SK
Uploaded byshari kurup
PPTX, PDF2,534 views

Dental ceramics

The document provides a comprehensive overview of metal-free ceramics in dentistry, detailing their structure, classification, composition, properties, and methods of strengthening. It discusses the historical development of dental ceramics, various types such as silicate and oxide ceramics, and their indications and contraindications for use. The text also highlights techniques for enhancing ceramic strength and presents different all-ceramic systems used in prosthodontics.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 42 times
METAL FREE CERAMICS Shari .S.R Ist year MDS Dept. of Prosthodontics
CONTENTS • Introduction • Ceramics • Dental ceramics • Structure • Classification • Composition • Properties • Indications/contra-indications • Methods of strengthening Ceramics • All-ceramic systems
INTRODUCTION • The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos), "of pottery" Ref : wikipedia
CERAMICS • A ceramic is an inorganic, non- metallic solid material comprising of metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalentbonds. Ref : Wikipedia
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi. • DENTAL CERAMICS is an inorganic compound with non-metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semimetallic elements (e.g.. Al, Ca, Li, Mg, K, Si, Na, Sn, Ti and Zr) that is formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis.
HISTORY Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. 1789 First porcelain tooth material patented by DE CHEMANT AND DUCHTAEAU 1808 TERRO METALLIC porcelain teeth by FONZI 1817 PLANTEAU introduced porcelain teeth to the UNITED STATES 1822 PEALE developed a BAKING PROCESS in philadelphia 1837 ASH improved porcelain tooth IN ENGLAND 1903 CHARLES LAND Introduced FIRST CERAMIC CROWNS to dentistry
STRUCTURE • Contain – Crystal phase - Silicate Glass matrix phase • Si – O Tetrahedron • SiO4 tetrahedra linked by sharing their corners Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. Si4+ O- O- O- O-
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
CLASSIFICATION 1. Uses / Indications 2. Composition 3. Processing method 4. Firing temperature 5. Microstructure 6. Translucency Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
1. Based on USES Anterior crowns Posterior crowns Veneers Post and Cores FPDs Stain ceramic Glaze ceramic Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
2. Based on Composition Ref : Practical Guide to resin cements CERAMICS SILICA based Feldspathic Porcelain Leucite reinforced Lithium disilicate NON SILICA based Alumina Zirconia
2. Based on Composition 1. Silicate Ceramics 2. Oxide Ceramics 3. Non – oxide Ceramics 4. Glass Ceramics Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. • Principal AMORPHOUS glass phase with porous structure i.e. mainly silica • Also contain crystals e.g. Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2 • Eg:Feldspathic porcelain SILICATE CERAMICS • Principal CRYSTALLINE phase e.g. Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2 • None or small glass phase content • Eg:zirconia (ZrO2),Pure alumina OXIDE CERAMICS
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. • Impractical for use in dentistry • Complex processing methods, unesthetic NON OXIDE CERAMICS • Principal AMORPHOUS glass phase • Crystal phase induced by controlled crystallization • e.g. Dicor glass ceramic GLASS CERAMICS
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
4. Based on Processing Methods Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
COMPOSITION Feldspar ( Basic glass former) Kaolin( Binder) Quartz( Filler) Alumina( Glass former) Boric oxide(Glass former and fluxes) Oxides of Na, K and Ca (Fluxes or glass modifiers) Metallic pigments (Color matching) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• FELDSPAR - Naturally occuring minerals - K2O/ Na2O/ Al2O3/ SiO2 - Liquid Phase Sintering - Tendency to form Leucite on melting – Incongruent melting Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. • QUARTZ Functions:  Refractory skeleton  Provides strength and hardness to porcelain during fusing • ALUMINA Functions:  Strength and opacity to the porcelain  Alters softening point  Increases the viscosity of porcelain during firing
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. • GLASS MODIFIERS Lower the softening temperature Increase the CTE Decrease viscosity • Oxides : Sodium, Potassium and Calcium oxide( 9-15%) • Boric oxide- 2-7% is also added for the same purpose • Water – H30+replaces alkali metal ions in porcelain slow crack growth
• OPACIFIERS - Oxides of Cerium, titanium, zirconium and tin - Ground to a particle size of less than 5 µm. • FLUORESCING AGENTS - Cerium oxide Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• METALLIC OXIDES Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. METALLIC OXIDES COLOUR Iron / Nickel oxide Brown Copper oxide Green Titanium oxide Yellowish brown Manganese oxide Lavender Cobalt oxide Blue
PROPERTIES • STRENGTH • Measured in terms of flexural strength(compressive+tensile+shear) • 70-120MPA • Low tensile strength ----brittle materials(unavoidable surface defects) • Low shear strength(lack of ductilility---complex structure of porcelain) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
PROPERTIES (cont.) • MODULUS OF ELASTICITY • High stifness ---high MOE • SURFACE HARDNESS • Porcelain is much harder than natural teeth • ABRASIVENESS OF CERAMICS • Cause catastrophic wear of opposing tooth structure • Under certain conditions like: • Unglazed ceramics(Asperities---projecting crystals) • Bruxism • Occlusal interferences. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
PROPERTIES (cont.) • Alumina,Zirconia>than plain glass • Conventional ceramics>ultra low fusing ceramics • Poor thermal conductivity • Good dimensional stability • CHEMICAL STABILITY:Insoluble and Impermeable to oral fluids • Resistant to most solvents • EXCEPT Hydrofluoric acid (etch ceramic) • Good colour stability Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. Duram LFC(Hydrothermal LFC)
ADVANTAGES • Good esthetic qualities • High hardness • High compressive strength • Good chemical stability • Excellent biocompatibility DISADVANTAGES • Brittleness • Low fracture toughness • Low tensile strength Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
INDICATIONS • Esthetic alternative to discolored teeth • Esthetic alternative - grossly decayed carious teeth • Congenital anomalies • Veneers • Inlays • Onlays • Abutment retainers • Denture tooth material • Orthodontics as ceramic brackets Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
CONTRA INDICATIONS • Young permanent teeth. • Small short or thin crowns (relative contraindications) • Severe Bruxism • Signs of high caries risk Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
METHODS OF STRENGTHENING CERAMICS Strengthening of the material Interruption of crack propagation Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 9th edi.
STRENGTHENING OF THE MATERIAL • Introduction of residual compressive stress • Ion exchange • Thermal tempering • Optimal design • Minimize firing cycles • Minimize effect of stress raisers INTERRUPTION OF CRACK PROPAGATION • Dispersion of crystalline phase • Transformation toughening Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 9th, 12th edi.
Development of Residual Compressive Stress • To prevent fracture – prevent tensile stress 1. Choose veneering ceramics whose thermal expansion or contraction coefficient is slightly less than that of core ceramics 2. Inner layer contracts more on cooling and produce compressive stress in outer layer 3. Use:Slight mismatch in CTE in metal ceramic so that metal contracts more than porcelain on cooling Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
Minimising the number of Firing Cycles • Increase in concentration of leucite • Leucite is a high expansion crystal phase • Increase in CTE of porcelain than metal Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ion Exchange/Chemical tempering • If Sodium containing glass particle is placed in a bath of molten KNO3 • K+ is about 35% larger than Na+ • Depth of compression zone < 100 µm Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
Thermal Tempering • Rapidly cooling the surface of the object while it is hot and in molten state---a skin of rigid glass surrounding a soft molten core. • As molten core solidifies, tends to shrink • Residual compressive stresses within the outer surface Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
Minimize tensile stress through optimal design of ceramic prosthesis. • The design should not be subjected to tensile stress • Sharp line angles on the preparation and coping avoided • The porcelain thickness should be uniform. • In PFM, metal should be strong and ductile not allowing flexing. • In bridges, use greater connector height( 4mm), broader connector. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 9th,12th edi.
Minimising Stress Concentrations • Minute scratches and flaws on the surface of ceramics : sharp slits – tensile stresses • STRESS RAISERS : discontinuities in ceramic structures • Abrupt change in shape and thickness • Removal of surface flaws – large increase in strength Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
Ref : wikipedia.
INTERRUPTION OF CRACK PROPAGATION TRANSFORMATION TOUGHENING - Crack shielding mechanism resulting from controlled transformation of metastable tetragonal phase to stable monoclinic phase Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
EXAMPLE • Hence Yttria stabilised zirconia ceramic is sometimes referred to as : CERAMIC STEEL • Fracture toughness tends to increase with increasing grain size Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
YTTRIA STABILISED ZIRCONIA • Zirconia – biomaterial used since 1970 • Under Atm pr, pure zirconia exhibit 3 different crystal structures - > 2367°c : CUBIC - 2367°c to 1167°c : TETRAGONAL - < 1167°c : MONOCLINIC Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• ZIRCONIA – nonmetal with extremely low thermal conductivity Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. • Tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition results in 3-5 vol% increase • STABILISING OXIDES - MgO - Y2O3 (Yttria) - CaO - Ce2O3 • Most common : 3-5 mol% Yttria
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
DISPERSION STRENGTHENING • Reinforcing ceramic and glasses with a dispersed phase of a different material • Hinders crack propagation • Eg: Alumina,ZIRCONIA,leucite etc. • Crack cannot easily pass through alumina particles compared to glass particles Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
ALL CERAMIC SYSTEMS
• PLATINUM FOIL MATRIX CONDENSED PORCELAIN RESTORATIONS  TRADITIONAL FELDSPATHIC PORCELAINS  PJC WITH ALUMINOUS CORE(HI CERAM)  CERAMIC JACKET CROWN WITH LEUCITE REINFORCED CORE(OPTEC HSP) • CASTABLE GLASS CERAMIC(DICOR) • PRESSABLE GLASS CERAMIC(HIP)  LEUCITE REINFORCED GLASS CERAMIC(IPS EMPRESS)  LITHIA DISILLICATE REINFORCED GLASS CERAMICS(IPS EMPRESS 2) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• SLIP CAST GLASS INFILTRATED CERAMICS  GLASS INFILTRATED ALUMINOUS CORE(IN CERAM ALUMINA,AL2O3)  GLASS INFILTRATED SPINELL CORE(IN CERAM SPINELL, MGO –AL2O3)  GLASS INFILTRATED ZIRCONIA(INCERAM ZIRCONIA, AL2O3-ZRO2) • CERAMIC RESTORATIONS FROM CAD-CAM CERAMIC BLANKS  FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN BLANK(VITA BLOCK MARK II)  LITHIA DISILICATE GLASS CERAMIC BLANKS(IPS EMAX)  GLASS INFILTRATED BLANKS(INCERAM)  PARTIALLY SINTERED ZIRCONIA BLANKS(VITA INCERAM YZ)  FULLY SINTERED ZIRCONIA BLANKS(EVEREST ZH BLANKS) • CERAMIC RESTORATIONS FROM COPY MILLED CERAMIC BLANKS • ALUMINA BLOCKS (CELAY INCERAM) • SPINELL BLOCKS
POWDER LIQUID SYSTEM Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
ALUMINOUS CORE PORCELAIN (HI CERAM) • Mc Lean & Hughes • Objectives: • Improve esthetics by replacement of the thicker metal coping with a thin platinum foil,more room for porcelain(platinum foil matrix) • Forming tin oxide coating on Platinum foil • Reduce the weakening effect of surface irregularities on inner surface of crowns • Adv : excellent for anterior teeth Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• Disadvantages : • Poor esthetics • Extensive reduction needed • Porcelain used for veneering in PFM cant be used with aluminous core. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
LEUCITE REINFORCED FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN (OPTEC HSP) • 45% volume tetragonal leucite • The greater the leucite content of optec HSP porcelain compared with conventional feldspathic porcelain for metal ceramic leads to higher modulus of rupture and compressive strength Rosenblum & Alan Schulman. A review of all ceramic restorations JADA March 1997.
Advantages : • Good translucency compared to alumina crowns • Flexural strength higher than conventional feldspathic porcelains. Disadvantages: • Marginal in accuracy caused by marginal porcelain sintering shrinkage • Potential to fracture in posterior teeth Uses : Employed for inlays ,onlays ,crowns for low stress areas,veneers. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
CASTALE GLASS CERAMICS • DICOR(Dentsply.int) • CERA PEARL(Kyocera) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
CASTABLE GLASS CERAMICS • First proposed by MacCulloch • First commercially available is DICOR, was developed by Corning Glass Works and marketed by Dentsply International • Formed into the desired shape as glass and subjected to heat treatment – induce PARTIAL DEVITRIFICATION –( loss of glassy structure by crystallisation of glass) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
STEPS: • Castable glass -> lost wax casting process • Covered by protective embedment materials & subjected to heat treatment CERAMMING(1075deg C for 1.5 hrs ) • Microscopic platelike crystals of tetrasilicic fluormica to grow within the matrix –( to interrupt the propagation of cracks ) • Ground as necessary and coated with veneering porcelain • CHAMELEON EFFECT Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• DICOR - 55 % tetrasilicicfluormica • DICOR MGC – Higher quality product - CAD-CAM blanks / ingots - 70% tetrasilicicfluormica Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
ADVANTAGES • Ease of fabrication • Good esthetics • Good marginal fit • Minimal processing shrinkage • Low abrasion to tooth structure • Improved strength DISADVANTAGES • Inadequate strength for posterior use • Has to be stained externally (No internal characterisation) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
HYDROXYAPATITE BASED CASTABLE GLASS CERAMIC(CERAPEARL) • Developed by kyoceram group of japan • The main crystalline phase is oxyapatite,transformable into hydroxyapatite when exposed to moisture • It melts at 1460deg c and flows like a melting glass • The cast material has an amorphous microstructure and when reheated at 870 deg c forms crystalline hydroxyapatite
• Because of its crystalline constituent simillar to natural enamel its biocompatible. • Cerapearl is very white in comparison with natural tooth enamel and requires application of external stain. • Cerestain by bioceram is designed for this purpose
PRESSABLE CERAMIC • Shrink free ceramic: cerestore • Leucite reinforeced glass ceramics: IPS empress  OPC • Lithia disilicate reinforced glass ceramic: OPC 3G  IPS Empress 2 Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
HIP GLASS CERAMICS • Precerammed glass ceramic having high concentraion of reinforcing crystals.  Leucite reinforced  Lithia disilicate reinforced Uses a piston to force heated ceramic ingot through a heated tube into a mould(injection -molding) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• IPS Empress : leucite based • IPS Empress 2 : Li disilicate based • OPC – Leucite based • OPC 3G – Lithia Disilcate based Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
• Adv : lack of metal excellent aesthetics • Disadv : potential to fracture in posterior regions need to use resin cement Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
GLASS INFILTRATED CORE CERAMICS • 3 SYSTEMS : - Based on partially sintered Alumina - Based on Mg-Al Spinel - Based on Zirconia – Alumina core
STEPS • A slurry of one of these materials applied on the porous die – slip casting process • Dense packing of particles against a porous die(water absorbed by die) • 1120°c for 10 hours / more • Porous ceramic framework is infused with molten Lanthanum glass----Glass infiltration Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
ICS: Anterior crowns ICA:Anterior and posterior crowns Anterior three unit FPD ICZ:Not recommended for anteior prosthesis(opacity) Posterior crowns and FPD • Adv : no shrinkage associated with the process Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
MACHINABLE CERAMICS • CAD CAM CERAMICS-CEREC SYSTEM • COPY MILLED CERAMCS CELAY CERATIC -2
CAD CAM Ceramics There were three pioneers in particular who contributed to the development of the current dental CAD/CAM systems. • Dr.Duret-First fabricated crowns through optical impression • Dr.moermann-The developer of the cerec system • Dr.Andersson- The procera system Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLES OF CAD CAM SYSTEMS
CAD –CAM SYSTEMS EXHIBIT THREE COMPUTER LINKED FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS • Computerized surface digitization • Computer –aided design • Computer –assisted manufacturing • Computer aided esthetics • Computer aided finishing Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Step-1 obtaining optical impression Impression is captured electronically with the help of 1. Intra oral specialised camera or 2. Laser system or 3. Miniature contact digitizer or 4. Sapphire probe Gary Davidowitz ,The Use of CAD/CAM in dentistry ,dental clinics,vol 55,issue 3,p559- 570
SURFACE DIGITIZATION • CEREC camera works on Active Double Triangulation Principle i.e recording cavity from two different triangulation angles. • This eliminates adjusting procedure.
• Tooth surface coated with antireflection substance(Titanium dioxide powder spray)for accurate optical impression
OPTICAL IMPRESSION
Step -2 Restoration Design • CEREC R 2005 ,CEREC 3 software • Data thus acquired is now analysed using CAD software provides a 3D Image of future restoration
• Using the CAD software an Occlusal Analysis is made,any undercuts are marked and can block out,then digital image is sent to clinician for correction. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING • Restorations are milled to the dimensions of the scanned image with diamond discs or other instruments that are electrically driven and lubricated with water. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi. GREEN STATE MILLING • Cercon • Lava • ZirkonZahn • HintelsZirkon PARTIALLY SINTERED State MILLING • IPS e.max • VITA Inceram YZ Cubes • EverestPrecident DCS FULLY SINTERED State milling • Denzir Premium • Kavo Everest
Procedural sequence – CADCAM using partially sintered blanks Set the blank in milling machine Set the enlargement factor Insert the appropriate tool After completion, remove the framework and the residual blank Cut the framework from the blank Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
PARALLEL MILLING WITH TWO TOOLS
COMPLETED BRIDGE FRAMEWORK
Clean and dry Place it in the isothermal hot zone of sintering furnace Sinter to achieve optimum density After cooling, remove & inspect Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
COPY MILLED CERAMICS • MANUAL –CELAY • AUTOMATIC –CERATIC - 2
COPY MILLING TECHNOLOGY CELAY SYSTEM (Mikrona Tech.) wax pattern is scanned Wax pattern scanned with tracing tool The coarse diamond disk duplicates the exact movements of the scanner and restoration is milled.
CELAY SYSTEM
Sapna rani,esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth with copy milled restorations:a case report of two cases, 2017
CERATIC-2 Automatic Wax pattern is fixed on the scanning side of the machine Scanning and machining is executed simutaneously and fully automatically Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
PURE ALUMINA CORE CERAMICS • Procera All Ceram (Nobel Biocare) in 1986 • Indi : Anterior & posterior crowns • Oversized die • Pure alumina dry pressed • Sintered • Onto which feldspathic porcelain veneer is applied & sintered • Adv : more translucent than InCeram Zirconia Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE • M Ozcan,P Pfeiffer,I Nergiz,Operative dentistry,2002,27,132-136 Marginal adaptation of ceramic inserts after cementation. • Abstract:The advantage of using ceramic inserts is to prevent major drawbacks of composite resins such as polymerisation shrinkage ,microlekage.This invitro study evaluated the marginal adaptation of two approximal ceramic insertsystems after cementation to the cavities opened with ultra sonic tips. • Results:ceramic inserts placed in cavities prepared with ultrasonic tips provide clinically acceptable marginal quality.
H Murali ,Ragoothama Rao,Chirag Bansal indian journal of dental sciences9wolters kluwer) clinical evaluation of prefabricated ceramic inlays.2016,vol 8,issue 4 • Background:one of the methods to overcome the problem of polymerization contraction of posterior composites is to use prefabricated ceramic inlays in combination with composites • Aims:the performance of cerena prefabricated inlay system was evaluated • Materials and method:20 Proximo occlusal cavities were restored with cerena prefabricated inlay system in patients.the performance was assesed using modified USPHS Ryge criteriaat the end of 3,6,12 months. • Results:The cerena inlay systemshowed good fracture resistance,good marginal integrity and maintenance of anatomic forms at the end of 12 months.
• Each system has its own merits ,but may also have shortcomings.combinations of materials and techniques are beginning to emerge which aim to exploit the best features of each. • It is no exaggeration that the last century saw a revolution in dental esthetics and is expected to continue ,which will be influential in determining the range of ceramic products made available.
• Philip’s Science of Dental Materials – 9,11,12 editions • Craig’s Restorative Materials • Sturdevant’s • Dental clinics of north america (713-727);recent advances in materials for all ceramic restoration. • Dental ceramics-an update journal of conservative dentistry 2010 dec 13(4) • Dental ceramics:Current thinking and trends – DCNA-2004
THANK YOU

More Related Content

PPTX
DENTAL CERAMIC AND ITS ADVANCEMENTS.pptx
byDrZadenokithan
 
PPTX
Ceramics seminar
byAbhishek Sharma
 
PPTX
Dental Ceramics
byAkshat Sachdeva
 
PPT
Porcelains used in metal ceramics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
byIndian dental academy
 
PPTX
Ceramics
byAbhilash Mohapatra
 
PPTX
History of dental ceramics
byMohamed M. Abdul-Monem
 
PPTX
Dental ceramics part II
byDr. KRITI TREHAN
 
PPTX
Dental ceramics (Composition,Microstructure and Applications)
byMohamed M. Abdul-Monem
 
DENTAL CERAMIC AND ITS ADVANCEMENTS.pptx
byDrZadenokithan
 
Ceramics seminar
byAbhishek Sharma
 
Dental Ceramics
byAkshat Sachdeva
 
Porcelains used in metal ceramics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
byIndian dental academy
 
Ceramics
byAbhilash Mohapatra
 
History of dental ceramics
byMohamed M. Abdul-Monem
 
Dental ceramics part II
byDr. KRITI TREHAN
 
Dental ceramics (Composition,Microstructure and Applications)
byMohamed M. Abdul-Monem
 

What's hot

PPTX
Dental ceramics
byNishu Priya
 
PPTX
METHODS OF STRENGTHENING DENTAL CERAMICS - Dr MEENU MERRY C PAUL
byMeenuMerryCPaul
 
PPTX
Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) - Science of Dental materials
bydrabbasnaseem
 
PPTX
Direct filling gold
bySauravShelke
 
PPT
Dental cements
byNadeem Aashiq
 
PPTX
Investment material
byNakul Patidar
 
PPTX
Casting procedures
bybhuvanesh4668
 
PPTX
Cavity preparation
byAnubhuti Singh
 
PPTX
zinc polycarboxylate.pptx
byDentalYoutube
 
PPTX
Cast restorations
byDeepthi P Ramachandran
 
PPT
Glass ionomer cement
byAnkit Patel
 
PPTX
Calcium hydroxide
byU1Yuvansai
 
PDF
Contacts & Contours
byDr. Nithin Mathew
 
PPTX
Properties of Dental Materials by Dr Rashid Hassan
byDr Rashid Hassan
 
PPSX
Impression Materials (Dental)
byDr. Md. Arifur Rahman
 
PPS
dental cements (3) dental material
byDr-Faisal Al-Qahtani
 
PPT
Bevels and flares in dental restoration
byDr. Mayank Nahta
 
PPTX
Speeds in dentistry
byDeepesh Mehta
 
PPTX
Isolation Of Dental Operating Field
byDrAnuprabha Shrivastav
 
PPTX
Pulp capping agents
byRajana Raghunath
 
Dental ceramics
byNishu Priya
 
METHODS OF STRENGTHENING DENTAL CERAMICS - Dr MEENU MERRY C PAUL
byMeenuMerryCPaul
 
Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) - Science of Dental materials
bydrabbasnaseem
 
Direct filling gold
bySauravShelke
 
Dental cements
byNadeem Aashiq
 
Investment material
byNakul Patidar
 
Casting procedures
bybhuvanesh4668
 
Cavity preparation
byAnubhuti Singh
 
zinc polycarboxylate.pptx
byDentalYoutube
 
Cast restorations
byDeepthi P Ramachandran
 
Glass ionomer cement
byAnkit Patel
 
Calcium hydroxide
byU1Yuvansai
 
Contacts & Contours
byDr. Nithin Mathew
 
Properties of Dental Materials by Dr Rashid Hassan
byDr Rashid Hassan
 
Impression Materials (Dental)
byDr. Md. Arifur Rahman
 
dental cements (3) dental material
byDr-Faisal Al-Qahtani
 
Bevels and flares in dental restoration
byDr. Mayank Nahta
 
Speeds in dentistry
byDeepesh Mehta
 
Isolation Of Dental Operating Field
byDrAnuprabha Shrivastav
 
Pulp capping agents
byRajana Raghunath
 

Similar to Dental ceramics

PPT
Dental ceramics.ppt
bymanzoor ul haq bukhari
 
PPTX
DENTAL CERAMICS
byDr Sumaya Saleem
 
PPTX
DENTAL CERAMIC AND ITS ADVANCEMENTS.pptx
byDrZadenokithan
 
PPTX
DENTAL CERAMICS AN INTRODUCTION
byNAMITHA ANAND
 
PPTX
10.Dental Ceramics in restorative dentistry.pptx
byNamithaMadhamshetty1
 
PPTX
ceramic
byKumari Kalpana
 
PPT
all ceramic materials- Dr Rasleen Sabharwal
byRas Sabharwal
 
PPTX
Ceramics dental the use and way of install
byUnleasher42875
 
PPTX
All ceramic restortion shadan
byshadanAltayar
 
PPTX
Ceramics ppt.pptx
byCmenonMenon
 
PPT
ceramics
byconsendosbpdch
 
PPT
Ceramics
byArjun Jawahar
 
PPT
Dental ceramics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
byIndian dental academy
 
PPTX
CERAMICS and its properties,introductyion on ceramica ceramics.pptx
bymansidhiran997
 
PPTX
DENTAL CERAMICS in fixed partial denture
byrajithaedunuri
 
PPTX
Dental Ceramics dental material prosthodontics
bysakshivishwas4681
 
PPTX
Dental Ceramics, classification and it's composition.pptx
byZainabshigihalli
 
PPTX
Dental Ceramics and it's classification.pptx
byZainabshigihalli
 
PPT
all types of Ceramics into dental fields
bymfouad25877
 
PPTX
RECENT ADVANCES IN DENTAL CERAMICS.pptx
byGaneshPavanKumarKarr
 
Dental ceramics.ppt
bymanzoor ul haq bukhari
 
DENTAL CERAMICS
byDr Sumaya Saleem
 
DENTAL CERAMIC AND ITS ADVANCEMENTS.pptx
byDrZadenokithan
 
DENTAL CERAMICS AN INTRODUCTION
byNAMITHA ANAND
 
10.Dental Ceramics in restorative dentistry.pptx
byNamithaMadhamshetty1
 
ceramic
byKumari Kalpana
 
all ceramic materials- Dr Rasleen Sabharwal
byRas Sabharwal
 
Ceramics dental the use and way of install
byUnleasher42875
 
All ceramic restortion shadan
byshadanAltayar
 
Ceramics ppt.pptx
byCmenonMenon
 
ceramics
byconsendosbpdch
 
Ceramics
byArjun Jawahar
 
Dental ceramics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
byIndian dental academy
 
CERAMICS and its properties,introductyion on ceramica ceramics.pptx
bymansidhiran997
 
DENTAL CERAMICS in fixed partial denture
byrajithaedunuri
 
Dental Ceramics dental material prosthodontics
bysakshivishwas4681
 
Dental Ceramics, classification and it's composition.pptx
byZainabshigihalli
 
Dental Ceramics and it's classification.pptx
byZainabshigihalli
 
all types of Ceramics into dental fields
bymfouad25877
 
RECENT ADVANCES IN DENTAL CERAMICS.pptx
byGaneshPavanKumarKarr
 

More from shari kurup

PPTX
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
SMILE DESIGN
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
ARTICULATORS
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
Principles and techniques of impresion
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
ETHICS IN DENTISTRY
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
MAXILLARY MAJOR CONNECTOR.pptx
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
Selective grinding
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
PLATFORM SWITCHING
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
IMPLANT OCCLUSION
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
TOOTH SUPPORTED OVERDENTURE
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
BASICS IN DENTAL IMPLANT
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
vertical jaw relation
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
PROGRESSIVE LOADING IN IMPLANTS
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
1.PLATFORM SWITCHING - Dr Shari S R.pptx
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS first part
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
LASERS IN PROSTHODONTICS
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
Pedagogy.pptx
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
Phonetics
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS second part
byshari kurup
 
PPTX
DONNING AND DOFFING
byshari kurup
 
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
byshari kurup
 
SMILE DESIGN
byshari kurup
 
ARTICULATORS
byshari kurup
 
Principles and techniques of impresion
byshari kurup
 
ETHICS IN DENTISTRY
byshari kurup
 
MAXILLARY MAJOR CONNECTOR.pptx
byshari kurup
 
Selective grinding
byshari kurup
 
PLATFORM SWITCHING
byshari kurup
 
IMPLANT OCCLUSION
byshari kurup
 
TOOTH SUPPORTED OVERDENTURE
byshari kurup
 
BASICS IN DENTAL IMPLANT
byshari kurup
 
vertical jaw relation
byshari kurup
 
PROGRESSIVE LOADING IN IMPLANTS
byshari kurup
 
1.PLATFORM SWITCHING - Dr Shari S R.pptx
byshari kurup
 
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS first part
byshari kurup
 
LASERS IN PROSTHODONTICS
byshari kurup
 
Pedagogy.pptx
byshari kurup
 
Phonetics
byshari kurup
 
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS second part
byshari kurup
 
DONNING AND DOFFING
byshari kurup
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
Christmas Cooking Feast/Christmas Cooking Feast
byLahcen Idar
 
PDF
Get Best Massage in Ajman — Visit Rangeela Spa Ajman
byRangeela Spa Ajman
 
PDF
Ariana Lyons: This longitudinal analysis, authored by Ariana Lyons, examines ...
byAriana Lyons
 
PPT
Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink o...
byDrShantikumarLaishra1
 
PPTX
Metformin safety during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
byDr. Om J Lakhani
 
PPTX
Spondylosis Physiotherapy, Aayushi Bodiwala
byAayushiBodiwala
 
PPTX
SD curve in electrotherapy practical .pptx
byvetriselvi38
 
PDF
Hospital Administration Software Enhancing Governance, Compliance, and Operat...
byGrapes Innovative Solutions
 
PPTX
Detailed discussion on asbestosis in patients .pptx
byaroobamehbob
 
PDF
Fit For Cash/Fit For Cash/Fit For Cash/Fit For Cash
byLahcen Idar
 
PDF
Top Medical Billing Mistakes That Cost U.S. Practices Thousands Every Month.pdf
byketanborhade825
 
PDF
Visit Rangeela Spa Ajman — A World of Relaxation
byRangeela Spa Ajman
 
PDF
Pediatrics in Gastonia helps parents spot sprain versus fracture
byGastonia Pediatric Associates
 
PPTX
neoplasia prentation.pptx for pathology
bydrdaaha2
 
PDF
Why Regular Blood Pressure, Cholesterol & Diabetes Monitoring Is Critical for...
byVighnahartaHeartCare
 
PDF
Bsc nursing syllabus and subject details.pdf
bypavitra8057
 
PDF
SPA_L3 Core Glossary_2021.pdf healthcare
byaliciaquijanotorres1
 
PPTX
Part I(II-V)_locked.pptxdbbdbxndndbxbdbfb
bymengeshakasaw1221
 
PPTX
Liver - spleen - Pancreas- biliary surgery presentation for nurses
byShacharLaks1
 
PPTX
IUGR_Management_Presentation-1.pptx for BSc students
byaddis18
 
Christmas Cooking Feast/Christmas Cooking Feast
byLahcen Idar
 
Get Best Massage in Ajman — Visit Rangeela Spa Ajman
byRangeela Spa Ajman
 
Ariana Lyons: This longitudinal analysis, authored by Ariana Lyons, examines ...
byAriana Lyons
 
Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink o...
byDrShantikumarLaishra1
 
Metformin safety during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
byDr. Om J Lakhani
 
Spondylosis Physiotherapy, Aayushi Bodiwala
byAayushiBodiwala
 
SD curve in electrotherapy practical .pptx
byvetriselvi38
 
Hospital Administration Software Enhancing Governance, Compliance, and Operat...
byGrapes Innovative Solutions
 
Detailed discussion on asbestosis in patients .pptx
byaroobamehbob
 
Fit For Cash/Fit For Cash/Fit For Cash/Fit For Cash
byLahcen Idar
 
Top Medical Billing Mistakes That Cost U.S. Practices Thousands Every Month.pdf
byketanborhade825
 
Visit Rangeela Spa Ajman — A World of Relaxation
byRangeela Spa Ajman
 
Pediatrics in Gastonia helps parents spot sprain versus fracture
byGastonia Pediatric Associates
 
neoplasia prentation.pptx for pathology
bydrdaaha2
 
Why Regular Blood Pressure, Cholesterol & Diabetes Monitoring Is Critical for...
byVighnahartaHeartCare
 
Bsc nursing syllabus and subject details.pdf
bypavitra8057
 
SPA_L3 Core Glossary_2021.pdf healthcare
byaliciaquijanotorres1
 
Part I(II-V)_locked.pptxdbbdbxndndbxbdbfb
bymengeshakasaw1221
 
Liver - spleen - Pancreas- biliary surgery presentation for nurses
byShacharLaks1
 
IUGR_Management_Presentation-1.pptx for BSc students
byaddis18
 

Dental ceramics

  • 1.
    METAL FREE CERAMICS Shari .S.R Istyear MDS Dept. of Prosthodontics
  • 2.
    CONTENTS • Introduction • Ceramics •Dental ceramics • Structure • Classification • Composition • Properties • Indications/contra-indications • Methods of strengthening Ceramics • All-ceramic systems
  • 3.
    INTRODUCTION • The word"ceramic comes from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos), "of pottery" Ref : wikipedia
  • 4.
    CERAMICS • A ceramicis an inorganic, non- metallic solid material comprising of metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalentbonds. Ref : Wikipedia
  • 5.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 12th edi. • DENTAL CERAMICS is an inorganic compound with non-metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semimetallic elements (e.g.. Al, Ca, Li, Mg, K, Si, Na, Sn, Ti and Zr) that is formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis.
  • 6.
    HISTORY Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi. 1789 First porcelain tooth material patented by DE CHEMANT AND DUCHTAEAU 1808 TERRO METALLIC porcelain teeth by FONZI 1817 PLANTEAU introduced porcelain teeth to the UNITED STATES 1822 PEALE developed a BAKING PROCESS in philadelphia 1837 ASH improved porcelain tooth IN ENGLAND 1903 CHARLES LAND Introduced FIRST CERAMIC CROWNS to dentistry
  • 7.
    STRUCTURE • Contain –Crystal phase - Silicate Glass matrix phase • Si – O Tetrahedron • SiO4 tetrahedra linked by sharing their corners Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. Si4+ O- O- O- O-
  • 8.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 9.
    CLASSIFICATION 1. Uses /Indications 2. Composition 3. Processing method 4. Firing temperature 5. Microstructure 6. Translucency Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 10.
    1. Based onUSES Anterior crowns Posterior crowns Veneers Post and Cores FPDs Stain ceramic Glaze ceramic Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 11.
    2. Based onComposition Ref : Practical Guide to resin cements CERAMICS SILICA based Feldspathic Porcelain Leucite reinforced Lithium disilicate NON SILICA based Alumina Zirconia
  • 12.
    2. Based onComposition 1. Silicate Ceramics 2. Oxide Ceramics 3. Non – oxide Ceramics 4. Glass Ceramics Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 13.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi. • Principal AMORPHOUS glass phase with porous structure i.e. mainly silica • Also contain crystals e.g. Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2 • Eg:Feldspathic porcelain SILICATE CERAMICS • Principal CRYSTALLINE phase e.g. Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2 • None or small glass phase content • Eg:zirconia (ZrO2),Pure alumina OXIDE CERAMICS
  • 14.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi. • Impractical for use in dentistry • Complex processing methods, unesthetic NON OXIDE CERAMICS • Principal AMORPHOUS glass phase • Crystal phase induced by controlled crystallization • e.g. Dicor glass ceramic GLASS CERAMICS
  • 15.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 16.
    4. Based onProcessing Methods Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 17.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 18.
    COMPOSITION Feldspar ( Basicglass former) Kaolin( Binder) Quartz( Filler) Alumina( Glass former) Boric oxide(Glass former and fluxes) Oxides of Na, K and Ca (Fluxes or glass modifiers) Metallic pigments (Color matching) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 19.
    • FELDSPAR - Naturallyoccuring minerals - K2O/ Na2O/ Al2O3/ SiO2 - Liquid Phase Sintering - Tendency to form Leucite on melting – Incongruent melting Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 20.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi. • QUARTZ Functions:  Refractory skeleton  Provides strength and hardness to porcelain during fusing • ALUMINA Functions:  Strength and opacity to the porcelain  Alters softening point  Increases the viscosity of porcelain during firing
  • 21.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi. • GLASS MODIFIERS Lower the softening temperature Increase the CTE Decrease viscosity • Oxides : Sodium, Potassium and Calcium oxide( 9-15%) • Boric oxide- 2-7% is also added for the same purpose • Water – H30+replaces alkali metal ions in porcelain slow crack growth
  • 22.
    • OPACIFIERS - Oxidesof Cerium, titanium, zirconium and tin - Ground to a particle size of less than 5 µm. • FLUORESCING AGENTS - Cerium oxide Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 23.
    • METALLIC OXIDES Ref: Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. METALLIC OXIDES COLOUR Iron / Nickel oxide Brown Copper oxide Green Titanium oxide Yellowish brown Manganese oxide Lavender Cobalt oxide Blue
  • 24.
    PROPERTIES • STRENGTH • Measuredin terms of flexural strength(compressive+tensile+shear) • 70-120MPA • Low tensile strength ----brittle materials(unavoidable surface defects) • Low shear strength(lack of ductilility---complex structure of porcelain) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 25.
    PROPERTIES (cont.) • MODULUSOF ELASTICITY • High stifness ---high MOE • SURFACE HARDNESS • Porcelain is much harder than natural teeth • ABRASIVENESS OF CERAMICS • Cause catastrophic wear of opposing tooth structure • Under certain conditions like: • Unglazed ceramics(Asperities---projecting crystals) • Bruxism • Occlusal interferences. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 26.
    PROPERTIES (cont.) • Alumina,Zirconia>thanplain glass • Conventional ceramics>ultra low fusing ceramics • Poor thermal conductivity • Good dimensional stability • CHEMICAL STABILITY:Insoluble and Impermeable to oral fluids • Resistant to most solvents • EXCEPT Hydrofluoric acid (etch ceramic) • Good colour stability Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. Duram LFC(Hydrothermal LFC)
  • 27.
    ADVANTAGES • Good estheticqualities • High hardness • High compressive strength • Good chemical stability • Excellent biocompatibility DISADVANTAGES • Brittleness • Low fracture toughness • Low tensile strength Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 28.
    INDICATIONS • Esthetic alternativeto discolored teeth • Esthetic alternative - grossly decayed carious teeth • Congenital anomalies • Veneers • Inlays • Onlays • Abutment retainers • Denture tooth material • Orthodontics as ceramic brackets Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 29.
    CONTRA INDICATIONS • Youngpermanent teeth. • Small short or thin crowns (relative contraindications) • Severe Bruxism • Signs of high caries risk Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 30.
    METHODS OF STRENGTHENING CERAMICS Strengtheningof the material Interruption of crack propagation Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 9th edi.
  • 31.
    STRENGTHENING OF THEMATERIAL • Introduction of residual compressive stress • Ion exchange • Thermal tempering • Optimal design • Minimize firing cycles • Minimize effect of stress raisers INTERRUPTION OF CRACK PROPAGATION • Dispersion of crystalline phase • Transformation toughening Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 9th, 12th edi.
  • 32.
    Development of ResidualCompressive Stress • To prevent fracture – prevent tensile stress 1. Choose veneering ceramics whose thermal expansion or contraction coefficient is slightly less than that of core ceramics 2. Inner layer contracts more on cooling and produce compressive stress in outer layer 3. Use:Slight mismatch in CTE in metal ceramic so that metal contracts more than porcelain on cooling Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 33.
    Minimising the numberof Firing Cycles • Increase in concentration of leucite • Leucite is a high expansion crystal phase • Increase in CTE of porcelain than metal Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 34.
    Ion Exchange/Chemical tempering •If Sodium containing glass particle is placed in a bath of molten KNO3 • K+ is about 35% larger than Na+ • Depth of compression zone < 100 µm Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 35.
    Thermal Tempering • Rapidlycooling the surface of the object while it is hot and in molten state---a skin of rigid glass surrounding a soft molten core. • As molten core solidifies, tends to shrink • Residual compressive stresses within the outer surface Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 36.
    Minimize tensile stressthrough optimal design of ceramic prosthesis. • The design should not be subjected to tensile stress • Sharp line angles on the preparation and coping avoided • The porcelain thickness should be uniform. • In PFM, metal should be strong and ductile not allowing flexing. • In bridges, use greater connector height( 4mm), broader connector. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 9th,12th edi.
  • 37.
    Minimising Stress Concentrations •Minute scratches and flaws on the surface of ceramics : sharp slits – tensile stresses • STRESS RAISERS : discontinuities in ceramic structures • Abrupt change in shape and thickness • Removal of surface flaws – large increase in strength Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 38.
  • 39.
    INTERRUPTION OF CRACK PROPAGATION TRANSFORMATIONTOUGHENING - Crack shielding mechanism resulting from controlled transformation of metastable tetragonal phase to stable monoclinic phase Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 40.
    EXAMPLE • Hence Yttriastabilised zirconia ceramic is sometimes referred to as : CERAMIC STEEL • Fracture toughness tends to increase with increasing grain size Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 41.
    YTTRIA STABILISED ZIRCONIA •Zirconia – biomaterial used since 1970 • Under Atm pr, pure zirconia exhibit 3 different crystal structures - > 2367°c : CUBIC - 2367°c to 1167°c : TETRAGONAL - < 1167°c : MONOCLINIC Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 42.
    • ZIRCONIA –nonmetal with extremely low thermal conductivity Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 43.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi. • Tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition results in 3-5 vol% increase • STABILISING OXIDES - MgO - Y2O3 (Yttria) - CaO - Ce2O3 • Most common : 3-5 mol% Yttria
  • 44.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 45.
    DISPERSION STRENGTHENING • Reinforcingceramic and glasses with a dispersed phase of a different material • Hinders crack propagation • Eg: Alumina,ZIRCONIA,leucite etc. • Crack cannot easily pass through alumina particles compared to glass particles Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 46.
  • 47.
    • PLATINUM FOILMATRIX CONDENSED PORCELAIN RESTORATIONS  TRADITIONAL FELDSPATHIC PORCELAINS  PJC WITH ALUMINOUS CORE(HI CERAM)  CERAMIC JACKET CROWN WITH LEUCITE REINFORCED CORE(OPTEC HSP) • CASTABLE GLASS CERAMIC(DICOR) • PRESSABLE GLASS CERAMIC(HIP)  LEUCITE REINFORCED GLASS CERAMIC(IPS EMPRESS)  LITHIA DISILLICATE REINFORCED GLASS CERAMICS(IPS EMPRESS 2) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 48.
    • SLIP CASTGLASS INFILTRATED CERAMICS  GLASS INFILTRATED ALUMINOUS CORE(IN CERAM ALUMINA,AL2O3)  GLASS INFILTRATED SPINELL CORE(IN CERAM SPINELL, MGO –AL2O3)  GLASS INFILTRATED ZIRCONIA(INCERAM ZIRCONIA, AL2O3-ZRO2) • CERAMIC RESTORATIONS FROM CAD-CAM CERAMIC BLANKS  FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN BLANK(VITA BLOCK MARK II)  LITHIA DISILICATE GLASS CERAMIC BLANKS(IPS EMAX)  GLASS INFILTRATED BLANKS(INCERAM)  PARTIALLY SINTERED ZIRCONIA BLANKS(VITA INCERAM YZ)  FULLY SINTERED ZIRCONIA BLANKS(EVEREST ZH BLANKS) • CERAMIC RESTORATIONS FROM COPY MILLED CERAMIC BLANKS • ALUMINA BLOCKS (CELAY INCERAM) • SPINELL BLOCKS
  • 49.
    POWDER LIQUID SYSTEM Ref: Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 50.
    ALUMINOUS CORE PORCELAIN(HI CERAM) • Mc Lean & Hughes • Objectives: • Improve esthetics by replacement of the thicker metal coping with a thin platinum foil,more room for porcelain(platinum foil matrix) • Forming tin oxide coating on Platinum foil • Reduce the weakening effect of surface irregularities on inner surface of crowns • Adv : excellent for anterior teeth Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 51.
    • Disadvantages : •Poor esthetics • Extensive reduction needed • Porcelain used for veneering in PFM cant be used with aluminous core. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 52.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 53.
    LEUCITE REINFORCED FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN(OPTEC HSP) • 45% volume tetragonal leucite • The greater the leucite content of optec HSP porcelain compared with conventional feldspathic porcelain for metal ceramic leads to higher modulus of rupture and compressive strength Rosenblum & Alan Schulman. A review of all ceramic restorations JADA March 1997.
  • 54.
    Advantages : • Goodtranslucency compared to alumina crowns • Flexural strength higher than conventional feldspathic porcelains. Disadvantages: • Marginal in accuracy caused by marginal porcelain sintering shrinkage • Potential to fracture in posterior teeth Uses : Employed for inlays ,onlays ,crowns for low stress areas,veneers. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 55.
    CASTALE GLASS CERAMICS •DICOR(Dentsply.int) • CERA PEARL(Kyocera) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 56.
    CASTABLE GLASS CERAMICS •First proposed by MacCulloch • First commercially available is DICOR, was developed by Corning Glass Works and marketed by Dentsply International • Formed into the desired shape as glass and subjected to heat treatment – induce PARTIAL DEVITRIFICATION –( loss of glassy structure by crystallisation of glass) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 57.
    STEPS: • Castable glass-> lost wax casting process • Covered by protective embedment materials & subjected to heat treatment CERAMMING(1075deg C for 1.5 hrs ) • Microscopic platelike crystals of tetrasilicic fluormica to grow within the matrix –( to interrupt the propagation of cracks ) • Ground as necessary and coated with veneering porcelain • CHAMELEON EFFECT Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 58.
    • DICOR - 55% tetrasilicicfluormica • DICOR MGC – Higher quality product - CAD-CAM blanks / ingots - 70% tetrasilicicfluormica Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 59.
    ADVANTAGES • Ease offabrication • Good esthetics • Good marginal fit • Minimal processing shrinkage • Low abrasion to tooth structure • Improved strength DISADVANTAGES • Inadequate strength for posterior use • Has to be stained externally (No internal characterisation) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 60.
    HYDROXYAPATITE BASED CASTABLE GLASSCERAMIC(CERAPEARL) • Developed by kyoceram group of japan • The main crystalline phase is oxyapatite,transformable into hydroxyapatite when exposed to moisture • It melts at 1460deg c and flows like a melting glass • The cast material has an amorphous microstructure and when reheated at 870 deg c forms crystalline hydroxyapatite
  • 61.
    • Because ofits crystalline constituent simillar to natural enamel its biocompatible. • Cerapearl is very white in comparison with natural tooth enamel and requires application of external stain. • Cerestain by bioceram is designed for this purpose
  • 62.
    PRESSABLE CERAMIC • Shrinkfree ceramic: cerestore • Leucite reinforeced glass ceramics: IPS empress  OPC • Lithia disilicate reinforced glass ceramic: OPC 3G  IPS Empress 2 Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 63.
    HIP GLASS CERAMICS •Precerammed glass ceramic having high concentraion of reinforcing crystals.  Leucite reinforced  Lithia disilicate reinforced Uses a piston to force heated ceramic ingot through a heated tube into a mould(injection -molding) Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 64.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 65.
    • IPS Empress: leucite based • IPS Empress 2 : Li disilicate based • OPC – Leucite based • OPC 3G – Lithia Disilcate based Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 66.
    • Adv :lack of metal excellent aesthetics • Disadv : potential to fracture in posterior regions need to use resin cement Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 67.
    GLASS INFILTRATED CORECERAMICS • 3 SYSTEMS : - Based on partially sintered Alumina - Based on Mg-Al Spinel - Based on Zirconia – Alumina core
  • 68.
    STEPS • A slurryof one of these materials applied on the porous die – slip casting process • Dense packing of particles against a porous die(water absorbed by die) • 1120°c for 10 hours / more • Porous ceramic framework is infused with molten Lanthanum glass----Glass infiltration Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 69.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 70.
    ICS: Anterior crowns ICA:Anteriorand posterior crowns Anterior three unit FPD ICZ:Not recommended for anteior prosthesis(opacity) Posterior crowns and FPD • Adv : no shrinkage associated with the process Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 71.
    MACHINABLE CERAMICS • CADCAM CERAMICS-CEREC SYSTEM • COPY MILLED CERAMCS CELAY CERATIC -2
  • 72.
    CAD CAM Ceramics Therewere three pioneers in particular who contributed to the development of the current dental CAD/CAM systems. • Dr.Duret-First fabricated crowns through optical impression • Dr.moermann-The developer of the cerec system • Dr.Andersson- The procera system Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 73.
    BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLESOF CAD CAM SYSTEMS
  • 74.
    CAD –CAM SYSTEMSEXHIBIT THREE COMPUTER LINKED FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS • Computerized surface digitization • Computer –aided design • Computer –assisted manufacturing • Computer aided esthetics • Computer aided finishing Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 75.
    Step-1 obtaining opticalimpression Impression is captured electronically with the help of 1. Intra oral specialised camera or 2. Laser system or 3. Miniature contact digitizer or 4. Sapphire probe Gary Davidowitz ,The Use of CAD/CAM in dentistry ,dental clinics,vol 55,issue 3,p559- 570
  • 76.
    SURFACE DIGITIZATION • CERECcamera works on Active Double Triangulation Principle i.e recording cavity from two different triangulation angles. • This eliminates adjusting procedure.
  • 77.
    • Tooth surfacecoated with antireflection substance(Titanium dioxide powder spray)for accurate optical impression
  • 78.
  • 79.
    Step -2 RestorationDesign • CEREC R 2005 ,CEREC 3 software • Data thus acquired is now analysed using CAD software provides a 3D Image of future restoration
  • 80.
    • Using theCAD software an Occlusal Analysis is made,any undercuts are marked and can block out,then digital image is sent to clinician for correction. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 81.
    COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING •Restorations are milled to the dimensions of the scanned image with diamond discs or other instruments that are electrically driven and lubricated with water. Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 82.
    Ref : Philip'sScience of Dental Materials 12th edi. GREEN STATE MILLING • Cercon • Lava • ZirkonZahn • HintelsZirkon PARTIALLY SINTERED State MILLING • IPS e.max • VITA Inceram YZ Cubes • EverestPrecident DCS FULLY SINTERED State milling • Denzir Premium • Kavo Everest
  • 83.
    Procedural sequence –CADCAM using partially sintered blanks Set the blank in milling machine Set the enlargement factor Insert the appropriate tool After completion, remove the framework and the residual blank Cut the framework from the blank Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 84.
  • 86.
  • 87.
    Clean and dry Placeit in the isothermal hot zone of sintering furnace Sinter to achieve optimum density After cooling, remove & inspect Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 88.
    COPY MILLED CERAMICS •MANUAL –CELAY • AUTOMATIC –CERATIC - 2
  • 89.
    COPY MILLING TECHNOLOGY CELAYSYSTEM (Mikrona Tech.) wax pattern is scanned Wax pattern scanned with tracing tool The coarse diamond disk duplicates the exact movements of the scanner and restoration is milled.
  • 90.
  • 91.
    Sapna rani,esthetic rehabilitationof anterior teeth with copy milled restorations:a case report of two cases, 2017
  • 92.
    CERATIC-2 Automatic Wax pattern isfixed on the scanning side of the machine Scanning and machining is executed simutaneously and fully automatically Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi.
  • 93.
    PURE ALUMINA CORECERAMICS • Procera All Ceram (Nobel Biocare) in 1986 • Indi : Anterior & posterior crowns • Oversized die • Pure alumina dry pressed • Sintered • Onto which feldspathic porcelain veneer is applied & sintered • Adv : more translucent than InCeram Zirconia Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 12th edi.
  • 94.
    REVIEW OF LITERATURE •M Ozcan,P Pfeiffer,I Nergiz,Operative dentistry,2002,27,132-136 Marginal adaptation of ceramic inserts after cementation. • Abstract:The advantage of using ceramic inserts is to prevent major drawbacks of composite resins such as polymerisation shrinkage ,microlekage.This invitro study evaluated the marginal adaptation of two approximal ceramic insertsystems after cementation to the cavities opened with ultra sonic tips. • Results:ceramic inserts placed in cavities prepared with ultrasonic tips provide clinically acceptable marginal quality.
  • 95.
    H Murali ,RagoothamaRao,Chirag Bansal indian journal of dental sciences9wolters kluwer) clinical evaluation of prefabricated ceramic inlays.2016,vol 8,issue 4 • Background:one of the methods to overcome the problem of polymerization contraction of posterior composites is to use prefabricated ceramic inlays in combination with composites • Aims:the performance of cerena prefabricated inlay system was evaluated • Materials and method:20 Proximo occlusal cavities were restored with cerena prefabricated inlay system in patients.the performance was assesed using modified USPHS Ryge criteriaat the end of 3,6,12 months. • Results:The cerena inlay systemshowed good fracture resistance,good marginal integrity and maintenance of anatomic forms at the end of 12 months.
  • 96.
    • Each systemhas its own merits ,but may also have shortcomings.combinations of materials and techniques are beginning to emerge which aim to exploit the best features of each. • It is no exaggeration that the last century saw a revolution in dental esthetics and is expected to continue ,which will be influential in determining the range of ceramic products made available.
  • 97.
    • Philip’s Scienceof Dental Materials – 9,11,12 editions • Craig’s Restorative Materials • Sturdevant’s • Dental clinics of north america (713-727);recent advances in materials for all ceramic restoration. • Dental ceramics-an update journal of conservative dentistry 2010 dec 13(4) • Dental ceramics:Current thinking and trends – DCNA-2004
  • 98.