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IRJET- Comparative Analysis of High Strength Concrete and Normal Strength Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire
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IRJET- Comparative Analysis of High Strength Concrete and Normal Strength Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire
1.
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IRJET) E-ISSN: 2395-0056 VOLUME: 06 ISSUE: 05 | MAY 2019 WWW.IRJET.NET P-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8161 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE AND NORMAL STRENGTH CONCRETE COLUMNS EXPOSED TO FIRE Prof. Y. R. Deshmukh1, Abhishek P. Sahani2, Shubham Anil Pawar3, Aditya B. Kshirsagar4, Suraj Popat Tivatane5 1,2,3,4,5Anantrao Pawar College of Engineering & Research, Pune, India ------------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract - The increased usage of high strength concrete in buildings has resulted in concern regarding the behavior of such concrete under fire. In particular, spalling at certain temperatures, as identified by performing a fire test on concrete columns in laboratories, is of particular concern. This paper provides comparative analysis of structural behavior and the principal influences of high temperature in concrete at loss of compressive strength and spalling, the unintended discharge of material from a member of high strength concrete (HSC) column and normal strength concrete (NSC) columns. Though a lot of information has been gathered on both phenomena, there remains a need for a broader understanding of the response of concrete structures to different heating rates and the performance of complete concrete structures subjected to realistic fire exposures. There is a lack of information derived from large-scale tests on concrete buildings in natural fires. So we are experimenting fire test on Four Reinforced (normal strength and higher strength) concrete columns in laboratory to get actual behavior of concrete columns. Key Words: High Strength Concrete, Normal Strength Concrete, Structural behaviour, Spalling, Fire resistance. 1. INTRODUCTION Current concrete design Codes raise concerns about concrete spelling during fire particularly under compressive stresses and high heating rates. High strength concrete columns would be more prone for explosive spelling due to their low permeability and high brittleness. This paper represents an experimental program on the behavior of high strength concrete columns under fire. The research includes testing reinforced high strength concrete columns subjected to various loading levels and heating rates. We used to trace the structural behavior of reinforced concrete columns at elevated temperatures. A comparison is made of the fire resistance performance of High strength concrete (HSC) columns with that of normal strength concrete (NSC) columns. The factors that influence the thermal and structural behavior of HSC concrete columns under fire conditions are discussed. The results presented will generate data on the fire resistance of high performance concrete columns and contribute to identifying the difference in behavior between HSC and NSC columns. 2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE The objective of this paper is to report the main outcomes of experimental study on the effect of loading and heating rates on explosive spalling and structural and physical behavior of high strength concrete columns and normal strength concrete column under fire. The paper includes the test methodology, main results, conclusions and measured parameters including temperatures of high strength concrete column and normal strength concrete column. 3. THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 3.1 Test Specimens The tests involved main 4 reinforced concrete columns of a section 150mm x 150mm and 720 mm height. Each column was reinforced with four 12mm diameter steel bars and connected with 6 steel ties (8mm diameter) at 100 mm intervals. Ties were located more often near the ends to prevent any possible local column failure near the loading points.
2.
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IRJET) E-ISSN: 2395-0056 VOLUME: 06 ISSUE: 05 | MAY 2019 WWW.IRJET.NET P-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8162 Table-1: Batch quantities and properties of concrete mix NSC : Normal Strength Concrete HSC1: High strength Concrete (light weight aggregate) HSC2: High strength Concrete (polypropylene fiber) HSC3: High strength Concrete (Silica Fume) Fig-1: Dimensions of Column section of HSC and NSC We use tested Type 10 Portland cement and other all tested materials like coarse aggregate and fine aggregate, water and good quality of other cementitious material like fiber and silica fumes. The average compressive cylinder strengths of the concrete, measured 7 and 28 days after pouring and on the day of the testing. The moisture condition at the center of the column was also measured on the day of the test. The tests were carried out by exposing the columns to heat in a furnace specially built for testing loaded columns. The furnace consists of a steel framework supported by four steel columns, with the furnace chamber inside the framework. The test furnace was designed to produce conditions, such as temperature, structural loads and heat transfer, to which a member might be exposed during a fire. 3.2 Test Apparatus The decreased fire resistance for HSC columns and NSC column can be attributed to the thermal and mechanical properties of HSC. Further, the spalling phenomenon, which resulted in the decrease in the cross-section of the column, also contributed to Sr.No Properties Batch (Specimen type) NSC 1 HSC 1 HSC 2 HSC 3 1 Column steel (%) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 Cement content (kg/m3) 128 110 141 116 3 Fine aggregate (kg/m3) 316 223 240 296 4 Coarse aggregate (10mm) (kg/m3) 334 - 471 415 5 Light wt. aggregate (5-10mm) (kg/m3) - 475 - - 6 Aggregate type Siliceous Siliceous Siliceous Siliceous 7 Water (kg/m3) 86 78 71 80 8 Water binder ratio 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 9 Fiber (kg/m3) - - 2 - 10 Fiber type - - Polypro pylene - 11 Silica fume (kg/m3) - - - 1.952
3.
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IRJET) E-ISSN: 2395-0056 VOLUME: 06 ISSUE: 05 | MAY 2019 WWW.IRJET.NET P-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8163 lowering the fire resistance in the HSC columns. It can be attributed to the type of aggregate and other materials used in the concrete mix, as explained above. 3.3 Test Conditions and Procedure The columns were installed in the furnace. Each column, exposed to fire was from all the sides. At high temperature, the stiffness of the unheated column ends, which is high in comparison to that of the heated portion of the column, contributes to a reduction in the column effective length. In previous studies, it was found that, for columns tested fixed at the ends; an effective length of 2000 mm represents experimental behaviour. Fig-2: RCC columns Under Fire The load was applied approximately 45 min before the start of the fire test and was maintained until a condition was reached at which no further increase of the axial deformation could be measured and while columns were in fire the colour changes, formation of cracks, spalling type and time-temperature is observed. After the fire test compression test were taken after 24 hours. Fig-3: Compression test on RCC columns after fire 3.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After testing the specimens, the temperature-time curves are to be plotted for the external surface and for various depths in concrete columns HSC1, HSC2, HSC3 and NSC1 respectively. The measured temperature in the furnace followed the standard temperature-time curve. Reason of failure of the columns is to find out.
4.
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IRJET) E-ISSN: 2395-0056 VOLUME: 06 ISSUE: 05 | MAY 2019 WWW.IRJET.NET P-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8164 All three columns failed in compression mode or in tension mode were observed. In the NSC and HSC column, significant spalling occurred until the failure of the column is find out which is shown in table-4. For accurate modelling to predict spalling, pressure-temperature relationship is required. However, such data is not well documented in the literature at present. Hence in design codes and standards a simplified approach is used in order to minimize the risk of spalling. Based on detailed experimental studies on HSC columns, it was found that spalling occurs when temperatures in concrete reach above 350oC. However, the Euro code states a value of 500oC for the NSC spalling limit. It seems that spalling is likely to occurs in the column surface zone when the temperature reaches 350oC, and after sufficient time duration the spalling zone spreads toward the centre. Data from the experimental studies also showed that, while spalling occurs throughout the cross-section in the case of columns with straight ties, spalling occurs only outside the reinforcement core when the ties are bent in to the concrete core. Further, the addition of fibers to concrete helps in minimizing the extent of spalling in HSC members. The presence of polypropylene in concrete influence the extent of spalling. The polypropylene fibers melt at relatively low temperatures (about 167-170°C) and create randomly oriented micro and macro channels inside concrete. Fig-4: spalling zone and spalling depth increase direction. Fig-4: Spalling of column before and after
5.
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IRJET) E-ISSN: 2395-0056 VOLUME: 06 ISSUE: 05 | MAY 2019 WWW.IRJET.NET P-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8165 Fig -4: HSC and NSC column after fire Table-2: Colour Changes of the specimen Table-3: Formation of cracks on surface of column Table-4: Result for spalling 4. CONCLUSIONS 1. The behavior of HSC columns at high temperature is significantly different from that of NSC columns. The fire resistance of HSC columns is lower than that of NSC column. 2. The addition of Polypropylene fibers in HSC can improve the ductility of HSC columns and increases their fire endurance. 3. The presence of Polypropylene fibers and Silica fume in HSC columns can reduce spalling and enhance the fire resistance. Column Time(min) Temperature (0C) NSC 1 33 282 HSC 1 36 302 HSC 2 49 346 HSC 3 41 329 Column Time(min) Temperature (0C) NSC 1 48 431 HSC 1 52 492 HSC 2 67 499 HSC 3 66 503 Column Spalling type Time (min) Temperature (0C) NSC 1 Minor 79 481 HSC 1 Major 88 503 HSC 2 Minor 108 576 HSC 3 Severe 98 587
6.
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IRJET) E-ISSN: 2395-0056 VOLUME: 06 ISSUE: 05 | MAY 2019 WWW.IRJET.NET P-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8166 REFERENCES [1] Ali F. A., Connolly R., and Sullivan P. J. E. “The Spelling of High Strength Concrete at Elevated Temperatures.” Journal of Applied Fire Science (1970). [2] Connolly R. "Outcomes of a major research on fire resistance of concrete columns”. Fire Safety. 2004. [3] Audun Borg, S. welch, " Performance of concrete in fire: a review of the state of the art, with a case study of the Windsor tower fire." [4] Benmarce, A. & Guenfoud, M. "Behavior of axially restrained high strength concrete column under fire". [5] Disamu Yoshitake1, Koji Baba, Tetsuo Ito and Koji Nakagawa "Behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete under fire temperature.” [6] Faris A. Ali Nadjai, Paul Glackin Silcock, “Structural Performance Of High Strength Concrete Columns In Fire.” [7] H.L. Zhu and T.T. Lie “Fire Resistance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Columns" (Year 1993) [8] Haack, A. ‘The European State of the Art of Concrete and Fire Safety in Tunnels’, Japan Concrete Institute Annual Convention (2003). [9] Hertz, K. D. & Sorensen, L. S. "Test method for spalling of fire exposed concrete." Fire safety J., 2005.40(5):466.10. [10] Luke Bisby, Hossein Mostafaei, Pierre Pimieta "White Paper on Fire Resistance of Concrete Structures” (Year 2014).11. [11] MohammadMahdi Raouffard, Minehiro Nishiyama, “Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Service Load: Part 1. Experimental Study” (Year 2015)12. [12] Sullivan, P.J.E., Terro, M.J. and Morris, W.A., Critical Review of Fire-Dedicated Thermal and Structural Computer Programs". Journal of Applied Fire Science, Vol. 3 (1997).13. [13] Venkatesh R. Kodur, M. A. Sultan, “Structural behaviour of high strength concrete columns exposed to fire.” (Year 2010).14. [14] Yakudima Akibu Ghali, Ruban Sugumar and Hassan Abba Musa , "Impact Of Fire On Steel Reinforcement In Reinforced Concrete Structures. " (Year 2015).
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