This document discusses dental banding and bonding techniques. It provides definitions of banding as fixing attachments to metal bands that are cemented around teeth, while bonding refers to directly fixing attachments to enamel surfaces using adhesives. Various dental cements used for banding like zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate and glass ionomer are described along with their properties, advantages and disadvantages. The evolution of dental bonding materials and ideal requirements for bonding agents are also summarized. Different manipulation techniques for banding and bonding like prophylaxis, enamel etching and use of adhesives are outlined.

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2. BANDING-
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEFINATIONS
3. IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
4. CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTS
5. CEMENTS-
ZINC PHOSPHATE
ZINC SILICO PHOSPHATE
ZINC POLYCARBOXILATE
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
6. ADV. & DIS- ADV. OF EACH CEMENT
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3. BONDING-
1. EVOLUTION OF BONDING MATERIALS
2. IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
3. DIFFERENT MATERIALS
4. MANIPULATION OF MATERIALS
PROPHYLAXIS
ENAMEL ETCHING
USE OF ADHESIVES
5. DIFFERENT METHODS OF BONDING
6. RECENT ADVANCES IN BONDING
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4. INTRODUCTION-
ORTHODONTIC TREND – FOR SIMPLE TECHNICAL
PROCEDURES
1. EARLY ORTHODONTISTS OF 1900 –CLAMP BANDS
2. CUSTOM FITTED PINCHED BANDS OF GOLD
3. STAINLESS STEEL BANDS ( WELDED)
4. PREFORMED BANDS
5. DIRECT BONDING TECH.
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5. BANDING
DEF. – THE METHOD OF FIXING THE
ATTACHMENTS FIRST TO METAL BANDS WHICH
ARE THEN CEMENTED AROUND THE TEETH
BONDING
DEF. –THE METHOD OF FIXING THE
ATTACHMENTS DIRECTLY TO TEETH IS CALLED
BONDING.
OR
BONDING REFERS TO AN ADHESIVE SYSTEM
DESIGNED TO FIX ATTACHMENTS DIRECTLY TO
ENAMEL SURFACE
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6. BANDING MATERIALS
LUTING- THE USE OF MOLDABLE SUBSTANCE TO
SEAL JOINTS & CEMENT SUBSTANCES TOGETHER
DENTAL CEMENTS - IMPO. LUTING AGENTS
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS-
• NON TOXIC & NON IRRITANT
• INSOLUBLE IN SALIVA & ORAL LIQUIDS
• MINIMUM WATER ABSORPTION
• ADHESIVE TO ENAMEL & DENTIN, GOLD ,
PORCELIAN, ACRYLIC etc…
• LOW VISCOSITY FOR LOW FILM THICKNESS
(continued…..
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7. • STRENGTH- TO RESIST MASTICATORY FORCES
• STAIN RESISTANT
• ADEQUATE WORKING TIME
• LESS SETTING TIME
• EASILY INCORPORATED , SIMPLE PROCEDURE
• SHD. NOT REQUIRE ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENTS
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8. CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTS
ACCORDING TO:
- ACID BASE REACTION
- POLYMERISINS MATERIALS
- OTHER CEMENTS
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9. ZINC OXIDE
ALUMINO SILICATE
GLASS WITH FLUORINE
ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
ZINC PHOSOHATE
SILICATE CEM.
ZINC
POLYCARBOXILATE
GLASS
IONOMER
EUGENOL
PHOSPHORIC
ACID
POLY
ACRYLIC
ACID
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10. ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
SINCE 1879 , OLDEST, SERVES AS STANDARD
TWO TYPES- TYPE I
TYPE II ( FOR ORTHO PURPOSE)
COMPOSITION. POWDER= Zn OXIDE + Mg. OXIDE +
SILICA + OTHER OXIDES
LIQUID= PHOSPHORIC ACID + WATER
Al. PHOSPHATE + AL. + ZC
POWDER- LIQUID RATIO-
WORKING TIME - 3 TO 6 MIN. AT ROOM TEMP
SETTING TIME – 5 TO 14 MIN.
CONSISTENCY- BAND SITTING CONSISTENCYwww.indiandentalacademy.com

11. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES-
•RETENTION- MECHANICAL
•STRENGTH- 103.5 Mpa ( COMPRESSIVE)
5.5 Mpa (TENSILE) , SO BRITTLE
•DIMEN. STABILITY- 0.3 % (SLIGHT SHRINKAGE)
MANIPULATION-
•AVOID MOISTURE CONTAMINATION
•POWDER : LIQUID RATIO
•COOL GLASS SLAB
•LARGER SURFACE AREA
•INCREMENTAL ADDITION OF POWDER
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12. ADV- 1. ENOUGH STRENGTH
2. ENOUGH WORKING TIME
3. LESS VISCOSITY
4. EASY DEBANDING
5. ADEQUATE FILM THICKNESS
DISADV. – 1. BRITTLE
2. SOLUBILITY & DISINTEGRATION
3. NO TRUE ADHESION
4. DOES NOT CONTAIN FLUORIDE
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13. ZINC SILICOPHOSPHATE CEMENT
HYBRID OF ZINC PHOSPHATE & SILICATE CENENTS
PROPERTIES-
HIGHEST COMP. STRENGTH ( 165 Mpa)
ACIDITY – SIMILAR TO Zn Ph
SOLUBILITY- LESS THAN Zn Ph
FLUORIDE CONTAINING
NO LONGER USED BY ORTHODONTISTS
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14. POLYCARBOXILATE CEMENT
MODE OF SUPPLY-
1. POWDER & LIQUID
2. PRECAPSULATED P & L
3. WATER SETTABLE – POWDER & WATER
COMPOSITION-
POWDER- ZINC OXIDE -BASIC INGREDIENT
Mg. OXIDE + OTHER OXIDES + STANNOUS
FLUORIDE
LIQUID- POLYACRYLIC ACID OR ITACONIC ACID
OR MALEIC ACID OR TARTARIC ACID
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15. STRUCTURE- GEL MATRIX OF ZINC POLY. WHICH
CONTAINS UNREACTED POWDER PARTICLES
SETTING TIME – 7 TO 9 MIN.
COMP. STRENGTH- 55 Mpa ( LESS THAN Zn Ph )
TENSILE STRENGTH- 6.2 Mpa ( MORE THAN ZnPh )
SOLUBILITY & DISINTEGRATION – MORE THAN ZnPh
FILM THICKNESS- HIGHER THAN ZnPh
WORKING TIME – SHORTER THAN ZnPh ( 2.5 MIN. )
VISCOSITY – MORE
DIMENTIONAL STABILITY- CONTRACTION MORE
THAN ZnPh
TRUE ADHESION WITH TOOTH SURFACE & STEELwww.indiandentalacademy.com

16. MANIPULATION- P:L RATIO = 1:1 OR 2:1
ADD ALL POWDER IN ONE INCREMENT
CONDITIONING - 10 % POLYACRYLIC ACID
EXCESS CEMENT REMOVAL – AFTER SETTING
ADV. - TRUE ADHESION TO TOOTH SURFACE
- TENSILE STRENGTH HIGH
- RELEASES FLUORIDE
DISADV. - MORE SOLUBLE
- LESS STRENGTH
- THICKER FILM THICKNESS
- MORE VISCOUS
- LESS WORKING TIME (2.5MIN. )www.indiandentalacademy.com

17. GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
1972 BY WILSON & KENT
NAME-POWDER IS GLASS & SETTING REACTION &
ADHESION DUE TO IONIC BOND
GIVE PROPERTY OF ADHESION OF POLYCARBOXILIC
CEMENT & INSOLUBILITY OF SILICATE CEMENTS
COMPOSITION-
POWDER- SILICA + ALUMINA + Al , Ca , & Na FLUORIDE
LIQUID- POLYACRYLIC ACID + TARTARIC ACID +
WATER
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18. CLASSIFICATION-
TYPE I- LUTING ( SMALL PARTICLES , THIN FILM ,
4 TO 5 MIN. OF SETTING TIME)
TYPE II- RESTORATION
TYPE III- BASE & LINING
PROPERTIES-
COMP. STRENGTH- 150 Mpa
TENSILE STRENGTH- 6.6 Mpa
SOLUBILITY- 0.4 %
ADHESION – 225 MN/m2
BOND HIGHER IN ENAMEL THAN
DENTIN
ANTICARIES PROPERTYwww.indiandentalacademy.com

19. MANIPULATION-
CONDITIONING OF TOOTH SURFACE
PROPORTIONING & MIXING - P: L RATIO = 3:1, FOLDING
METHOD FOR SPATULATION
PROTECTION OF CEMENT
FINISHING
TYPES AVAILABLE-
A. CONVENTIONAL e.g. FUJI II
B. WATER HARDENING TYPE
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20. ADV.
- RELEASES FLUORIDE
- TRUE ADHESION
- LIGHT CURING POSSIBLE
-ENOUGH SETTING TIME ( 4 –5 MIN. )
-THINNER FILM THICKNESS
-ANTICARIES PROPERTY
-GOOD COMP. STRENGTH ( 150 Mpa )
DISADV.- SOLUBILITY HIGH ( 0.4 % )
- ABSOLUTE MOSTURE CONT. NECESSORY
- PROTECTION DURING SETTING
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21. EVOLUTION OF BONDING MATERIALS-
• 1955 – BUONOCORE - ENAMEL ETCHING
• 1960 –BOWEN -GAVE BIS-GMA
• 1965 – NEWMAN -USED EPOXY RESIN AFTER
ETCHING
• ATTEMPTS OF BONDING WITHOUT ETCHING
• 1968 SMITH- ZINC POLYCARBOXILATE CEMENT
• 1971 ACRYLIC RESIN USING TRI- N- BORNE
DERIVATIVE , ADV. USE IN MOIST ENVIRON.
• GIC CEMENT
• DIACRYLATE RESINS – AS SEALENTS OR
ADHESIVES
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22. IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
1. DINENTIONALY STABLE
2. FLUIDITY
3. INHERENT STRENGTH
4. SUFFICIENT WORKING TIME
5. MIN. SETTING TIME
6. LASTING BONG WITH ENAMEL & DENTIN
7. BIOCOMPATIBLE
8. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANTION EQUAL
TO TOOTH
9. EASY TO USE CLINICALLY
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23. 10. MIN. SHRINKAGE
11. RESISTANT TO DISINTEGRATION
12. SHD. BE HYDROPHOBIC
13. MUST RELEASE FLUORIDE
14. EASY DEBONDING
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24. ADHESION – THE MOLECULAR ATTRACTION EXERTED
BETWEEN SURFACES OF BODIES IN CONTACT OR
THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE MOLECULES AT
INTERFACE
1. PHYSICAL ADSORPTION
2. CHEMISORPTION
WETTING CONTACT ANGLE-
THE ADHESIVE MUST WET THE TOOTH SURFACE BY
MIN. CONTACT ANGLE ( 15 DEGREES)
VISCOSITY
SURFACE TENTION
NATURE OF SOLID TOOTH SURFACE
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25. VARIBLES AFFECTING BOND STRENGTH
1. ADHESIVE PROPERTIES
2. TYPE OF ORTHO. ATTACHMENT
3. EFFECT OF ETCHING
4. EFFECT OF TOPICAL FLUORUDE
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26. MANIPULATION
A. ORAL PROPHYLAXIS
B. ENAMEL ETCHING
C. USE OF ADHESIVES
ADHESIVES-
COMPOSITE RESINS—
COMPOSITE OF 2 OR MORE MACROMOLECULES
COMPOSITION-
1 RESIN MATRIX
2 FILLER
3 COUPLING AGENT
4 OTHERS www.indiandentalacademy.com

27. MODE OF SUPPLY:-
1 TWO PASTE SYSTEM
2 POWER LIQUID SYSTEM
3 LIGHT ACTIVATED SINGLE PASTE SYSTEM
POLYMERIZATION:-
--ADDITIONAL MECHANISM
-- INITIATION BY FREE RADICALS
-- RADICAL GENERATION- CHEMICAL , EXTERNAL
U.V. LIGHT AND VISIBLE LIGHT
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28. CLASIFICATION:-
1 CONVENTIONAL (8 TO 12)
2 SMALL PARTICLE ( 1—5)
3 MICROFILLED (0.O4—0.4)
4 HYBRID (0-1)
ENAMEL BONDING AGENT:--
TO ENHANCE WETTABILITY
USE OF UNFILLED RESINS
DILUTED BY LOW VISCOSITY MONOMERS
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29. DIFFERENT METHODS OF BONDING
1 DIRECT BONDING
2 INDIRECT BONDING
RECENT ADVANCES IN BONDING
BONDING TO GOLD, AMALGAM, AND PORCELAIN
INTRA ORAL SANDBLASTING –50 MICRON AL OXIDE
USE OF CONVENTIONAL COMPOSITES
ETCHING WITH HF OR APF GEL FOR PORCELAIN
USE OF TIN PLATING
ADHESIVE BOND CHEMICALLY TO METAL—4META ,
10 MDP-BIS GMA
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