A study on best practices of Water Supply infrastructures in 3 Indian cities and 2 International cities- towards the partial fulfillment of credits for the course CB1- Infrastructure and Transport Planning at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (November 2019)

1. INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING
WATER SUPPLY
AAKRITI PRASAD
ANJI BABU KUNA
ANSHIKA SINGH
MANPREET SINGH
GULIANI
PRASAD D.
THANTHRATEY

2. CASE STUDIES
BEST PRACTICES INSIDE INDIA
NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA
SURAT, GUJARAT
JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN
BEST PRACTICES OUTSIDE INDIA
SINGAPORE
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA

3. CASE STUDY: NAGPUR CITY WATER SUPPLY
About City:
 Nagpur is the 13th largest
urban developing
Metropolitan city in India.
 It is located in the
Vidarbha region of
Maharashtra and is an
important political/
administrative centre.
 Nagpur is also a hub of
industrial activity in the
Vidarbha region.

 MIHAN is being
developed as a multi-
dimensional,
multidisciplinary project of
global standards.
Main Sources of
Water Supply
Kanhan River
Four Phases
1940| 27.3 Mld
1954|63.6 Mld
1966|86.3 Mld
1970|109 Mld
Pench Dam
Four phases
1982, 1984, 2003
2011|521 Mld
CITY STATISTICS
PROSPECTIVE WATER DEMAND VS PRESENT SUPPLYDISTRIBUTION- EXISTING SCENARIO

4. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
•to provide l00% safe drinking
water 24×7 to l00% of the
population including the
slum-dwellers within 5 years.
•to reduce Non-Revenue Water
below 25% in 10 years time.
The Main Features of the project are given below:
• Saving in Energy Consumption
• Replacement of Inefficient Pumping Machinery
• Recycle of water
• PPP in Municipal Project
• Energy Efficiency Monitoring System
• To help equitable distribution of water in all regions by
installing “Central Monitoring System” for real time data
recording, storing, monitoring for flow, pressure, level,
energy etc.
Pench Canal
Kanhan River
Gorewada Tank
SOURCES

5. a) Parts of North/East/South of Nagpur : Kanhan Head
Works/WTP,
(b) Parts of North/West/South/Central areas: Pench &
Gorewada
(c) Parts of North/Central parts from Pench
and Kanhan.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water supply service area
The total service area within the City is 217 sqkm of which
about 7 sq km area is under catchment
of lakes at periphery of city. The city is divided in to 10
administration zone.
There are 43 service reservoirs in the city at 31
locations. The existing storage capacity is 150.79 ML
which is @ 32% of the total supply.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT

6. Project Impact
•Energy Saving through performance based
contract.
•Annual energy savings of Rs. 4.75 Crores/Year
•Improved quality & quantity
•Reliable Water Supply to City
•On line monitoring through centralised
monitoring system & information hub
IMPACT & CONCLUSION
MOTTO: NMC WATER REUSE = MORE WATER FOR CITY, IRRIGATION & INDUSTRY
PERFORMANCE TARGETS SPECIFIED IN THE CONTRACT
By the end of 3 years, Total 10,51,849 Citizens
significantly benefitted.
Under Rehabilitation: 480.00 km Pipe line laid; 96,059
Connections replaced.

7. Water Supply
System Case Study – Surat
City

8. Water supply system : Surat City
Sources of water
• Surat is situated at the tail end of the 750 km long.
• River Tapi which has been the main source of water
for the city since centuries.
Water Supply Scenario - Pre Year 2000
• In 2001 Population was increased to 24 lakhs.
• In 1984, 20 tube wells were constructed.
• In 1985 Radial Collecting wells are constructed at
sarthana and water distribution stations at khatodra,
Umarwada.
• As a part of the long-term master plan for the water
supply scheme of Surat city, 120 MLD capacity water
treatment plant was commissioned in the year 1997
and was increased to total 240 MLD in 1999.
Water Supply System - Year 2001 to 2006
• Capital expenditure of total Rs.178.22 Crore was made during
this period to implement various water supply projects
comprising of water treatment plant, Intake well, Underground
Storage reservoir (UGSR), Elevated Service Reservoir (ESR) and
laying of pipelines.

9. • Population of Surat has risen from 2.8 M in 2001 to 4.4 M in 2011.
• The population of Surat is expected to grow to 6.4 & 8.5 M by 2021 & 2031 respectively.
Population
• Prior to 1961, Surat’s area was only 8.12 sq. km.
• In 2009 it had expanded to 326.5 sq. km.
• The city was originally established on the southern bank of the River Tapi with a castle on the eastern
bank of the river.
• Activities were concentrated within the inner wall.
• Construction of which was started in the year 1664 as flood protection structure with gates that were
closed during flood.
City Growth

10. Population
covered under
piped network:
94%
Present
installed
capacity of
Intake Wells:
1463 MLD
Present
installed
capacity of
Water Works:
1178 MLD
Present gross
daily average
water supply:
840 MLD
Average Per
capita Water
Supply per
day:
140 LPCD
Total storage
capacity of all
WDS & WW:
653 ML
Total app.
length of
water supply
pipelines: 2750
KM
POPULATION PROJECTION
(2010-2041) WATER NEED

11. IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
• Droughts and late onset of monsoon are already creating
stress on Surat’s water supply system during peak
summers.
• For meeting the demand of future population -8 million
plus in 2020,- at least 1200 to 1500 MLD water is required
to cater to the population.
ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND AND AVAILABILITY
IN RIVER TAPI NEAR SURAT
If one considers the
storage capacity of 31
MCM of Singapore weir,
availability of water is
sufficient to meet the
water shortfall up to the
year 2026 but not much
longer thereafter.

12. S
Prioritized strategies
Water Supply Grid System - for uninterrupted water supply
• Four water works and ten water distribution stations interconnected in a grid.
• Failure of any water works does not cause any disruption on the entire water supply system
• All the distribution stations can be fed from any of the alternative water works.
• Dual power supply has been provided to ensure minimum disruption to water supply.
Quality Assurance
• Online Water Quality Monitoring System: is deployed for round the clock monitoring of essential water quality
parameters like pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), etc..
• Consumer Water Quality Monitoring: consumer water samples are collected and analysed to ensure its fitness.
Short Term

13. Private Sector Participation: to control O & M expenditure and
introduce operational efficiencies, SMC has given annual contracts
to private agencies for:
• Operation & Maintenance of Water Distribution Stations.
• Valve operation in the different parts of the city.
• Collection of water samples during the water supply period.
• Housekeeping of Water Works & Water Distribution Stations.
Long Term
Alternate Source of Raw Water:
three options are being actively considered:
• Laying 58 Km. long pipeline from Kakrapar to Surat
• Constructing 2 new French wells
• Construction of Balloon Barrage
Mid Term

14. HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY
• Jaipur Water Supply is more than 100 years old, initially fed by
local Open wells, augmented in the year 1918 based on ground
sources (16 large diameter open wells on Amanshah Nallah bed)
• 1952: 7.0 MLD added from surface source Ramgarh Dam
• Late 1960s: augmented for 27 MLD –Ramgarh Dam; tubewell
drilling introduced
• 1982: Final augmentation from Ramgarh lake for 45 MLD
• 1994: Water from Bisalpur Dam -designed to become the
principal source of municipal supply from 2010 but has only
filled nine times
• Total Municipal Area :467 sq KM
• Area Connected by Piped Water Supply
:215sq. Km.
• Population of City :2011- 30.07 lakh
• 2016 Population 31.12 lakhs
• Population connected with water supply
:29.70 lakh
• 2016 Water demand :462 MLD WATER AVAILABILITY &
SUPPLY
• From Bisalpur system-
275 MLD
• From tube wells (1900
Nos. operated on
rotation) 97 MLD
• Total Supply 374 MLD
• Deficit 90 MLD
DETAILS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
• Length of Pipeline Network 23500
KM
• Service Reservoirs 95
• Clear Water Reservoirs 78
• Pumping Stations 85
• No of water supply Zones 162
• Per Capita water supply (average)
Jaipur city map
CASE STUDY: JAIPUR CITY WATER SUPPLY

15. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• Transmission of water from Bisalpur dam to Balwala pumping station -- Six water transfer pumping
stations are operated for transfer of water further under central and western feeder system -- operated
and monitored on SCADA
• Water from tube wells is collected in local head works and transferred to deficit areas through Clear Water
Reservoirs, Pumping Stations, Service Reservoirs and Distribution system.
• Old city area, Walled City is fed from distant Pumping stations due to absence of local storage reservoirs.
• The water supply is intermittent and average duration is from 120-90 minutes per day.
• Further, tanker transportation of water is being done in connected as well as unconnected areas of city
throughout the year. Till 2010 the number of tanker trips during summers was about 2800 which have
now reduced to about 1000. Of this about 300 are running in outer unconnected areas

16. Problems in Distribution Management
• Illegal connections and long distance
connections.
• Equitable distribution of water in
distribution zones
• Low pressure, short supply and tail end
problems
• Incidences of water pollution due to
choking/over flowing sewers & seepage
from manhole chambers.
• Increase in demand of new water
connections from consumers due to
• Increasing numbers of multi story
buildings in developed areas
demanding bulk water.
• Water supply to planned areas
developed by private colonizers in outer
areas of city.
• Water supply to unconnected areas
within zones.
• Curb on demands for Tanker
transported water.
• Poor utility and asset mapping affecting

17. Planning for Distribution Management
• Illegal connections: Consumers counseled for
regularization of illegal connections.
• Distribution system Improvements:
Distribution network strengthened by
providing additional pipelines, Orifice flow
equalizers installed at connections with high
pressure.
• Reduction of water losses: Water Audit started
from year 2011 with complete accounting of
water quantity right from all sources to
consumer end.(NRW reduced from 42 to 32%)
• Pollution control Measures: Three level water
quality monitoring system introduced
including mobile units for daily monitoring.
(Resulted in almost 50% reduction in
incidences of polluted water supply)
• Demand management: New water connection
guidelines introduced to curb use of water in
non drinking purposes like; construction,
washing, industry & process etc.
• Demand for Multistoried buildings and New
areas: Policy for release of connections in
multistoried buildings implemented with
provisions for bulk metering, RWH and
recycling.
• Utility and Asset Mapping: Consultant
appointed for preparation of GIS based
complete mapping of water utility and other
assets. Pipeline networks already updated
and clause inbuilt in all work contracts for
simultaneous updating of maps.
• High NRW: Reduction of NRW in 4 pilot areas
with JICA.
Energy Efficiency
• 60 % of O&M Cost is towards Energy
Charges
• 400 old inefficient submersible pumping
sets of tube wells replaced.
• Policy forprocurement of Star
• rated energy efficient implemented.
• Drive for replacement of In efficient
centrifugal Pump sets started to save
energy.
• Operation of tube wells with time switches.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY
• Metering is an important tool for water
management
• There are total 384058 metered connections in
Jaipur Water Supply Scheme.
• In general about 60 % consumer meters are
functional.
• Replacement of water meters is not been done
due to shortage of staff, low meter repair rate.
• Providing and installation of FCRI tested water
meters for 7 years including O&M and

18. TANKER TRANSPORTATION OF WATER
• Tanker transportation of water is being done
in connected as well as unconnected areas of
city throughout the year.
• Improvement in distribution system completed
in many localities like; Top Khanna Hazauri,
Mandi Khatikan, Kanwar Nagar, Kamela Ki gali,
Jagatpura etc.
• Till Year 2010, No of tanker trips during
summers was about 2800. IN 2016 no of trips
is about 1000. Out this about 300 are running
in outer unconnected areas and balance in the
connected areas.
• March 2012; Tanker tracking system
introduced, all tankers fitted with GPS and
payment as per trips recorded in GPS.
• Distribution system improvement works in
progress and in coming summers tanker trips
may further reduce.REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR GROUND WATER
• Drilling of tube wells prohibited without prior permission.
• Construction of Rain water harvesting structures is mandatory for houses with more than 300
Sqm.
• 100 Roof top artificial recharge structure constructed in govt. buildings and public parks etc. by
JDA
• Artificial recharge structures constructed at road side depressions where water is accumulated
for small duration during rainy season.
• Department constructed 100 artificial recharge structures on abandoned tube wells in the year
2011-12.
24*7 WATER SUPPLY
• A MOU was signed among Ranhill Co Malaysia
MJP and Govt. of Rajasthan. Pilot project for 24
hrs water supply started in 4 zones of Jaipur
City to study NRW and consumption behavior.
• Mansarovar Sec 1 ,Mansarovar Sec 3
,Mansarovar Sec 9 .Malviya Nagar Sec 9
• During execution of work IEC activities done to
educate consumers for water conservation and
checking of all possible leakages in side
consumer property. It was observed that there
were major leakages from the under ground
water storage tanks, fittings and poor
plumbing equipments.
• The results of pilot study are encouraging, in
general the water demand has remained
slightly higher than intermittent supply.
• Leakage levels have come down both in the
distribution system and at the consumer end.

19. SINGAPORE :WATER SUPPLY
5.40Million
• Population of 5.82 M (2019)
• Land area of 724 km2
• 8039 persons/km2 density
• 490mgd water demand
• Very limited natural resources
- Average Annual Rainfall
2400 mm
- Classified water scarce
by UN
Ranked 171 out of 182 countries in terms of water availability (source: UN World Water Development Report, 2003
Public Utilities Board, received the Stockholm Industry Water Award for its holistic approach to water resources management.)
www.pub.gov.sg
V/S
724 km2
I
N
1
9
6
0
S
T
O
D
A
Y
SINGAPORE
Polluted rivers Water scarcity
Frequent flooding No proper sanitation
100% potable water at tap
4 National Taps
Clean rivers
Flood prone area reduced to 32 ha

20. CLOSING
THE
WATER
LOOP
Collect every
drop of used
water
Recycle each drop
more than once
Capture every
drop of rain
P R I N C I P L E S
Source: Singapore PUB website
Stormwater
Management
Rain Sea
Collection of rainfall
in 17 reser voirs
Treatment of raw
to potable water at
8 W TPs.
3 desalination
plants
Treated
used
water
Households
4 NATIONAL TAPS
Treatment of used
water at
Reclamation
plants
Collection of used
water in 3500 km
sewers and DTSS
Industries

21. FIRST NATIONAL TAP: LOCAL CATCHMENT
COLLECTING EVERY DROP
• Rivers transformed to reservoirs .
• Completion of the Marina, Punggol and Serangoon Reservoir
since 2011, the water catchment area has increased from half
to two-thirds of Singapore’s land surface.
• All 17 reservoirs in Singapore are manmade, mostly created
from existing waterways.
SECOND NATIONAL TAP: IMPORTED WATER
Water agreements with Johor, Malaysia:
• 1961 to 2011 (expired)
• 1962 to 2061 allows to withdraw 250 MGD from
Johor River until 2061.
Source: Singapore PUB web
THIRD NATIONAL TAP : NEWATER
• Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS), 48
km long used water superhighway conveys
used water to water reclamation plants to
be treated and purified into reclaimed
water, or discharged into the sea.
• Presently, five NEWater plants are
functioning in Singapore
• By 2060, NEWater is expected to meet up
to 55% of Singapore’s future water
demand.
NEWater can meet
up to 55% of the
daily water
demands by 2060.

22. UFW has reduced from almost 11% to 5% due to the
following measures:
• Network Management: Use good quality/ corrosion-
resistant material; regular servicing and replacement
• Accurate Metering to capture both low flows and high
flows
• Active Leakage Control: Annual leak detection
programme; use of smart sensors in the network
• Strict Legislation and enforcement on water theft
Penalties
• WaterWiSe- Monitoring of Water distribution System
using SCADA
• allows water utility to understand behaviour of distribution
network
• response time to events reduced - detected several pipe
bursts through pressure transients and pressure
abnormalities
FOURTH
NATIONAL TAP :
DESALINATION
UNACCOUNTED FOR WATER
Source: Singapore PUB website
Source: Singapore PUB website
INTAKE
SCREENS
DISSOLVED
AIR
FLOATATION
ULTTRAFILTR
AT-ION
SCREENING
REVERSE
OSMOSIS UNIT
POST
TREATMEN
T
• Treated waste water and desalinated water is expected
to meet 55% and 30% of country’s water demand by
2060 respectively.

23. CASE STUDY: MELBOURNE WATER SUPPLY
LOCATION:
ABOUT MELBOURNE
WATER:
Population- 5,000,000 Land area- 9,992.5
km2
Water use breakdown for 2016-17
• Required quantity of water: 416 billion
litres.
• For residential: 268 billion litres which
comes out to be 161 litres per person per
day
INFRASTRUCTURE:
• catchments covering more than 140,000 hectares.
• ten major storage reservoirs with a capacity of
1,810,500 megalitres.
• 64 service reservoirs that provide short-term
storage.
• about 1300 kilometres of distribution mains and
aqueducts.
• 18 water pumping stations, used to pump water
from low-lying areas to higher areas.
• five water filtration plants.
• 49 water treatment (disinfection) plants.
• Melbourne Water is wholly owned by
the Victorian State Government
• Melbourne received its first piped water,
from the Yan Yean Reservoir, in 1857.
• Water shortages in the late 1870s led to the
construction of the Toorourrong scheme in
1882–1885, and the Maroondah
Aqueduct in 1886–1891.
• In 1888 a large part of the upper Yarra
valley was reserved for water supply
purposes.
WATER COLLECTION
In Melbourne around 80% of our drinking
water comes from closed water catchments in
the Yarra Ranges and the rest comes from
open water catchments. 157,000 hectares of
forest has been closed to the public for over
100 years.
WATER TREATMENT
Water in Melbourne is also fluoridated and
lime is also added to raise the pH level of the
water back to neutral, limiting the possibility
of corrosion to household pipes and fittings.
Although 80% of Melbourne’s water is treated
minimally 20% requires full treatment. Water
from Sugarloaf Reservoir receives full
treatment, as it is fed by water from the Yarra
River, Maroondah Aqueduct, and the
Sugarloaf Pipeline. The water is fully treated
as it leaves the reservoir at the Winneke Water
Treatment Plant.

24. LOCATIONOFWATERCATCHMENTS
ANDRESERVOIRS
The tables show the
costings for transmission
and operation of the
melborne water supply.
The current project is
satisfying the needs upto
68.7% of the total and
additional water is being
taken from other districts.