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IRJET- Optimization of Field Development Scheduling and Water Injection Study for Keyi Oil Field, Sudan
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IRJET- Optimization of Field Development Scheduling and Water Injection Study for Keyi Oil Field, Sudan
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2389 Optimization of Field Development Scheduling and Water Injection Study for Keyi Oil Field, Sudan Fatima Musa Edris1,Liu Yue Tian1, Tu Bin2 1,2College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Chang ping, Beijing 102249, China ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - In this paper, in order to improve the reservoir performance in Keyi oil field Sudan, the studies focused on modeling and simulation of actual performance and tested water injection as a future development. Reservoir simulation studies for Keyi oil field, Muglad Basin, Sudan used to know the best field development methods. Keyi oil field sandstone reservoirs is young reservoir started production at 15 September 2010. The OOIP in the area under study is 40.6 MMSTB. The objective of this simulation study is to determine the suitable method for long-term production. The simulation model was developed using three-phase, 3D and black oil options in ECLIPSE. The study of the optimum future performance was evaluated through several cases. The keys criteria; cumulative oil and water productions, water cut, and recovery, were used as qualitative indicator to determine the quality of the comparison matches and to see if the water injection method is economic risk. The simulation Results showed that the cumulative oil productions were 10.9 MMSTB with water injection, and 4.40 MMSTB with no water injection, thus the water injection is the suitable method to improve the reservoir performance in the area under study. Key Words: Keyi oil field, Simulation model, Optimization, Water injection, Eclipse software. 1. INTRODUCTION The main task of a reservoir engineer is to develop a scheme to produce oil and gas as much as possible withineconomicandphysicallimits.Optimizationofoil and gas reservoir development requires integrationof quantitative geological and geophysical analysis with appropriate flow models to assess alternative development and completion schemes and their relative economic values. 1.1 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the current study are: 1. To predict future performance of a reservoir and find ways and means of optimizing the recovery of sum of the hydrocarbons under various operating conditions. 2. To accomplishreservoirpressuremaintenance used water injection method. 1.2 Literature Review The main goal of reservoir simulation is Reservoir simulation is the most powerful predictive tool available to the reservoir engineering, it involves far more geological and reservoir data than any other reservoir performance forecasttool[7].Thecasestudy and the data that used in this paper is a Sudanese oil field data (Keyi oil field). Keyi oil field is a young sandstone reservoir, started production at 15 September 2010, was no subjected for study or publication beforeandthedatacollectionverydifficult. The primary stage is the period in the oil recovery process when oil flows naturally to the wells due to natural energy such as initial pressure, gravity and water drive. As a result of production, the pressure declines and consequently oil production start to decrease. Hence, the secondary stage is utilized to prevent reduction of oil recovery. The most common method of secondary recovery is water flooding [1, 2]. In this process, water is injected into the reservoir to maintain the pressure and also to sweep the residual oil. In order to select the most economical scenario of water injection, a tool to forecast its performance is essential [3]. Water injection is one of the most popular methodsfor to accomplish reservoir pressure maintenance and/or dispose of brine water (or produced formation water), and/or as a water drive to displaceoilfromtheinjector wells to the producer wells [3]. Keyi oil field is an appropriate choicetoapplythewaterinjectionprocess for two reasons. First, after the oil wells were put into production, due to the edge water energy was weak and there was no water injected to provide energy, the pressure decreased rapidly. Although there was no pressure monitoring data, the low production rateand the low fluid level show that it is weakness of nature aquifer in Keyi reservoirs. Second, water in wells at edge of the reservoir rises fast,affectingoilproduction, at the initial stage there was waterwhenthewellsnear the edge put into production, water cut soon rose and output declined, affecting the individual well capacity.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2390 2. GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF RESERVOIR The area selected for this study is Keyi Oilfield is lying on western escarpment of Fula Sub basin in Muglad Basin, block 6, Sudan. Keyi Oilfield has been structurally subdivided into three main structures which are Keyi North, Keyi Main and Keyi South. There are five producing formations from Keyi fields which are Ghazal, Zarga, Aradeiba, BentiuandAbuGabra.The detail STOIIP (2P) of Keyi Oilfield is listed in the following Table (1) below: Table -1: The detail STOIIP (2P) of Keyi Oilfield Formation Ghazal+ Zarqa Aradeiba+ Bentiu Abu Gabra Total STOIIP (MMSTB) 40.626 14.45 34.97 90.046 Keyi Main is the biggest oil bearing block in Keyi Oilfield with major reservoirs of Gharzal and Zarqa. Gharzal and Zarqa reservoir of Keyi Main are the area selected for study, was put into production on 15 September 2010. They are characterized as medium buried depth (1500-1700 m), fine to very fine gainsize sandstone, thin dispersed argillaceous lamination, lateral rapidly change of individual sand body. The reservoir can be dividedintotwoproductivemembers. 2.1 Ghazal formation: Ghazal formation consist of clay stones inter bedded with unconsolidated sandstone, very fine to fine grained, with traces of medium and coarse grained sandstone, Ghazal formation was deposited in fluvial and alluvial fans environment. Formationthicknessrange(170 -426)m [6]. 2.2 Zarqa formation: Zarqa formation consists of mudstone, clay stones silty in parts inter bedded with very fine to fine & medium grained sandstones & siltstone. It was deposited in a flood plain lacustrine environment with fluvial-deltaic channel sands. Its thickness range (120 - 160) m [6]. According to the stratigraphy and developmentofsandbodies,inZarqa, Ghazal layers, more than dozen individual sand bodies are classified detailed, but there are 6 main oil-bearing sand layers respectively,GA4,GA5,GB1,ZD1,ZD2,ZD3. See Figure 1 [6]. Fig - 1: Substrata Classification for Zarqa, Ghazal Layers 3. Reservoir Physical Properties: Oil reservoirs are medium porosity and medium-high permeability. GA5 has best physical properties with permeability 600-2300 mD and ZD3 is worst with permeability 60-700 mD. See table below (Table 2). Table -2: The Thickness of Sandstone Layer GA4 GA5 GB ZD1 ZD2 ZD3 Por(%) 24- 28 24-28 28-32 14-28 10-30 1-28 K(mD) 20- 1200 600- 2300 400- 1500 100- 800 100- 900 60- 700 3.1 Reservoir Production Features The reservoir has a certain production capacity, the majority of wells contained no water at the early production stage and the output of oil wells declined rapidly after the operation. 1. Well data: Additional well information required for the model such as the perforations, hole size, production and injection data, definedseparatelyforthewells. The completion intervals in the model were checked to ensure that they did not make well connection in void grid blocks, or in no-flow zones. 2. Grid Section: 3D reservoir model was constructed. The reservoir model consists of 37044 .Size of X and Y direction: about 50 meters and the vertical direction: 4~64 m. 3. Validation of Reservoir Model: The goal of a numerical-model study is the prediction of reservoir performanceinmoredetailandwith
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2391 more accuracy than is possible with simple techniques such as extrapolation. It is intuitively evident that for a model to behave like the reservoir it must be conceptually similar to the reservoir. Significantdifferences between the data Defining the reservoir in the numerical model and the actualvaluesoftheparametersgoverningthereservoir performance will cause correspondingly significant errors in the simulation. The most useful way to test the model is to simulate the past performance of the reservoir and compare the simulation with actual historical performance. The key criteria used for comparingthereservoirpastperformanceanddetailed reservoir simulator results, were pressure, water cut, cumulativeoilandliquidproduction,fieldoilandliquid production rate. 4. Reservoir Pressure: The pressure is the most important type of data used to monitor reservoir conditions, obtain reservoir descriptions, develop recoveryschemesandforecastreservoirperformances. The changes in the reservoir pressure due to alternation of the production conditions are characteristic of the reservoir properties themselves. Therefore, the reservoir properties can be inferred by matching the pressure response to a reservoir model [4, 5]. The inferred reservoir model can then be used for future reservoir management. The actualwellbottomholepressureiscalculatedfrom the available historical data for dynamic fluidleveland casing pressure using the equation: BHP = Casing Pressure + Depth of Liquid Column Average Gradient of Liquid Where: BHP = Bottom Hole Pressure, psi Depth of Liquid Column = (Mid Perforation – DFL), ft DFL = Dynamic Fluid Level, ft 4. GUIDELINES AND STRATEGY OF SIMULATION MODEL The production data from all the wells in Keyi oil field was collected from September 15, 2010 till December 30, 2011 (450 days) and entered as a history data for BLACK OIL simulator (ECLIPSE). Oil rate was used as a production control for all the wells in the period till 450 days. The values of oil rate, water rate, and gas rate were entered directly in historical production well data. Fixed liquid rate and minimum bottom hole pressure target were used to predict the future performance for 20 years (7200 days). The most useful -and usually the only available- way to test the validity of the model, is to simulate the past performance of the reservoir and to compare the simulation with actual, historical performance. Simulation was run to make the comparison between the simulator results and history data. Water-cut, production rate, cumulative oil production and cumulative water production match were used as qualitative indicator to determine the quality of the match. Adjustments are made in relative permeability data to get high quality match. 1. Reservoir 3D Model Keyi oil field was proven productive in September 2010, production started from 6 intervals namely, GA4, GA5, GB, ZD1, ZD2, and ZD3 All of these layers distributed in the formations named, the Ghazal Formation and the Zarqa formation. Core analysis and well logging showed that the reservoir rock is characterized by both medium porosity and medium to high permeability. The average matrix permeability is on the order of 20 to 1200 md approximately, with average porosities ranging from 20 to 30 %. Based on geological model, up-scaling was done based on more than dozen zones (GA4, GA5, GB, ZD1, ZD2, and ZD3) divided to 12 single layers. Based on that information the reservoir model for the Keyi area is developed using two-phase, 3D and black oil options in Eclipse. The grid dimension is (49x63) with (3087) grid blocks in the horizontal direction and (12) grid blocks in the vertical direction. A total number of (37044) grid blocks were used to simulate the area. 2. History Matching and validation of Reservoir Model A comparison between the values of original oil in place that resulted from the geologicalmodeltime,and simulation result is shown in table 3. Table – 3: Keyi initial oil in place: geological model and simulator result Layer No . OOIP (MMSTB) Match OOIP (MMSTB) Error (%) Relative Error (%) GA4 1 5.969 5.95 0.02 0.30 GA5 3 1.672 1.67 0 0.12
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2392 GB 5 19.996 19.93 0.07 0.34 ZD1 7 11.467 11.71 -0.24 -2.09 ZD2 9 1.221 1.22 0 0.32 ZD3 11 0.251 0.25 0.00 -0.07 Total 40.58 40.73 -0.15 -0.09 3. The initial reservoir pressure and pressure trends: The pressure decreased rapidly. See figure 2 below. Fig - 2: Pressure Match Curve 4.1 History Matching of Field Production Production data brings an important, yet indirect constraint to the spatial distribution of reservoir variables. Production data rarely suffice however to characterize heterogeneous reservoirs, a large amount of uncertainty still remains after history matching of geostatistical models. Reservoir simulation is routinely employed in the prediction of reservoir performance under different depletion and operating scenarios. Usually, a single history matched model, conditioned to production data, is obtained. The model is then used to forecast future production profiles. The production past performance was matched with simulated oil and liquid production rate, oil and liquid cumulative production and water cut. See figures (3 to 6). Fig - 3: Field Oil Production Rate vs. Time (History data and simulation result) Fig - 4: Field Cumulative Oil Production vs. Time (History data and simulation result Fig - 5: Liquid Rate vs. Time (History data and simulation result) 1/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/11 1/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/11 1/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/11 1/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/11
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2393 Fig - 6: Field water cut vs. time (History data and simulation result) 4.2 Prediction performance Guidelines and Constrains The following guidelines and constrains were used in this study: 1. 20 years used as forecasting time for all the runs (from 450 to 7200 days). 2. Liquid rate used as production well control for all the production wells. 3. Well efficiency factor used as 0.99 for all the wells in the area and choose to be include in network calculations. 4. Minimum oil production rate 16 M3/d (100 bbl/d) was used as production well economic limits for all the production wells. 5. In well connection data transmissibility and skin factor set to be 0, well bore used as 0.203 m; for all the old and new wells. 6. Maximum allowable water cut used to be 98% for all the new wells planned to drill in the area. Results of the Prediction performance Simulation result shows that the cumulative oil production after 20 years is 4.4 × 106 STB with oil recovery amounts to 10.5%. 5. FEASIBILITY STUDY OF WATER INJECTION Due to weakness of edge water, formation pressuredeclinedquicklyafterputtingintoproduction. To achieve the effect of high and stable yield in the block, water injection will be required. 5.1 Case Preparation for Water Injection Preparation principles: 1. Adjust injection-productionwellpatternonthe basis of existing wells; 2. If new wells need to be drilled according to the needs of the well pattern, deploy new wells by referring to the current well spacing, around 260m. 3. With theconsiderationoftheactualproduction situation, the implemented case should avoid the wells of normal production layers. 5.2 Water injection case design: 1. Base case: 1.Adoptperipheryandinternalwaterinjection. 2. Work over & additional perforation for the existing 13 wells, close high watercut zones, perforate new formations. 2. Water injection case: 1. Base on the Base case, 3 producers convert to injectors, Keyi-4, -19, -11. Because well Keyi-4 and Keyi-19 have higher water cut and lower oil rate. Well Keyi-11 turn to injector for the pattern of injectionand production. 2. Drilling one producer, Keyi-33, between Keyi-4 and Keyi-25, one injector, Keyi-34, between Keyi-11 and Keyi-20, 5 injectors in the edge of the structure, Keyi-28, Keyi -29, Keyi -30, Keyi -31, Keyi -32. 5.3 The result of the Water injection The simulation results show that the cumulative oil production of the water injection is 10.9 × 106 STB with oil recovery amounts to 26.4%. 5.4 Cases comparison between water injection and Prediction performance (base case): For the base case and the water injection case, for 20-year forecast is done. See Table 4 below. Table - 4: Comparison between Water Injection and Prediction performance (Base Case) Case Cum. Oil (MMSTB) Rf (%) Pressure @ 2031 (psi) Water Cut @ 2031 (%) Base Case 4.4 10.5 69.5 98.3 Injection Case 10.9 26.4 1739.6 96.4 Increment 6.5 15.9 1670.1 1.9 As can be seen from the table, the same 20 years’ prediction, accumulated oil production by the water 1/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/111/10/10 1/1/11 1/4/11 1/7/11 1/10/11
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2394 injection case is 10.9 MMSTB, by no water injection case is 4.4 MMSTB, and the difference is more than 6.5 MMSTB. It shows thatwaterinjectioncasedevelopment indicators are much better than no water injection. See figure (7 – 9) comparison between the base case and the water injection case. Figure (10) showing the production profile (Water injection Case). Fig - 7: Oil Rate Comparison between Water Injection & Base Case Fig - 8: Cum Oil Production Comparison between Water Injection & Base Case Fig - 9: field pressure Comparison between Water Injection & Base Case Fig - 10: Production Profile (Water Flooding Case) 6. Conclusions 1. The simulation result showed that the cumulative oil production after 450 days is 0.65×106 STB. 2. Simulation result shows that the cumulative oil production after 20 years is 4.4 × 106 STB with oil recovery amounts to 10.5%. 3. After 20 years later, the waterinjectioncasehas a better accumulated oil production, 10.97 MMSTB, the pressure and water cut are respectively 1739.6 psi and 96.4%. The recovery factor is 26.38%. 4. Due to the simulation result water flooding is an economic and effective method to keep the formation pressure, and the optimum method to enhance recovery factor in Keyi oil field. REFFRENCES [1] Antonio Carlos B A F. Optimizing Hydrocarbon Field Development Using a Genetic Algorithm Based Approach (PhD thesis), Stanford University, 1997. [2] Antonio C. B., Roland N.Horne,1997.Reservoir DevelopmentandDesignOptimization(paper), SPE 38895, Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, October 1997. [3] B. Guyaguler and R. Horne. Optimization of Well Placement (paper), ETCE, 2000. [4] Musa Tagwa A, Ibrahim Ahmed A, Guan Zhenliang, “DevelopmentPlan of East UnityOil Field, Sudan Using Reservoir Simulation Study,” Journal of China University of Geosciences, Vol 13, No. 3, pp. 248-251, September 2002. [5] Musa T A, Ibrahim A A, Guan Z L and Fei Q, “Optimization of Production Scheme in East Unity Oil field, Sudan, Using Reservoir Simulation Study,” Journal of China University
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2395 of Geosciences, Vol 15, suppl, pp. 51-56, June 2004. [6] SUDAPET. Keyi FDP study – Block – 6(Report), Sudan, 2008. [7] ZHENGXIN CHEN. Reservoir Simulation Mathematical Techniques in oil recovery, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; 2007.
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