these conditions can lower testosterone levels transiently.
Matsumoto AM 2001 The Testis. I n: Felig P, Frohman LA eds. E ndocrinology and Metabolism. 4th
ed ed. N ew York,NY: McGraw–Hill;

Thrombotic Microangiopathy
RESOLUTION OF NEPHROTIC RANGE PROTEINURIA IN CHRONIC THROMBOTIC
MICROANGIOPATHY
IN AN INDIVIDUAL WITH WELL CONTROLLED HYPERTENSION
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) entails microvascular thrombosis, consumptive
thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) that leads to ischemic organ
damage. Severe hypertension may induce TMA within the renal vasculature. We describe the first
case of chronic thrombotic microangiopathy as a cause of nephrotic range proteinuria, not associated
with clinical or laboratory features suggestive of TMA.
A 71–year–old Arab male with well–controlled hypertension (on amlodipine), CKD stage 4
(baseline serum creatinine 1.4 mg/dl), and anemia of chronic disease (baseline hemoglobin 12
mg/dl) presented

Cell Cycle Analysis Paper
Cell cycle analysis. PC3 (8×104 cells/well) and LNCaP (3×105 cells/well) cells were seeded in 6–
well plates in 1.5 mL of complete growth media. Cells were treated with 2.5 μM of free sorafenib or
an equivalent sorafenib concentration of SMA–Sor, 3 μM of free nilotinib or an equivalent nilotinib
concentration of SMA–Nilo, DMSO or SMA for 48 h. Cell cycle distribution was assessed using
propidium iodide staining, as previously described {Somers–Edgar, 2011 #82}. Samples were
analysed using a FACScalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and the
proportion of cells in each of G0/G1–, S– and G2/M–phases were determined using CellQuest Pro
software (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). Apoptosis analysis. PC3 (8×104 cells/well) ...
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The cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in serum–free media and treated with 2.5 μM
of free sorafenib or an equivalent sorafenib concentration of SMA–Sor, 3 μM of free nilotinib or an
equivalent nilotinib concentration of SMA–Nilo, DMSO or SMA for 48 h. Following treatment,
media was collected, centrifuged to remove cell debris, and freeze–dried for 12 h. Samples were
rehydrated and mixed with loading buffer (0.4 M Tris, pH 6.8, 5% SDS, 20% glycerol, 0.03%
bromophenol blue). For zymography, samples were loaded on a 10% SDS–polyacrylamide gel
containing 1 mg/mL of gelatin. After electrophoresis, the gels were incubated in renaturing solution
(2.5% Triton–X–100 (w/v)) for 30 min at room temperature and then for 24 h at 37°C in a
developing buffer containing 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 4 mM CaCl2, and 0.02% NP40.
The gels were then stained with Coomassie blue R250, and regions without staining were indicative
of gelatin lysis. The gels were briefly rinsed and scanned. For MMP–9 and isthmin–1 secretion,
samples were loaded on a 10% SDS–polyacrylamide gel, and the expression of MMP–9 and
isthmin–1 assessed by western blotting using anti–MMP–9 (D6O3H, Cell Signaling) and anti–
isminth–1 antibodies (Biorbyt, San Francisco, CA,

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