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Gel Growth and Characterization of New PbHNSO3 Crystals
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Current Transformer Drawing and GTP for MSETCL
Current Transformer Drawing and GTP for MSETCL
DJARUM4D - SLOT GACOR ONLINE | SLOT DEMO ONLINE
DJARUM4D - SLOT GACOR ONLINE | SLOT DEMO ONLINE
Gel Growth and Characterization of New PbHNSO3 Crystals
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Special Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 One Day International Seminar on Materials Science & Technology (ISMST 2017) 4th August 2017 Organized by Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 289 Gel Growth and Characterization of New PbHNSO3 Crystals Sarala. N1, Dhatchayani. S2, Govindan. V3, Sankaranarayanan. K4 1,2,3,4 Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Gel growth technique is another method of solution growth method to grow crystals. It is found that the structure of PbHNSO3 consists of the NSO3 pseudo-tetrahedra, the PbO9N3 polyhedra, and the NSO3-Pb-NSO3 frameworks [1]. New PbHNSO3 crystals have been grownfromemployinga double diffusion gel technique. Agar gel is used as the growth medium. Dark brown colour crystals of dimension 0.25x0.30x0.40mm were harvested after 20 days. The crystallinity and structural parameters were found from powder and single crystal XRD. FTIR spectra confirmed the functional groups present in the crystal. The thermal decomposition andphasetransformationwereevaluatedfrom TG-DSC spectra. The emission spectrum of PbHNSO3 was recorded using photoluminescence spectrophotometer. Key Words: PbHNSO3, Single crystal XRD, Thermal decomposition, PL Spectra. 1.INTRODUCTION Crystal growth in gel media is very effective and has attracted much attention in recent years, due to its unique characteristic of suppression of nucleation centres. The use of gel in the growth of crystalswasexplainedbyH.K.Henisch [1]. Simplicity of the process [2, 3] and its unique advantage in terms of crystal product [4, 5] makes this technique more popular. Crystals having low solubility [6] can alsobegrown using this technique. Due to gelled medium properties, gel growth allows one to obtain nearlydefectfreecrystalsuseful in optical applications [7,8]. New PbHNSO3 crystals belong to an orthorhombic system and the space group is determined to be Pnma. This new crystal is found to consist of NSO3 pseudo-tetrahedra, PbO9N3 polyhedra and NSO3-Pb-NSO3 frameworksveryclose to that of PbSO4. Growing bulk size PbSO4 crystal commercially is still a novel problem for researchers. Lead sulphate also crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with the space group of Pnma. The interest behind the present work is to grow PbHNSO3 crystals by employing double diffusion gel growth technique and to compare its optical and thermal behaviour with PbSO4. The molecular weight of the PbHNSO3 is calculated as 302.27. This crystal has no phase transition in the range of 100-960K. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Agar-agar powder was purchased from M/S.Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Mumbai and used for preparing the gel for growth medium. Agar gel is prepared by dissolving 1% of agar powder in double distilled water. The agar-agar powder gets dissolved at the boiling point of the water. The gel isabout toset in a U-tubeof 165mmlength and 20mm diameter columns. The gel sets after gentle cooling to room temperature. The growth of the crystal was achieved by allowing 1M Pb (NO3)2 and H3NSO3 of 10ml solution through the gel on each column separately. Both the chemicals were purchased from M/S.Himedia Laboratories PVT LTD, Mumbai. The chemicalreactioninvolvedduringthe synthesis of PbHNSO3 may be as follows: Pb(NO3)2 + H3NSO3 PbHNSO3 + 2HNO3 Crystals of visible size were grown after 20 days. The well grown crystals had been separated using distilled water.The crystals were washed repeatedly several times. The micrographs of the harvested crystal were shown in fig 2. These crystals were characterized with powder and single crystal XRD, FTIR spectra, PL spectroscopy and TG-DTA analysis. Fig -1: PbHNSO3 crystals grown from Agar gel in U-tube 3. CHARACTERIZATION The phase composition of the prepared samples was studied from the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples observed by an XPERT-PRO diffractometer fitted
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Special Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 One Day International Seminar on Materials Science & Technology (ISMST 2017) 4th August 2017 Organized by Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 290 with CuKα radiation (λ=1.5406Å) of 30mA and 40kVatroom temperature. The intensity data was recorded by continuous scan in / mode from 10° to 80°. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of PbHNSO3 crystal is carried out using Enraf(Bruker)NoniusCAD4-MV31withMoKαofwavelength 0.71073Å. FouriertransformedInfrared(FTIR)spectroscopy was recorded using a Perkin Elmer spectrometer in the region of 4000 – 400 cm-1 under room condition using KBr pellet technique. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were recorded using Cary Eclipse spectrometer model WinFLR EL08083851 with a photomultiplier tube and xenon lamp of 450W at room temperature covering a wavelength range from 265 nm to 475 nm with an excitation wavelengthof245 nm. TGA and DSC studies of PbHNSO3 were carried out at NETZSCH Technologies India Pvt Ltd, Chennai. The heating rate was 10K/min with flowing N2 gas using Al2O3 crucible. Fig -2: Micrograph of as grown PbHNSO3 Crystals 4. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Fig -3: XRD pattern of as grown PbHNSO3 crystal Fig 3 shows powder X-Ray diffraction patterns of as grown PbHNSO3 crystals. From the XRD pattern, it is observed that each peak is extremely sharp which confirms the crystalline nature of the crystals. The (h k l) values have been indexed from the single crystal XRD report. 4.2 Single Crystal XRD The lattice parameters obtained from the singlecrystalX-ray data are shown in Table 1. It is observed from the study that the crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with the space group Pnma. The cell parameters obtained were very well in agreement with the literature[9]. The molecularweightanddensityofthecrystal were found to be 302.27 g mol-1 and 6.331 mg m-3 respectively. The crystal structure was shown in fig 4. Table -1: Cell parameter values of PbHNSO3 Crystal Cell Parameters Reported Value Observed Value a (Å) 8.469 8.472 b (Å) 5.393 5.389 c (Å) 6.953 6.947 V (Å3) 317.59 317.14 Fig -4: Projection view of Crystal Structure of PbHNSO3 4.3 FTIR Analysis Fig 5 shows the FTIR spectrum of PbHNSO3 crystals. Pb-O stretchingvibrationsmayberesponsibleforthedoublet peakat 592cm-1. Generally, S-O stretchingvibrationoccursat
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Special Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 One Day International Seminar on Materials Science & Technology (ISMST 2017) 4th August 2017 Organized by Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 291 700-600cm-1[10] which takes place near 621cm-1. The peaks at 1250-1140cm-1 and 1070-1030cm-1 will be assigned to R- SO3- with =S=O stretching vibrations. The absorption band near 1129cm-1 represents υ3 symmetrical stretching vibration of the SO2 -3 ion [11]. The absorption near 1588cm-1 is assigned to N-H bending vibration which may occur at 1650-1580cm-1[10, 12]. Thebroad peak at 3404 cm-1 maybe attributed to =N─H and =N─H with N─H stretching, which normally occurred at 3500-3300 cm-1 [10]. Fig -5: FTIR Spectra of as grown PbHNSO3 Crystals 4.4 PL Spectroscopy PbHNSO3 crystals are brown in colour, which may be produced by the absorption of blue wavelengths oflight. The excitation wavelength of PbHNSO3 crystals was found to be 290 nm. The PbHNSO3 crystals give very weak emission at 317nm. The emission peakat332nmismuchintensifiedthan 317nm peak. Two strong emission peaks are obtained at 417nm and 477nm shown in fig 6. Fig -6: PL Emission Spectra of PbHNSO3 Crystal Lamellar PbSO4 Nanocrystals gave two emission bands centred at 340 and 360 nm (UV band) using an excitation wavelength of 270 nm[13]. Similarly PbHNSO3 alsogivestwo emission peaks at UV band region. The peak at 332 nm (UV region) is well in agreement with the nano PbSO4 crystals reported previously which was attributed to radiative dissociation of an anion exciton [14, 15]. The peak at 417 nm may be observed due to the presence of sulphur vacancies or extrinsic defects [16]. Anemissionpeak located at 477 nm was observed, which is similar to that measured at low temperature for large single crystals of PbSO4 need to be investigated further [17, 18]. 4.5 Thermal Analysis In the TG analysis of PbHNSO3 which is shown in fig 7, the curve slightly increases with increasing the temperature, up to 862°C which may be due to the presence of any residues. Fig -7: TG-DSC Curve obtained for PbHNSO3 Crystal The DSC curve implies that there is some change at 537°C. After 537°C, the DSC curve increases further up to 862°C. There should be no solid to liquid phase change which was confirmed by the TG curve. The curve in the DSC spectrum was expected due to some structural change as in PbSO4 crystals. PbSO4 has melting point of 1170°C [19]. It decomposes at 900°Candhasasolid-solidphasetransitionat 856°C from monoclinic to orthorhombic [20]. The weight loss of about 10.8% is observed in the temperature range of 862-952°C. At 862°C, assuming the decomposition is accompanied by the evolution of O2 composed of two oxygen atoms; the theoreticalweightlossis calculated to be 10.59%. Evolutions of SO and SO2 may be
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Special Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 One Day International Seminar on Materials Science & Technology (ISMST 2017) 4th August 2017 Organized by Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 292 responsible forthe drastic weightlosswhichisnoticedabove 952°C. 5. CONCLUSIONS The PbHNSO3 crystals were characterized by structural, functional, optical and thermal studies. These new crystals have been grown from agar gel medium. Single crystal XRD revealed that PbHNSO3 crystallizes in orthorhombic system with Pnma space group. The presence of functional groups was confirmed from FTIR studies. The optical studies have the maximum emission peak at the wavelength of 477nm. Thus the brown colour of the crystal is due to the absorption of blue wavelength of light. From the thermal studies, it is found that the crystal starts decomposition after 863°C. But there is no phase change from room temperature to 863°C. The phase change occurs only at 863°C. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One of the authors (Sarala Natarajan) is grateful to the University Grant Commission(UGC)forthefinancial support through Basic Scientific Research(BSR)Grant: F.25-1/2013- 14(BSR)/7-14/2007 (BSR)/30.05.2014. Theauthorswishto thank SAIF – IIT Madras for providing single crystal XRD facility. REFERENCES [1] H. K. Henisch, “Crystal Growth in Gel”, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania University Press 1970. [2] S.K. Arora, Vipul Patel, B. Chudasma and B. Amin, J. crystal growth, 2005, 275, 657. [3] S.K. Arora, V. Patel, A. Kothari and B. Amin, Crystal Growth, 2004, Des. 4, 343. [4] M.S. Joshi and S. G. Trivedi, Kryst. Und. Technol, 1970, 15, 1131. [5] M.A. Ittyachen and K.V. Kurien, J. Crystal Growth, 1979, 47, 743. [6] J. Dennis and H. K. Henisch, J. Electrochem. Soc. USA, 1968, 114, 263. [7] P. Andreeza, D. Josse, F. Lefaucheux, M.C. Robert, J. Zyss, Phys. Rev. B 45 (1992) 7640. [8] P. Andreeza, F. Lefaucheux, M.C. Robert, D. Josse, J. Zyss, J. Appl Phys. 68 (1990) 8. [9] Takanori Fukami, Mitsuhiro Seino, Keiko Nakasone & Shuta Tahara, Intl J. of Chem, Vol.5, No.1, 2013. [10] S.Venkatesan, K. Pugazhendy et.al; Intl J. of Pharm & Biological Archives 2012; 3(4):969-972. [11] A. R. Davis and R. M. Chatterjee, Journal of Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4, No. 5, 1975. [12] Giguere and Liu J.Chem. Phys.1952,20,136. [13] Bin Deng, et al, J.Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113,18473-18479. [14] Jun-Hua Xiang, et al, Crystal Growth and Design (2005) Vol.5, No.3, 1157-1161. [15] Blasse.G, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1975, 35,299. [16] Bing Han et.al,; Applied Surface Sci 261 (2012) 623– 627. [17] Kamenskikh, I.et.al; IEEE Trans.Nuc. Sci. 2001,48,2324. [18] Zadneprovski, B. I. et al, Inorg. Mater.2004, 40, 735. [19] J.G.Zhang, et.al,; IEEE transactions on Nucl Sci, Vol. 41, No. 4, 669-674 (1994). [20] R.C. Weast, et al,"CRC Handbook of Chem & Phy", 65th Edition, CRC Press, Inc., pp. B-107, 1984 – 1985.
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