Guidelines for Future Community Housing in Flood Prone Areas of Kashmir

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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Guidelines for future community housing in flood prone areas of
Kashmir
Ar. Hakim Ali Reza
School of Architecture & Design, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract - This research redefines vernacular housing
typologies and landscape for natural disaster responsive
urbanization of Kashmir. The paper gives an overview of all
the major and minor changes during the evolutionofSrinagar
that have been causing floods in the past or are having a
potential to do so in the future and also suggests guidelines to
mitigate floods in existing as well as upcoming cities. The
guidelines will be in the form of planning criteria for different
layouts, use of new materials and adaptive building
construction techniques which have been derived from the
vernacular planning and architectural vocabulary to ensure
social acceptance along with environmental sustainability.
Key Words: Natural Disaster Responsive urbanization,
Planning, Adaptive building construction techniques,
Social Acceptance, Sustainability
1.INTRODUCTION
The problems of Srinagar City and its environs constituting
the metropolitan area are becoming more and more critical
with the increased pace of urbanization causing population
outburst and deterioration in existing level of services. The
problems are assuming serious propositions in all aspect of
urban living and are extremely critical in major sectors of
sewerage, drainage, traffic and transportation, housing for
urban poor and conservation of natural and cultural
heritage. Adding to the chaos is the frequent flooding that
brings the summer capital to a standstill.
J&K in India experienced one of the worst floods in the past
60 years, during first week of September 2014, due to
unprecedented and intense rains affecting around 22 lac
people all over the state. The satellite based rapid flood
assessment report by collaboration of national Remote
Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) and Department of Ecology, Environment and
Remote Sensing (DEERS) revealed that the floods were a
result of high rainfall in the catchments over short period of
time, which were of the intensity of cloud bursts and a
combined effect of the extreme event due to climate change
and less capacity of the drainage system that failed to hold
the quantum of water and it overflowed, which ultimately
led to floods. Kashmir is now very vulnerabletofloodingand
experts point out that the beautiful valleyintheHimalayasis
flooding far too easily nowadays. Some causes, observations
and impacts along with possible solutions are mentioned in
the table below :
Table-1: Causes, observations, impacts and possible
solutions to prevent and mitigate floods
Causes Impacts Observations Solutions
Topography Himalayan water
tower consisting of
glaciers, snow,
rainfall &
lakes/wetlands has
high potential of
flooding being hiked
by increasing
number and
intensity of extreme
storms because of
climate change.
Many a times
clouds entering
into the valley are
not able to escape
because of high
hills & go on
accumulating &
ultimately burst
with high rainfall
intensity
sometimes more
than 100 mm/hr.
High
groundwater
level
Innumerable
sources of water
maintain a high
water level to just
2’-3’ below ground
level in low lying
areas like civil lines.
Extreme
precipitation
further raise
ground water
level reducing the
already low
water-soaking
capacity of soil.
Sole narrow
outflow
channel
Narrow gorge at
Baramulla forming
only outlet to a huge
volume of water
from various
perennial sources
controls and limits
the outflow of
Jhelum.
The narrow outlet
at Baramulla can’t
take heavy
outflow during
floods and creates
a back flow of
flood waters
hampering
drainage.
Location City proper
developed in and
around areas which
were either low
lying or reclaimed
marshes very close
to Jhelum.
The city expanded
into the wetlands
that acted as
sponges for flood
waters
Fig -1: Kashmir valley surrounded by mountains on all
sides [1]
High river bed Entire city of
Srinagar is below
Jhelum’s high flood
level (HFL). Even
old city, which is
comparatively
higher than uptown
Srinagar, is below
HFL.
A blockade or
breach anywhere
along river or
flood spill channel
causes inundation.

Fig -2: Schematic section showing difference between HFL
& ground level in old & new settlements (Source: Author)
High run-off The Kashmir region
has recorded a 10%
loss of its dense
forest since 1992.
Thus the ability of
forests to retain
water has been
reduced causing
more rain water to
flow directly into
Jhelum River
causing flooding.
More than 90% of
rain falling on
hard and solid
glaciers as well as
rocks flows down
as run-off.
Incessant rains
may also induce
melting of glaciers
and add to
ferocity of floods.
Barriers to
water flow
Several barriers in
the form of ill
constructed bridges
and encroachments
choke the
waterways &
hamper the free
flow of water
delaying drainageas
well as causing
pollution.
There are at least
7old-fashioned &
worn-out bridges
which stay put
even when they
are not being
used.
Removing them
would be very
unethicalalthough
there is a need to
remove numerous
encroachments &
newly constructed
bridges over the
river as well as the
flood spill channel.
Meandering
course of
Jhelum
Jhelum flows alonga
highly serpentine
course creating
loops, vulnerable to
siltation and
breaches, many of
which exist inside
the city.
Serpentine path of
Jhelum reduces
rate of flow of
water & also
increasespressure
that water exerts
on embankments
especially at
turning points.
Straightening of
the course :
Economically more
viable than diverting
which would cost
around 8500 crores.
Will reduce
pressure on
embankments & aid
faster draining of
water preventing
threat of prolonged
inundation to a
great extent.
Loops of the existing
river could buy
more time by being
inundated first
before other parts of
the city get flooded
and can also be
developed into
recreational areas
for various water
sports & other
related tourist
activities.
Fig -3: Conceptual sketches showing Straightening of
Jhelum & its impact on the embankments (Source: Author)
Weak
embankments
Though
embankments along
river are around 10-
15 meters wide, but
considering that
they are earthen
with just an inner
stone lining on some
stretches inside city
that too done for
riverfront
beautification, these
embankments are
very vulnerable to
breaches.
Embankments of
Jhelum give in
during heavy
rainfalls causing
sudden flooding
of city, most of
which lies below
the HFL of
Jhelum.
Strengthening of
embankments &
constructing
temporary
embankments :
Strengthening of
embankments using
proper enduring
materials & at places
raising them so that
low lying areas
around them are
safe.
Protecting the
historic riverfront
architecture by
guarding the
heritage with
removable
embankment walls
of precast concrete
or steel panels.
Also the bunds
(embankments)
(earthen ones) along
Nallas (causeways)
must be raised and
strengthened as
these low lying
bunds are always
prone to breach, and
heavy losses are
admitted through
them.
Fig -4: Conceptual construction of removable
embankments (Source: Author)
Siltation Tons of silt
deposition has
occurred in Jhelum
due to rapid
degradation of its
catchments
reducing the flood
routing efficiency of
Jhelum's outflow
channel and its
charge carrying
In absence of any
conservation
measures, Jhelum
has lost around
43% of its
carrying capacity
causing blockage
of its lone outflow
channel in
Baramulla, posing
a risk of floods in
De siltation :
Basic short-term
measure for
controlling floods.
De-siltationinValley
Floor Lakes is
required as rise &
fall of level in these
have a cause & effect

capacity from35000
cusecs in 1975 to
20000 cusecs at
present.
valley. relationship with
discharge at point of
outfall.
Filling up of
waterways
Many side water
canals, principally
Nallah Mar, Tsunt
Kol & Rainawari,
used for
transportation, also
helped in draining
low lying marshy
areas of city.
Introduction of
motorized transport
led to decline of
traditional systemof
canal transportation
and filling up of
such canals.
Filling up of
Nallah Mar in
1970’s in a road-
widening scheme
cutting through
much of the
historical fiber of
the city choked
the canal systems
and spelled
ecological doom
for Brari Nambal
& Khushal Sar
water lagoons.
Restoring &
upgrading
channels :
Restoring the
existing canals and
flood spill channels.
Improvement in
flood channels to
hold water beyond
35000 cusecs with
current capacity of
15000 cusecs by a
comprehensive de-
siltation program
would be
economically viable
too.
The existing spill
channel running
across Peerbagh
can be widened to
receive the waters
of Doodhganga.
Feasibility study for
digging an alternate
flood channel of
Jhelum from
Sanagam/Kandizal
to Wular should be
carried out.
Change in land
use/reclaiming
water bodies &
encroachment
of wetlands
Urbanization
sparked large scale
migration causing
encroachment over
water bodies.
Wetlands locally
called “Dembs” that
acted as sponges
during the floods
and shared the
Jhelum waters, have
been converted to
built-up due to rapid
urbanization.
A research by J&K
NSRC reveals loss of
50% of wetlands
over 100 years.
Reclamation of
land over most of
water bodies has
choked entire
water system of
city.
Constructions
along banks of
Jhelum and
elsewhere have
strangulated
natural drainage
network & water
gets stagnated in
local depressions
even if water level
in Jhelum goes
down & requires
pumping out.
Restoring
wetlands :
Restoring wetlands
that served as
natural sponges
during floods by
removing
encroachments &
making existing
natural drainage
networks (inlets &
outlets) viable for
free flow of water.
Revival of flood
basin of Khushalsar,
Gilsar, Anchar,
Hokharsar,
Shalabugh, Haigam.
Table -1.1: Extent of Lakes & wetlands in Kashmir valley
(1911-2011) [2]
S.No. Year Category Total
[km2]
Marshy Water body
1 1911 271.70 85.15 356.85
2 2011 117.43 41.11 158.54
Loss in spatial extent 154.27 44.04 198.31
Change in land
use/reclaiming
water bodies &
encroachment
of wetlands
Post-independence
period saw advent
of modern planning
principles in city in
stark contrast to
vernacular ones.
Most housing
colonies built in &
along floodplains of
Jhelum stand
regularized by
governments thus
encouraging
conversion of
remaining wetlands
to built-up
enclosures.
With most of
natural sponges
vanishing, the city
faces problems of
drainage & floods
from rainfall
because of excess
water flow in
Jhelum.
New wetlands :
Preventive
measures for
safeguarding low
lying areas of the
city like Natipora,
Rambagh, Lasjan,
Mehjoornagar,
Kursoo,
Padshahibagh,
Bemina, etc. which
comprised the
former wetlands
must be taken.
Construction of
communication
network & other
developmental
activities associated
with land use
change add to
vulnerability.
significant land use
change to Built-up
by about 30% in
extent within 10 km
buffer of Srinagar
(DEERS) from 1964
to 2012.
Floods caused
extensive damage
not only in villages
but even in city
areas that were
previously part of
flood plain of
Jhelum as they fell
outside municipal
limits in past.
New wetlands :
With the city having
sprawled beyond
bye-pass road, flood
plains of Jhelum
must also be shifted
southwards
Fig -5: Maps showing land use changes in Srinagar
(1972-2001) [3]
Insufficient
flood control
infrastructure
& lack of
action
Flood control
infrastructure has
lost its former
capacity to hold &
carry water.
Prevailing condition
suggests that it can
crumble even under
less than 40,000
cusec of water.
Before Sept. 2014
floods, carrying
capacity of Jhelum &
flood spill channel,
as per I&FC
department, was
43,000 cusec.
State is facing
economic
constraints &
political
disturbance.
Many areas of
Srinagar including
most of civil lines
were submerged
for around a
month waiting for
external help
during September
2014 floods
Several breaches
along Jhelum & its
flood channel
have not been
plugged properly
rendering bunds
weak to counter
the pressure of
flood waters
making Srinagar
vulnerable.
Institutionalizing
disaster
management :
Setting up of State
Disaster
Management
Authority (SDMA)
having clear
mandate to build
capacity of state to
prepare for, protect
against, respond to,
recover from, and
mitigate all types of
hazards.
Developing flood
risk/hazard
zonation map.
Monitoring of
sediment loads from
catchments & land
use of river basin.
River monitoring &
flood fore-warning
system.
Regulations to check
future interferences
with drainage
system & conduct
river training works
to minimize

infrastructural
damages & human
miseries.
Climate change The climate of the
state has changed
due to the global
warming which is
causing more of the
glaciers to melt.
Report by NRSC,
ISRO and DEERS
revealed that 2014
floods were a result
of high rainfall of
intensity of cloud
bursts and a
combined effect of
climate change &
less capacity of
drainage system.
Incidents of
cloudbursts have
increased
manifold.
By 2030’s
intensity of rainy
days will
increases in a
more warming
scenario.
The number of
rainy days in
eastern J&K will
increase by more
than 15 days in
2030’s .
Intensity of
rainfall is likely to
increase by 1-
2mm/day (Indian
Network on
Climate Change
Assessment,
2010).
Annual rainfall in
some areas of J&K
will increase up to
50%. (State Action
Plan on Climate
Change, 2013).
Adaptation :
All the new
construction must
adapt to the
changing scenario in
terms of materials
used, construction
techniques as well
as planning e.g.,
reversing the
traditional planning
by placing the
storage spaces, halls
and guest room etc.
on ground floor and
shifting the kitchen
and living areas on
to the first floor can
help in floods by
preventing the
inundation of living
spaces.
Fig -6: Traditional planning v/s flood adaptive planning
(Source: Author)
2.MACRO LEVEL PLANNING
2.1 Planning criteria
The concept has been derived after taking into
consideration the physical, economic as well as the socio
cultural needs of the people as all of them have a role in
upholding and leading the intangible heritage of the culture
and traditions that provide an identity to a society.
Socio cultural criteria:
From historical references, it is evident that throughout the
evolution of the Srinagar city, the basic physical and social
unit of the settlement remained the mohalla. In most cases,
the mohalla or a part of the mohalla would be occupied by
members of the same family or community. An individual
mohalla would usually comprise thirty or more residential
units with an associated mosque or temple. This setup
promoted community level socialization and interaction.
Also the mohallascomprise multistoreydwellings(generally
G+2) per household the trend of which still continues.
Physical criteria:
The present trend of each householdhavinga privategarden
contributes largely to the urban sprawl as a huge chunk of
land is owned by a single household. The average land
owned by a typical household in Srinagar measures around
one kanal (5445 sq. ft.). The present land crisis cannot
provide for and sustain such practices, thus making the
traditional mohalla concept that provided shared open
community spaces apt for the future settlements.
Fig -7: Contrasting neighborhood layouts in old & new city
on right & left banks of river Jhelum (Source: Author)
Economic criteria:
The private garden concept adds to the land requirements
which in turn further escalates the cost that would make the
scheme unaffordable. The mohalla concept, by providing
common open spaces reduces the land requirements per
household thus cutting down the total cost. This further if
subsidized by the Government would make the scheme
affordable to the masses.
Thus, a scheme designed using the concept of mohalla as a
guide could help in reviving and enhancing the social
traditions and cultural values that are being somewherelost
in the process of urbanization.
2.2 Site layout
The layout of the settlement unit has been developed on
the concept of the traditional mohalla, which after natural
physical features formed the most importantdeterminant in
shaping the city of Srinagar. A typical unit comprises of a
cluster of houses with a common open space that would be
shared by all providing for socialization. The whole scheme
would comprise of similar clusters with more lavish open
spaces between the clusters to further enhance community
interaction and create a hierarchy of spaces. Also, the whole
setup would be dotted by spaces associated to commercial,
religious, recreational, and other required public facilities.
Such settlements could be a terraced developmentonhigher

grounds within or very near to the city the built example of
which, Pari Mahal- the terraced Mughal garden, already
exists in Srinagar.
Fig -8: Schematic layout comprising many clusters dotted
with community spaces (Source: Author)
Such schemes could be developed in Srinagar and other
districts too after identifying proper sites for their
development.
3. MICRO LEVEL DESIGNING
3.1 Design criteria
The design derives its inspiration from the vernacular
architecture that in addition tocultureandclimate, responds
flawlessly to the natural calamities.
Response to earthquake:
Srinagar being in the earthquake Zone 5 suffering
earthquakes of intensity MSK IX or greater, the vernacular
architecture has responded through techniques such as
extensive use of wood especially on upper levels for light
construction with cantilevered projections of floor beams
called dubb for dampening earthquake vibrations. The
traditional practice has been to construct load bearing walls
using masonry and wood in taaq or dhajji deewari
construction styles, where the wooden braces forming the
frame are infilled with brick or stoneandthenplastered.The
wood provides flexibility to the walls allowing their bending
during earthquakes without collapsing but such walls may
yield during floods.
Fig -9: House in Kashmir damaged in 2005 earthquake
showing how unreinforced masonry collapsed, leaving the
top story of Dhajji Deewari in place. [4]
Response to flood:
Massive masonry walls usually of stone till one floor
followed by brick walls reducing in thickness on successive
floors in addition to being earthquake responsive also could
resist the pressure exerted by water during floods.
Fig -10: The upper floors of a heritage structure raised to
ground during 2014 floods with its massive base intact [5]
3.2 Design characteristics
The design of the new structures in the disaster-prone
sites is governed by the site characteristics as well as their
response to any natural calamity. Apart from being
earthquake and flood responsive some of the characteristics
are listed below
Flood resilience:
The new structures in flood prone areas in addition to not
collapsing on occasion of flooding can help sustain the
inhabitants within their own houses till the time some kind
of help reaches which sometimes may take weeks. This is
achieved by reversing the traditional planning by placing
storage spaces, halls, and guest rooms etc. on ground floor
and shifting the living spaces and kitchen to the first floor to
prevent the inundation ofthese essential spacesthushelping
to sustain life during anysuchtragedies.Consideringthat the
flood waters in some areas can reach a height of up to 18
feet, high plinths won’t facilitate the house to be functional
when being inundated.
Fig -11: Flood resilient planning of spaces
(Source: Author)
Response to vernacular architecture:
History is witness to the fact that any constructions having
an architectural vocabulary alien to vernacular one have
failed to persist and have been abandoned by the local
population. Thus, to ensure local acceptance, the new

constructions must be in line with the vernacular
architecture which can be achieved by strict elevational
controls and by laws. For this purpose, separate guidelines
could be laid and new rules framed and imposed.
Fig -12: Vernacular style architecture along Jhelum
riverfront from habba kadal - a model for new
constructions [6]
4. DESIGN STRATEGY
Conventionally the effort shouldbetokeepthestructureas
light and flexible as possible in response to earthquakes and
heavy in response to floods. Thus, to achieve the required
balanced combination of both the schemes, the lowerpart of
the structure that actually counters the force exerted by the
flood waters could be made massive while the upper part
that is most affected by the earthquakes could be madelight.
This calls for the materials to be chosen accordingly taking
into account their strength and durability and also the
availability, cost effectivenessandenvironmentfriendliness.
Fig -13: Response of structures to earthquakes and floods
(Source: Author)
Fig -14: Ideal earthquake and flood responsive
construction strategy (Source: Author)
5. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
The structure should be a frame construction since it acts
as a single element once the construction is complete with
walls and roof. Also, it has altogether betterconsistencythan
the post and beam construction and marvelous suppleness
due to its multi-articulated construction pertinent for
earthquakes [7].
Foundation:
Anchoring provided by the concrete footings being much
stronger than the traditional stonesteppedfootingscouldbe
used to replace the traditional style and materials for laying
foundations.
Envelope:
The present constructions don't integrate wood into
structural members and complete load bearing brick walls
are being constructed. Considering the strength and
flexibility that concrete frameconstructionsexhibit,theycan
be used to replace the massive taaq wall construction on
ground floor to resist pressure exerted by water with upper
floors being constructed in traditional light weight dhajji
deewari style for earthquake response. The masonry infill
could be put together in a basket weave pattern, so that any
movement of earth would have a tendency to lock them
more tightly into place and thus increase the solidity of
masonry work.
Fig -15: A traditional house combining taaq system of
construction on lower floors followed by dhajji deewari on
upper ones with dubbs projecting out [8]
Floor:
Traditionally the floors comprise of wooden beams
supporting rafters and wood planks over which sometimes
screed covered by tiles is laid. This practice makes the
structure light weight and earthquake resistant but causes
cracks after floods due to expansion of wood when
immersed in water and its contraction when the water
recedes. Thus, the first slab could be cast in concrete which
doesn’t expand or contract when in contact with water,
followed by traditional floor system ontheadjacentstorey's.

Fig -16: Traditional wooden ceilings expand during flood
& contract afterwards causing walls to crack
(Source: Author)
Roof:
The pitched roof could be wooden skeleton covered by tin
sheets with low pitch to help accumulate snow in winters
that after sometime builds up a cozy blanket offering a
powerful insulation against cold.
Fig -17: A traditional house having wooden doors,
windows and pitched roof for light weight [9]
Fenestrations:
The traditional practice of making wooden doors and
windows between two taaq (piers) allows for proper load
transfer and can be continued as it is.
Fig -18: Schematic section showing mix of modern and
traditional construction techniques for new constructions
(Source: Author)
6. CONCLUSION
The floods in the valley apart from innumerable man
made factors are a result of the climate change in a broader
perspective. Working towards the revival of the natural
water systems that once existed as well as protection of the
threatened ones is the need of the hour. In addition to this,
adapting the construction styles according to the change in
climate and rainfall patterns that are inevitable in future is
also required to prevent the loss of lives in any such future
hazards and protect the fragile heritage of the Paradise on
Earth. The proposed scheme would be embraced by its
prime stakeholders as it would promote the ancient cultural
and social values that people have evolved withandadapted
to over years rather than putting them in an alien setting.
Thus, it would help to sustain the social traditions and
cultural heritage in an absolutely new setup by holdingon to
the roots.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of
gratitude to Prof (Dr.) Madhura Yadav(Director,SA&D, MUJ)
and Prof. Siddhartha Koduru (Associate prof. SA&D, MUJ). I
duly acknowledge their technical expertise and constant
guidance and am highly indebted to them for their
tremendous support and help for my research.
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BIOGRAPHY
Hakim Ali Reza is a fresh graduate
architect having a keen interest in
traditional Kashmiri craft & vernacular
architecture. Having worked at offices
like Min2 Bouw-Kunst B.V.
Netherlands, INTACH Kashmir chapter
& Architects Combine Srinagar, he is
currently working with Craft
Development Institute, Srinagar on
various projects for amalgamating
traditional crafts with modern
architectural practices.

Guidelines for Future Community Housing in Flood Prone Areas of Kashmir

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Guidelines for Future Community Housing in Flood Prone Areas of Kashmir