Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Manufacturing of Mirror by MX Master. Loo Khai Ming
This document provides information about a group project on mirrors. The group members are listed and the document is divided into sections on the introduction, materials, properties, manufacturing process, and a Malaysian mirror manufacturing company. It discusses the layers of a mirror, the materials used including glass, silver, and copper. It also describes the manufacturing process involving silvering, coating, inspection, shaping and polishing. Finally, it profiles Kovann Mirror Sdn Bhd, a major Malaysian mirror producer.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the introduction, history, classification, composition, properties and processing methods of various ceramic materials used in dentistry. Specifically, it describes the condensation, firing and glazing processes involved in manufacturing ceramic restorations. It also outlines various methods used to strengthen ceramics, including developing residual compressive stresses through techniques like ion exchange and thermal tempering, as well as interrupting crack propagation through the addition of crystalline phases or transformation toughening mechanisms. The document provides a comprehensive review of all-ceramic dental materials.
The document discusses glass and clay products and processing. It provides information on standard glass additives and how they affect structure and properties. It describes how specific volume and viscosity of glass vary with temperature. It discusses the steps for processing glass sheets and containers, as well as the importance of annealing and tempering glass. It then outlines the steps for processing clays, including slip casting and hydroplasticity.
Dental ceramics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
High purity quartz is a key material for our modern world. This presentation discusses the various purity levels of quartz and what are the contaminants of concern (measured in PPM) including various elements such as iron, boron and phosphorous and inclusions of solids, liquids and gaseous. The leading producers of these products are few in number and not all quartz deposits can be upgraded making several technical challenges for the industry. Hot chlorination and chemical leaching is discussed and the key end uses of pure quartz are mentioned including crucibles, optical glass for lens / fibres, halogen lamps and quartz glass etc. Spherical silica fillers for micro-electronics are also discussed. With the rise of PV globally quartz will remain an important mineral for the foreseeable future.
Presented at China's Industrial Minerals & Markets conference by Murray Lines of Stratum Resources
This document provides information about the properties and uses of glass and ceramics. It discusses four main types of glass: fused glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and lead glass. It also outlines the key properties and applications of ceramics. Both glass and ceramics are hard but brittle materials that are good electrical and thermal insulators and chemically inert. However, glass is transparent, can be melted and remolded, and lacks a distinct melting point, while ceramics are opaque, cannot be melted once formed, and have very high melting points.
The Manufacturing of Mirror by MX Master. Loo Khai Ming
This document provides information about a group project on mirrors. The group members are listed and the document is divided into sections on the introduction, materials, properties, manufacturing process, and a Malaysian mirror manufacturing company. It discusses the layers of a mirror, the materials used including glass, silver, and copper. It also describes the manufacturing process involving silvering, coating, inspection, shaping and polishing. Finally, it profiles Kovann Mirror Sdn Bhd, a major Malaysian mirror producer.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the introduction, history, classification, composition, properties and processing methods of various ceramic materials used in dentistry. Specifically, it describes the condensation, firing and glazing processes involved in manufacturing ceramic restorations. It also outlines various methods used to strengthen ceramics, including developing residual compressive stresses through techniques like ion exchange and thermal tempering, as well as interrupting crack propagation through the addition of crystalline phases or transformation toughening mechanisms. The document provides a comprehensive review of all-ceramic dental materials.
The document discusses glass and clay products and processing. It provides information on standard glass additives and how they affect structure and properties. It describes how specific volume and viscosity of glass vary with temperature. It discusses the steps for processing glass sheets and containers, as well as the importance of annealing and tempering glass. It then outlines the steps for processing clays, including slip casting and hydroplasticity.
Dental ceramics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
High purity quartz is a key material for our modern world. This presentation discusses the various purity levels of quartz and what are the contaminants of concern (measured in PPM) including various elements such as iron, boron and phosphorous and inclusions of solids, liquids and gaseous. The leading producers of these products are few in number and not all quartz deposits can be upgraded making several technical challenges for the industry. Hot chlorination and chemical leaching is discussed and the key end uses of pure quartz are mentioned including crucibles, optical glass for lens / fibres, halogen lamps and quartz glass etc. Spherical silica fillers for micro-electronics are also discussed. With the rise of PV globally quartz will remain an important mineral for the foreseeable future.
Presented at China's Industrial Minerals & Markets conference by Murray Lines of Stratum Resources
This document provides information about the properties and uses of glass and ceramics. It discusses four main types of glass: fused glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and lead glass. It also outlines the key properties and applications of ceramics. Both glass and ceramics are hard but brittle materials that are good electrical and thermal insulators and chemically inert. However, glass is transparent, can be melted and remolded, and lacks a distinct melting point, while ceramics are opaque, cannot be melted once formed, and have very high melting points.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Glass is made by mixing silica sand, soda ash, and limestone and heating them to very high temperatures. This process allows the materials to fuse together into a hard, transparent material known as glass. Common glass is made from 72% silica sand, 17% soda ash, and 5% limestone, with 6% consisting of other additives. Once the mixture is melted and fused, it can be shaped through processes like floating, blowing, or pressing before being heat treated through annealing to reduce internal stresses. Glass has many uses but also has disadvantages like high energy needs for production and brittleness.
Evolution of Dental ceramic restorations /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Dental Ceramic in Conservative Dentistry and EndodonticsSNISHAMG
Detailed description on classification of dental ceramic,composition,advantages,disadvanatages,all ceramic system,CAD-CAM,fabrication of porcelain inlay
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Glass is made by melting raw materials such as sand, soda ash, and limestone in furnaces at high temperatures. The molten glass is shaped and formed, then annealed to reduce internal stresses before finishing. Common glass types include float glass, light bulbs, and tubing made through processes like floating and tube drawing. Specialty glasses include fused silica, borosilicate, and tempered safety glass used in applications ranging from windows to electronics.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
The document summarizes the key laboratory steps involved in fabricating dental crowns and bridges from start to finish, including: taking an impression, creating a wax pattern of the desired teeth, investing the wax pattern using gypsum or phosphate materials, burning out the wax in an oven, casting dental alloys into the mold using centrifugal force, finishing the casting, building up porcelain layers on the metal using opaque and body porcelain, and characterizing with translucent incisal porcelain. Defects that can occur during the process and their causes are also outlined.
Glass is an amorphous solid made by rapidly cooling molten materials such as silica, soda ash, limestone, and lead. It has no definite melting point and softens over a range of temperatures. Glass is produced through melting and refining raw materials, forming the molten glass through various techniques like pressing or blowing, heat treating for strength and annealing, and finishing the surface. The main types of glass are soda-lime glass which is low-cost but not acid resistant, lead glass which has high refractive index, and borosilicate glass which is heat and chemically resistant. Recent developments include bioactive glass for bone repair and replacement.
This document discusses the history and classification of dental ceramics. It begins with definitions of ceramics and discusses Greek and Sanskrit origins of the word. It then categorizes dental ceramics according to their use, firing temperature, processing method, microstructure, composition, translucency, and application. The document provides a historical perspective on the development of dental ceramics from ancient times to modern CAD/CAM systems. It also covers the composition, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of various dental ceramics.
all ceramic materials- Dr Rasleen SabharwalRas Sabharwal
This document provides an overview of all ceramic materials used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to dental ceramics and their advantages over other materials. The document then covers the history, composition, properties and classification of different ceramic materials. It describes various strengthening methods for ceramics including residual stresses, dispersion of crystalline phases, and thermal compatibility. The document outlines production techniques for conventional powder slurry ceramics, castable ceramics, machinable ceramics, infiltrated ceramics, and zirconia-based systems.
Elastic studies of Glass Materials Studied by Ultrasonic TechniqueSidek Aziz
Brief review about glass and its physical, elastic and other properties. It also covers the glass preparation techniques, characterization as well as elasticity.
Glass is a hard, brittle and transparent solid that is non-crystalline because its atoms are randomly arranged. It is composed mainly of silicates like silicon dioxide and an alkali. Glass does not have a definite melting point but softens gradually when heated. The main types of glass are soda lime glass, soda-lead glass, borosilicate glass, and fused silica glass, which differ in their composition and properties. Glass is widely used for windows, bottles, scientific equipment, and other applications due to its optical properties and durability.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses dental ceramics, including their history, structure, composition, and classification. Some key points:
- Dental ceramics have been used since ancient times, with early developments including porcelain teeth in the late 18th century. Major advances included reinforced porcelains in the 1960s and all-ceramic systems in the 1980s-1990s.
- Ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline (glass). Dental ceramics are mainly composed of crystalline minerals and a glass matrix. Common components include feldspar, silica, kaolin, and glass modifiers.
- Ceramics are classified as non-crystalline or crystalline, with fel
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glass...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Nitrate Glasses, Halide Glasses, Chalcogenide Glasses, Modern Glass Working, Monax and Pyrex Glass)
Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process. The glass is cooled down and is then reheated in a second step. In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes. In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process.
See more
http://goo.gl/o2fHY4
http://goo.gl/45cRC2
http://goo.gl/PWr5dE
Email:
npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
applications of Ceramics, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Business guidance for glass ceramics, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Ceramic and glass business, ceramic business ideas, Ceramic forming techniques, Ceramic Industry, Ceramic Material Manufacturing Methods, Ceramic processing, Ceramics and Glass Technology, Ceramics Based Profitable Projects, Ceramics Based Small Scale Industries Projects, ceramics business plan, Ceramics Forming Processes, Ceramics pottery Manufacturing, Ceramics Processing Projects, Ceramics Production Industry in India, Chalcogenide Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Glass & ceramics Business, Glass & ceramics Small Business Manufacturing, Glass and Ceramics, glass and ceramics industry, Glass and Ceramics Technology, Glass Based Profitable Projects, Glass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Glass Ceramic Products, Glass Ceramics Industry, glass ceramics properties, Glass Forming & Processing, glass forming process, Glass Forming Technology, Glass making - Industry process, Glass Manufacture and Processing, Glass Manufacturing Process, Glass Processing Projects, Glass production, Glass Production Industry in India, Glass-ceramic materials, Glass-ceramics: their production, properties and potential, Great Opportunity for Startup, Halide Glasses, How to Start a Ceramic Business, How to Start a Ceramics Production Business, How to start a glass & ceramics business?, How to Start a Glass Production Business, How to start a successful glass ceramics business, How to Start Ceramics Production Industry in India, How to Start Glass Production Industry in India, Modern Glass Working, Modern Small and Cottage Scale Industries, Monax and Pyrex Glass, Most Profitable Ceramics manufacturing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Glass manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Ceramics Production industry, New small scale ideas in Glass Production industry, Nitrate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Processing Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Production of Glass Ceramic, Profitable Small and Cottage Scale Industries
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental ceramics and their use and processing in dentistry. It begins by providing background on the history and early uses of ceramics. It then defines ceramics and classifies them according to their composition, use, processing method, and other properties. The remainder of the document discusses the properties of dental ceramics, their uses in dentistry, processing methods, and ways to strengthen ceramics including developing residual compressive stresses and minimizing tensile stresses through design.
Allceramic restorations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Glass is made by mixing silica sand, soda ash, and limestone and heating them to very high temperatures. This process allows the materials to fuse together into a hard, transparent material known as glass. Common glass is made from 72% silica sand, 17% soda ash, and 5% limestone, with 6% consisting of other additives. Once the mixture is melted and fused, it can be shaped through processes like floating, blowing, or pressing before being heat treated through annealing to reduce internal stresses. Glass has many uses but also has disadvantages like high energy needs for production and brittleness.
Evolution of Dental ceramic restorations /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Dental Ceramic in Conservative Dentistry and EndodonticsSNISHAMG
Detailed description on classification of dental ceramic,composition,advantages,disadvanatages,all ceramic system,CAD-CAM,fabrication of porcelain inlay
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Glass is made by melting raw materials such as sand, soda ash, and limestone in furnaces at high temperatures. The molten glass is shaped and formed, then annealed to reduce internal stresses before finishing. Common glass types include float glass, light bulbs, and tubing made through processes like floating and tube drawing. Specialty glasses include fused silica, borosilicate, and tempered safety glass used in applications ranging from windows to electronics.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
The document summarizes the key laboratory steps involved in fabricating dental crowns and bridges from start to finish, including: taking an impression, creating a wax pattern of the desired teeth, investing the wax pattern using gypsum or phosphate materials, burning out the wax in an oven, casting dental alloys into the mold using centrifugal force, finishing the casting, building up porcelain layers on the metal using opaque and body porcelain, and characterizing with translucent incisal porcelain. Defects that can occur during the process and their causes are also outlined.
Glass is an amorphous solid made by rapidly cooling molten materials such as silica, soda ash, limestone, and lead. It has no definite melting point and softens over a range of temperatures. Glass is produced through melting and refining raw materials, forming the molten glass through various techniques like pressing or blowing, heat treating for strength and annealing, and finishing the surface. The main types of glass are soda-lime glass which is low-cost but not acid resistant, lead glass which has high refractive index, and borosilicate glass which is heat and chemically resistant. Recent developments include bioactive glass for bone repair and replacement.
This document discusses the history and classification of dental ceramics. It begins with definitions of ceramics and discusses Greek and Sanskrit origins of the word. It then categorizes dental ceramics according to their use, firing temperature, processing method, microstructure, composition, translucency, and application. The document provides a historical perspective on the development of dental ceramics from ancient times to modern CAD/CAM systems. It also covers the composition, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of various dental ceramics.
all ceramic materials- Dr Rasleen SabharwalRas Sabharwal
This document provides an overview of all ceramic materials used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to dental ceramics and their advantages over other materials. The document then covers the history, composition, properties and classification of different ceramic materials. It describes various strengthening methods for ceramics including residual stresses, dispersion of crystalline phases, and thermal compatibility. The document outlines production techniques for conventional powder slurry ceramics, castable ceramics, machinable ceramics, infiltrated ceramics, and zirconia-based systems.
Elastic studies of Glass Materials Studied by Ultrasonic TechniqueSidek Aziz
Brief review about glass and its physical, elastic and other properties. It also covers the glass preparation techniques, characterization as well as elasticity.
Glass is a hard, brittle and transparent solid that is non-crystalline because its atoms are randomly arranged. It is composed mainly of silicates like silicon dioxide and an alkali. Glass does not have a definite melting point but softens gradually when heated. The main types of glass are soda lime glass, soda-lead glass, borosilicate glass, and fused silica glass, which differ in their composition and properties. Glass is widely used for windows, bottles, scientific equipment, and other applications due to its optical properties and durability.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses dental ceramics, including their history, structure, composition, and classification. Some key points:
- Dental ceramics have been used since ancient times, with early developments including porcelain teeth in the late 18th century. Major advances included reinforced porcelains in the 1960s and all-ceramic systems in the 1980s-1990s.
- Ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline (glass). Dental ceramics are mainly composed of crystalline minerals and a glass matrix. Common components include feldspar, silica, kaolin, and glass modifiers.
- Ceramics are classified as non-crystalline or crystalline, with fel
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glass...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Nitrate Glasses, Halide Glasses, Chalcogenide Glasses, Modern Glass Working, Monax and Pyrex Glass)
Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process. The glass is cooled down and is then reheated in a second step. In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes. In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process.
See more
http://goo.gl/o2fHY4
http://goo.gl/45cRC2
http://goo.gl/PWr5dE
Email:
npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
applications of Ceramics, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Business guidance for glass ceramics, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Ceramic and glass business, ceramic business ideas, Ceramic forming techniques, Ceramic Industry, Ceramic Material Manufacturing Methods, Ceramic processing, Ceramics and Glass Technology, Ceramics Based Profitable Projects, Ceramics Based Small Scale Industries Projects, ceramics business plan, Ceramics Forming Processes, Ceramics pottery Manufacturing, Ceramics Processing Projects, Ceramics Production Industry in India, Chalcogenide Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Glass & ceramics Business, Glass & ceramics Small Business Manufacturing, Glass and Ceramics, glass and ceramics industry, Glass and Ceramics Technology, Glass Based Profitable Projects, Glass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Glass Ceramic Products, Glass Ceramics Industry, glass ceramics properties, Glass Forming & Processing, glass forming process, Glass Forming Technology, Glass making - Industry process, Glass Manufacture and Processing, Glass Manufacturing Process, Glass Processing Projects, Glass production, Glass Production Industry in India, Glass-ceramic materials, Glass-ceramics: their production, properties and potential, Great Opportunity for Startup, Halide Glasses, How to Start a Ceramic Business, How to Start a Ceramics Production Business, How to start a glass & ceramics business?, How to Start a Glass Production Business, How to start a successful glass ceramics business, How to Start Ceramics Production Industry in India, How to Start Glass Production Industry in India, Modern Glass Working, Modern Small and Cottage Scale Industries, Monax and Pyrex Glass, Most Profitable Ceramics manufacturing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Glass manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Ceramics Production industry, New small scale ideas in Glass Production industry, Nitrate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Processing Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Production of Glass Ceramic, Profitable Small and Cottage Scale Industries
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental ceramics and their use and processing in dentistry. It begins by providing background on the history and early uses of ceramics. It then defines ceramics and classifies them according to their composition, use, processing method, and other properties. The remainder of the document discusses the properties of dental ceramics, their uses in dentistry, processing methods, and ways to strengthen ceramics including developing residual compressive stresses and minimizing tensile stresses through design.
Allceramic restorations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics and CAD-CAM systems. It discusses the historical background, classification, composition, properties, and fabrication methods of ceramic restorations. Key points include that ceramics are classified based on their content, use, processing method, and firing temperature. Their composition includes feldspar, kaolin/clay, quartz, glass formers, modifiers, and coloring agents. Fabrication involves condensation, firing, and glazing techniques. All-ceramic restorations such as porcelain jacket crowns, alumina-reinforced ceramics, castables, pressables, infiltrated ceramics, and CAD-CAM systems are summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Neobiotech introduces its Cameleon CAD/CAM system as an integrated digital solution for dentistry. The system provides precise 3D scanning, CAD modeling and design tools, and accurate milling and sintering. It offers benefits like improved communication, innovative material applications, guaranteed scan tools, precise and economical milling, and convenient and effective use. The system includes the TRIOS intraoral scanner, model scanners, CAD software, milling machines, and sintering furnaces.
Recent advances in ceramics for dentistry/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
This document discusses the history and advances in dental ceramics. It begins with the origins of ceramics over 10,000 years ago and highlights developments in ceramic technology for dentistry throughout history. Recent advances in all-ceramic systems are classified and machining systems like CEREC and CELAY are described. The document concludes by envisioning future applications of ceramics in dentistry through advances in manufacturing and materials that could allow for on-site production of enamel substitutes or restoration through gene technology.
The future of Dentistry is going to be in Aesthetics, Efficiency, Accuracy and Technology. Here is a complete analysis of CAD/CAM and its materials in Dentistry. Focused on the CEREC System.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CEREC 3D CAD/CAM SYSTEM / dental implant courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on dental casting procedures. It discusses the history of casting, steps in the casting process such as wax pattern fabrication and sprue attachment, types of investments and burnout procedures. The key points are: casting has been used since ancient times to produce jewelry and was introduced to dentistry by Taggart in 1907; the process involves fabricating a wax pattern, investing it, then burning out the wax and casting dental alloys into the mold.
This document discusses the process of casting in dentistry. It begins with definitions of casting and a brief history, noting it has been used for thousands of years. It then discusses the key steps in detail, including the lost wax technique, sprue formation, reservoirs, investing wax patterns, venting, casting machines and techniques, cleaning castings, and addressing shrinkage and defects. The overall process involves making a wax pattern, investing it in ceramic material, burning out the wax, and replacing it with molten metal to form a dental restoration.
Dental all ceramic restorations /orthodontic straight wire techniqueIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry. It defines CAD/CAM and discusses the evolution of digital impressions from the early 1980s. It describes the key components of CAD/CAM systems including scanners, design software, and milling devices. It outlines different production concepts for chairside, laboratory, and centralized production. It also discusses the various materials that can be milled like metals, ceramics, and zirconia as well as future technologies like laser sintering. Finally, it highlights the significance of CAD/CAM for dentists and important preparation considerations.
Computer aided design computer aided manufacture (cad-cam)Xnb Haji
This document summarizes the history and development of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry. It discusses early systems from the 1950s and key developments in the 1970s and 1980s. It then outlines the CAD/CAM process, including digital impression taking, design of restorations, milling, and cementing the final restoration. The document reviews materials used including ceramics, resins, and metals. It also discusses advantages like eliminating errors and the need for temporaries or second visits. Finally, it provides a brief overview of common contemporary CAD/CAM systems and their applications in dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Metal free ceramics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document discusses metal-free ceramics used in dentistry. It provides definitions of various types of ceramics like feldspathic porcelain, glass ceramics, and zirconia. The document discusses the history, classification, composition, properties and strengthening techniques of ceramics. It also compares different metal-free ceramic systems and discusses their clinical applications and cementation.
This document provides information on spruing and investing for fixed prosthodontics. It discusses attaching a sprue former to wax patterns, and describes the purpose and proper attachment technique. It also discusses investing materials and techniques, including the components and purposes of gypsum-bonded and phosphate-bonded investments. The document provides step-by-step instructions for the vacuum-mix, vacuum-pour technique of investing a single-tooth wax pattern using a gypsum-bonded investment.
Porcelines used in metal ceramics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics, including their history, classification, composition, properties, and methods of strengthening. It discusses the basic components of dental porcelain, including feldspar, kaolin, silica, and other additives. The document also covers various classification schemes for dental ceramics based on their content, use, processing method, firing temperature, and microstructure. Strengthing methods like ion exchange, thermal tempering, and disrupting crack propagation are described.
Dental ceramics/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses the composition, properties and processing methods of ceramics used in dentistry. It describes how ceramics are composed of clay, silica and other materials that are fired at high temperatures to form strong, durable materials. It also discusses how ceramics can be strengthened through processes like ion exchange and thermal tempering that introduce compressive stresses into the surface. The history of dental ceramics and milestones in the field are also summarized.
Evolution of all ceramics&recent advances (2)/ dental coursesIndian dental academy
This document provides an overview of the evolution and recent advances in all-ceramic dental materials. It discusses early ceramic materials like denture teeth and porcelain jacket crowns, as well as more recent developments like alumina core porcelain, In-Ceram, castable ceramics like Di-Cor and Cerestore, and machinable ceramics created using CAD/CAM systems. The document also covers methods used to strengthen ceramics and details production processes for various all-ceramic systems.
Recent advances in Dental ceramics / dental implant courses in indiaIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses recent advances in ceramics used for dental restorations. It describes various ceramic systems including conventional powder-slurry ceramics like Optec HSP and Duceram LFC, castable ceramics like Dicor, pressable ceramics like IPS Empress and Optec OPC, infiltrated ceramics like Inceram, and CAD-CAM machineable ceramics. It provides details on the composition, properties, advantages and uses of these different ceramic materials for dental restorations.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of ceramics, including:
- Definitions of ceramics as inorganic, non-metallic materials formed from powders and strengthened through firing.
- Classifications based on fabrication method, crystalline phase, use, firing temperature, composition, microstructure, and properties.
- A brief history of ceramics development and uses in dentistry and other applications.
- Descriptions of microstructure, common crystalline phases, and how structure influences properties.
This document provides an introduction and overview of ceramics. It discusses the historical development of ceramics, classifications of ceramics according to fabrication method, crystalline phase, composition, microstructure and other properties. Specific ceramic materials used in dentistry like porcelain, glass ceramics, zirconia, and resin ceramics are also covered. The document examines the structure and properties of different ceramics and their applications in dental and non-dental fields.
Die materials and technique of fabricationAsa Yomi
This document discusses various materials and techniques used for fabricating dental dies. It describes common die materials like gypsum products, electroplated dies, epoxy resins, and ceramic materials. It outlines the basic requirements for die materials including the ability to reproduce fine detail, dimensional accuracy and stability, mechanical properties, and compatibility with impression materials. The document provides details on the manufacture and setting of gypsum products, the electroplating process for copper and silver dies, and the use of amalgam for die fabrication.
Dicor and cerestore /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of the evolution and recent advances in all-ceramic dental materials. It discusses early ceramic materials like denture teeth and porcelain jacket crowns from the late 1700s. Key developments include McLean and Hughes' aluminous core porcelain in 1965, In-Ceram in the 1980s using slip casting, and machinable ceramics in the 1990s using CAD/CAM. The document also examines methods to strengthen porcelain, all-ceramic systems like In-Ceram, castable ceramics including Di-Cor and Cerestore, and machinable ceramics. It provides details on the composition, fabrication process, properties and clinical performance of various ceramic materials.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the history, structure, composition, properties, classification, and fabrication of dental ceramics. The key points are: Dental ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline. Common components include feldspar, silica, alumina, and color pigments. Ceramics are classified based on firing temperature, microstructure, and indications. Metal-ceramic systems involve a cast metal framework with ceramic layers bonded to it. The fabrication process involves building and firing layers of ceramic powder to form the final restoration.
This document discusses dental ceramics. It defines ceramics as inorganic, non-metallic materials that are crystalline in nature and formed from compounds of metallic and nonmetallic elements. Dental ceramics are characterized by properties like biocompatibility, esthetic potential, hardness, and chemical inertness. They can be crystalline or amorphous and are classified based on factors like firing temperature, processing method, and microstructure. Common types used in dentistry include feldspathic porcelain, aluminous porcelain, and glass ceramics. Dental ceramics have various applications and are indicated for uses like crowns, veneers, and fixed dental prostheses depending on their composition and properties.
Similar to 12.dental ceramics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
17. SINTERING
The conversion of clay from a mass of individual particles
loosely held together by a water binder to a coherent solid
relies on a process known as SINTERING.
In this process, the points at which the individual particles are in
Contact fuse at sufficiently high temperatures.
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18. KILN
UP-DRAUGHT KILN
EARLY KILNS---900 C---pottery fired at this
temperature is known as EARTHENWARE---
higher kiln temperatures---impervious
pottery---STONEWARE.
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19. CHINESE PORCELAIN
10 Century AD
Ceramic technology in China was so advanced to such a
stage that they were able to produce:
‘A ceramic so white that it was comparable only to snow, so
strong that vessels needed walls only 2-3 mm thick and
consequently light could shine through it. So continuous was
the internal structure that a dish ,if lightly struck would ring
like a bell’
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20. The dental application of porcelain dates from 1774,when a
French apothecary named Alexis Duchateau considered the
possibility of replacing his ivory dentures with porcelain
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21. MILE STONES AND PIONEERSMILE STONES AND PIONEERS
700 BC: ETRUSCANS
1774 DUCHATEAU.
1789 DE CHEMANT
1808 FRONZI
1817 PLANTEAU
1825 STOCKTON
1903 Dr.CHARLES LAND
1962 WEINSTEIN and
WEINSTEIN
1962 WEINSTEIN et al
1963 VITA ZAHNFABRIK
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22. 1965 MCLEAN and HUGHES
1980 CEREC 1,2 and 3
1984 ADAIR and GROSSMAN
1990 PRESSABLE GLASS CERAMIC
1992 DUCERAM LFC…….
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24. The term ceramics is derived from the Greek word
‘keramos’ meaning ‘potter’s clay’/ burnt stuff.
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25. CERAMIC: defined as inorganic compound with
nonmetallic properties consisting of metallic or semi
metallic elements.
PORCELAIN: refers to a family of ceramic materials
composed essentially of kaolin ,quartz, feldspar also
fired at high temperature.
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26. PREDOMINANTLY
GLASSY MATERIAL.
Amorphous.
Derived from feldspar.
Resistant to
devitrification long
firing range.
Biocompatible
3D network.
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30. CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
By content:
Regular feldspathic porcelain
Aluminous porcelain
Leucite reinforced porcelain.
Glass infiltrated alumina
Glass infiltered spinel
All ceramic
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31. By use:
Denture teeth
Metal ceramic
Veneers, inlays, crowns, anterior bridges
By processing method:
Sintering
Casting
Machining
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32. By their firing temperature
High fusing -1300°C
Medium fusing ---1100 - 1300° C
Low fusing--850 - 1100°
Ultralow fusing < 850 °C
Air fired i.e. at atmospheric pressure
Vacuum fired i.e. at reduced pressure.
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34. By their area of application:
Opaque porcelain
Body dentine porcelain
Gingival dentin porcelain
Overlay enamel
Incisal enamel
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35. Basic composition
Feldspar: Mixture of potassium and aluminium silicates
Two important properties
-retains its form
-incongruent melting
Kaolin (china clay) : hydrated aluminium silicate
Silica (in the form of quartz, and remains as a fine
dispersion after firing)
Aluminum oxide
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36. COMPOSITION
In dentistry porcelain were initially used for the fabrication of
the denture teeth.
Denture teeth porcelain: Mix of powders of feldspar, clay and quartz.
This is also referred to as high temperature porcelain.
Feldspathic porcelains: These have been in use for more than 50 years.
The feldspathic porcelains are too weak to use as all ceramic restorations
and hence are supported with a metal coping.
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37. Conventional dental porcelain is a ceramic based on a
network of silica (Si) and potash feldspar or Soda feldspar
or both. Pigments opacifiers and glasses are added to
control the fusion temperature, sintering temperature,
thermal contraction coefficient and solubility.
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38. Silica
It is a polymorphic material and can exist in 4 different
forms.
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline cristobalite
Crystalline tridymite
Non crystalline fused silica
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39. Fused silica is a high melting material its high meltingFused silica is a high melting material its high melting
temperature is attributed to the 3 dimensional network oftemperature is attributed to the 3 dimensional network of
covalent bonds between the silica tetrahedra which is thecovalent bonds between the silica tetrahedra which is the
basic structure for the glass network.basic structure for the glass network.
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40. The vitreous matrix is made of silicate glass.
Silica which is a prototype of glass forming
oxides ion is small and highly charged and fills
the space between oxygen atoms. The tetrahedra
must permit sharing of oxygen atoms to permit
the formation of silica groups thus resulting in
polymerization and a three dimensional network.
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41. Alumina silicate glass
The aluminum can replace the silicone ions and this results in
the formation of Aluminosilicate glass. Because of the sharing
of the oxygen ions the glass containing silicatetrahedra and
aluminium tetrahedra polymerises.
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42. Fluxes
Potassium, sodium and calcium oxides are used as glass
modifiers and act as fluxes by interrupting the integrity of
the silicone network. The purpose of a flux is principally to
lower the softening temperature of a glass by reducing the
amount of cross linking between the oxygen and glass
forming elements when soda is introduced instead as
bridging the atoms together, it contributes a oxygen atom
which acts a non bridging oxygen and as a result a gap is
produced in the silicone network.
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43. So the silica tetrahedra thus obtained are able to move
more easily at lower temperature than the earlier
network.
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44. Intermediate oxides
The addition of glass modifiers and fluxes not only
lowers the softening point but also decreases the
viscosity. Dental porcelains requires a high viscosity as
well as low firing temperature. This is done by using
intermediate, oxides like Al2O3 can replace the Sio4
tetrahedra.
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45. Each aluminum has a charge of +3 as compared with a
charge of +4 of silicon ion, hence an additional unit
positive charge must be present to neutralize the
negatively charged aluminum ions. So the Na+ ions get
attracted to the Al. Boric oxides can also be used in a
similar way as aluminum oxide.
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46. Other additions of dental porcelain
Pigmented oxides are added to obtain various shades
needed. These coloring pigments are produced by fusing
metallic oxide together with fine glass and feldspar.
These powders are then blended with the unpigmented
powders frit to provide the proper hue and chroma for
eg. Iron / nickel oxides (brown), copper oxide (green),
titanium oxide (yellowish brown), cobalt oxide (blue).
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47. Devitrification and thermal expansion
vitrification refers to the development of a liquid phase by
reaction / melting which on cooling provides a glassy phase.
This structure is termed /vitreous/ when too many silicone
tetrahedra are disrupted the glass may crystallize / devitrify.
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49. This is usually associated with high expansion glasses
where more amounts of alkalis, like soda (Na are seen. By
contrast less devitrifica is observed in aluminous porcelain
as they contain much less soda devitrification may be seen
when cloudiness develop in the porcelain which can be
accentuated by repeated firings.
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50. Coloring and opacifying dental porcelain
The addition of concentrated color frits to dental
porcelain is insufficient to produce life like tooth effect
since the translucency of porcelain is too high. An
opacifying agent generally consists of a metal oxide
ceramic to a very fine particle size.
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51. Common oxides used are:
1. Cerium oxide
2. Titanium oxide
3. Zirconium oxide (the most popular opalcyfying agent
used) Potassium and sodium feldspar is naturally occurring
minerals composed of potash soda, alumina, and silica. It is
used in the preparation of dental porcelains designed for
metal ceramic crowns.
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52. When feldspar is heated at temperatures between 1530 and
1560 degree centigrade, it undergoes incongruent melting
to form crystals as leucite in a liquid phase. Incongruent
melting is the process by which one material melts to
forms a liquid plus a different crystalline material. This
crystalline phase formed is lecture, which is potassium
aluminum silicate with a large coefficient of thermal
expansion.
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53. Fritting:
The term frit is used to describe the final glass product. The
raw mineral powders are mixed together in a refractory
crucible and heated to a temperature well above their
ultimate maturing temperature. The oxides melt together to
forma molten glass, gases are allowed to escape and the melt
is then quenched in water. The red hot glass striking the cold
water immediately breaks up into fragments and this is
termed as ‘frit’.
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54. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Biological properties:
These are inert materials with excellent biocompatibility.
Chemical properties:
The greatest advantage of this material is the extreme resistance
offered to attach by chemicals. Chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid
are required to dissolve ceramics. As ceramics are inert obtaining
adhesion to them is difficult, ceramic restorations are roughened by
etching with hydrofluoric acid / by sand blasting to improve the
retention of a cement to the internal surface of the restorations.
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55. Mechanical properties:
Hardness of ceramics for dental application should be
similar to enamel, as it is desirable to minimize the wear
of the ceramics restorations and simultaneously to reduce
the wear damage of enamel by the ceramic restorations.
- Low tensile strength
- Exhibits little amount of plastic deformation
-Impact resistance is low
-They have a good compressive strength. The
susceptibility to brittle fracture is a drawback particularly
when flow and tensile stress co exist in the same region
of the restoration.
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56. Thermal properties:
These are insulating materials as a result though when the
metal is electrically / thermally stimulated the outermost
electrons are transferred to the ceramic thus stabilizing it.
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57. Optical properties:
Excellent optical properties dental porcelains are translucent
because there are no free electrons and can be colored by
pigments such as metallic oxides to match the shade of teeth.
Presence of crystalline inclusions have a marked opacifying
effect.
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63. STRENGTH OF PORCELAINS :
These materials usually fall to show the strength of 2 Gpa
which they are supposed to show theoretically, as the minute
scratches and other defects that are present on the surface of
nearly all the materials behave as sharp pitches whose tips
may be as narrow as the spacing between atoms in the
materials.
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64. A phenomenon known as stress concentration at the
tips of these minute scratches/ flames causes the
localized stress to increase to the theoretical strength of
the material at a relatively low average stress
throughout the structure. When the theoretical it of the
material is exceeded at the tip the bonds at the notch tip
break and initiate the crack formation.
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65. As the crack propagates through the material the stress
concentration is maintained at the crack tip until the
crack moves completely through the material/ meets
another. Crack a pore or a crystalline particle.
Thus phenomenon of stress cone explains how materials
can fail at stresses for lower than the theoretical strength.
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66. Static fatigue:
Exposure to water reduces the strength the porcelain
causing delayed failure. Delayed failure in glasses had been
attributed to a stress enhanced chemical reaction between
glass and water this is likely to occur primarily at the tips
of the surface cracks.
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67. Water reacts with glass destroying the Si - o network and hydroxyl
ions attach the siloxane bonds of the network.
OH+ R—Si-O-Si-R R—SioH + R-Sio
The silonate groups formed are strongly basic and can be
hydrolyzed by water to form silonol groups and hydroxyl ions.
R- Sio+H2O R-SioH +OH
Thus in the presence of water the amount of energy
required to rupture the silicone oxygen bond is diminished
by about 20 times. Thus providing a surface coating for
the flames reduces this.
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68. METHODS OF STRENGTHENING PORCELAIN
The principal deficiencies faced by ceramics are -
brittleness, low fracture toughness and low tensile
strength.
Methods used to overcome the deficiencies fall into 2
general categories:
1. Method of strengthening brittle materials.
2. Method of designing components to minimize the stress
concentrations and tensile stresses.
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69. Method of strengthening materials: In the oral
environment tensile stresses are usually created by
bending forces, and the maximum tensile stresses occur at
the surface of the restoration. It is for this reason removal
of the surface flaws can result in the increased strength of
the material. Smoothing and reducing flaws is one o the
reason for glazing of dental porcelain.
Now strengthening of the brittle materials can be done in
a 2 ways.
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70. 1.Development of residual compressive stresses within
the surface of the material.
2. Interruption of crack propagation through the
material.
Development of residual compressive stresses within
the surface of the material:
One widely used method of strengthening ceramics is
the introduction of residual compressive stresses.
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71. Strength is gained by virtue of the fact that the residual
stresses developed must first be negated by the
developing tensile stresses before a net tensile stress
develops in the material.
THREE of the methods used in achieving this objective
are:
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72. a. ion exchange mechanism:
This technique is called as chemical tempering and is
the most sophisticated and effective way of
introducing residual compressive stresses. In this
procedure a sodium containing glass is placed in a
bath of molten potassium nitrate, potassium ions in the
bath exchange places with some of the sodium ions in
the surface of the glass particle. The potassium ion is
about 35% larger than the sodium ion.
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74. The squeezing of the potassium ion into place
formerly occupied by sodium ion creates large
residual compressive stresses in the surface of the
glass. These residual stresses produce a strengthening
effect. This process is best used on the internal surface
of the crown, veneer/inlay as the surface is protected
from grinding and exposure to acids.
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75. The technique is as follows:
Characterize the finished crown and adjust the
occlusion.
Place the crown into a mould of analytically pure
potassium nitrate powder. Hold in a small
porcelain crucible/ stainless steel container. The
internal parts as the crown should be packed with
the powder to ensure that it sinks in to the
melting salt and does not float on the surface.
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76. Place the container in a cool furnace and raise the
temperature slowly to 500°C
Hold the temperature at 500 C for 6 hours.
Remove the crown from the solution and allow it to
drain in the furnace
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77. Remove the crown from the furnace and cool to room
temperature. *Further more it was observed that
grinding this crown by only 100 μm of the external
surface reduces the strength of the materials.
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78. Furthermore contact with acidulated phosphate fluoride
for over 3 hours removes most of the ion exchange layer
and not all ceramics are amenable for ion exchange
especially those highly enriched with potash feldspar.
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79. b. Thermal tempering:
This is the most common method of strengthening
glass. This creates residual surface compressive stresses
by rapidly cooling (quenching) the surface of the object
while it is hot and in the softened state. This rapid
cooling produces a skin of rigid glass surrounding a
soft molten core. As the molten core solidifies, it tends
to shrink, but the outer skin remains rigid.
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80. The pull of the solidifying molten core as it shrinks,
creates residual tensile stresses in the core and residual
compressive stresses within the outer surface. For
dental applications it is more effective to quench the
glass phase ceramics in silicone oil. Or other special
liquids than using air as it may not uniformly cool the
surface.
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81. While doing porcelain fused to metal restorations the
metal should be selected such that it contracts slightly
more (higher coefficient of thermal contraction) than
porcelain on cooling from the firing temperature to
room temperature. This mismatch leaves the porcelain
in residual compression.
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82. Disruption of crack propagation
This can be categorized into 3 types:
1. Crack tip interactions
2. Crack tip shielding
3. Crack bridging
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83. Crack tip interactions:
These occur when obstacles in the microstructure
act to improve crack motion.
These obstacles are generally second phase
particles and act to deflect the crack out of the crack
plane. It has been theorized that the reorientation of
the crack plane leads to the reduction of the force
being exerted of the crack in the area of deflection.
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84. When the crack is deflected out of plane the crack is no
longer subjected to pure tensile stresses and will
involve some shear displacement; thus increasing the
difficulty of crack propagation.
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85. Crack tip shielding:
This results when events are triggered by high stresses in the
crack tip region that acts to reduce these high stresses.
a. Transformation toughening
b. Microcrack toughening
are the 2 mechanisms that lead to crack tip shielding.
This is most often associated with the presence of zirconia. Under
unrestrained conditions zirconia undergoes a high to low
temperature phase transformation which involves a 3% to 5°/a
volume increase.
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86. In toughened ceramic the high temperature phase of
zirconia is constrained at room temperature. Applied
tensile stress work to advance the crack plane.
In the area directly behind the crack tip, the matrix
constraints of zirconia are released, allowing the low
temperature transformation to take place, the
transformed phase occupies a greater volume in the bulk
material resulting in compressive forces that tends to
counteract / shield any advancing crack tip stresses.
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87. Microcrack toughening:
It has been theorized that the high coefficient of
thermal contraction and volume reduction associated
with the high to low temperature phase transformation
of the leucite crystals create a condition which causes
the leucite crystals to contract significantly more than
the glass matrix.
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88. Compressive forces are created in the glass matrix
surrounding the particles leading to microcracking in
the leucite phase. The residual compressive stresses in
the glass phase around to particles can act to counter
tensile stresses, which drive the crack forward.
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89. Crack tip bridging:
This it the third strengthening mechanism that has
been proposed. It occurs when a second phase acts as
a ligament to make it more difficult for the crack
faces to open. This is better understood by bonded
fiber composites.
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90. The fibers act as ligaments which make it more difficult
to open the crack at an applied stress.
Methods of designing components to minimize stress
concentrations and tensile stresses
The design should avoid exposure of ceramics to high
tensile stresses. It should also avoid stress concentration
at sharp angles or marked changes in thickness.
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91. Minimizing tensile stresses:
When porcelain is fired onto a rigid material the shape
of the metal will influence the stresses set up in the
porcelain. If it is a full coverage crown the metal being
of higher thermal expansion will contract faster than
the porcelain as a result the metal is placed in tension
and the porcelain in compression.
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92. For partial metal coverage the junction between the
metal coverage the junction between the metal and
porcelain is therefore a potential site for high stress
as the area with only metal will have no balancing
compressive forces.
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93. Reducing stress raisers;
Stress raisers are discontinuities in ceramic structures
in brittle materials that cause stress concentration. The
design of ceramic dental restoration should also avoid
stress raisers. Abrupt changes in shape/ thickness in
the ceramic contour can act as stress raisers and make
the restoration more prone to failure.
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94. Notches caused in the porcelain due to the folds of the
underlying platinum foil substrate. Sharp line angle in
the preparation, large changes in the thickness of
porcelain are factors creating areas of stress cone.
Usually contact points should be avoided and contact
areas should be preferred to avoid localized stress
areas.
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95. TECHNIQUE INVOLVED IN FABRICATING
PORCELAIN FUSED TO METAL
There are 2 basic methods of fabricating porcelain
fused to metal.
1.Involves the swaging of a platinum matrix on a
model of the tooth and building the porcelain.
2. Supporting the porcelain to metal foundation.
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96. Platinum foil technique:
This technique involves fabrication on either a single
platinum foil or a double platinum foil.
Fabrication on single platinum foil: A pure platinum foil
is swaged directly to the model then the porcelain is
built up. Later after the completion as the firing cycles
the platinum is peeled off. The fit of the crown is
secured leaving enough space for the cement.
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107. Fabrication using a double foil matrix technique: Here
a second layer of platinum foil is swaged on the first
and cut back by at least 0.5 mm from the gingival
shoulder. The second layer is sand basted and cleaned
with caustic soda and citric acid to improve impurities
this is followed by electroplating, oxidization and
finally build up of the porcelain. Later after the
procedure is accomplished the inner layer is removed
allowing space for the placement of the cement.
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109. Swaged gold alloy foil capping:
A laminated gold foil supplied in fluted shape is
also used as an alternative to the cast metal coping.
The foil is swaged onto the die and flame sintered
to form a coping. An interfacial alloy powder is
applied and fired, then the coping is veneered with
porcelain.
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110. Supporting the porcelain of a metal foundation
The various alloys that can be used are
High noble.
- Gold platinum palladium
- Gold palladium silver
- Gold palladium
Have noble metal content greater than 60% with at
least 40% gold.
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113. BONDING MECHANISMS
Four mechanism have been described to explain
the bond between the ceramic veneer and the metal
substructure.
1. Mechanical entrapment
2. Compressive forces
3. Van der waals forces
4. Chemical bonding
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114. Mechanical entrapment:
This creates attachment by interlocking the ceramic
into the microabrasions on the surface of the metal
coping which are created by finishing the metal with
non contaminating stones / discs and are abrasives.
Air abrasion appears to enhance the wettability,
provide mechanical interlocking
The use of a bonding agent having platinum spheres
3-6 μm in diameter can also increase the bond
significantly.
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115. Compressive forces:
These are developed by a properly designed
coping and a slightly higher coefficient of thermal
expansion than the porcelain veneered over it. This
slight difference will cause the porcelain to draw
towards the metal coping when the restoration
cools after firing.
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116. Vander waals forces
It is an affinity based on a mutual attraction of
charged molecules. They are minor force for
bonding.
Chemical bonding
It is indicated by the formation of an oxide layer
on the metal. The trace elements like tin, indium,
gallium/iron form oxides and bond to similar
oxides in the opaque layer of the porcelain.
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117. Bonding of porcelain to metal using electrodeposition:
A layer of pure gold is deposited onto the cast metal,
followed by a short flashing deposition of tin. This
method has been successfully used for metals and
alloys such as cobalt, chromium, stainless steel,
palladium silver, high and low gold content alloys and
titanium.
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118. The advantages of this methods are:
1. Bonding is improved because of improved
wetting the metal by the porcelain and reduced
porosity at the porcelain metal interface
2. The electrodeposited layer acts as barrier
between the metal casting and porcelain to inhibit
ion penetration by the metal within normal limits
of porcelain maturation
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119. 3. The gold color of the oxide film improves the vitality
and esthetics of porcelain, when compared to the normal
dark oxides which require thick opaque layers of
porcelain to mark it.
4. The deposited layer acts as a buffer zone to absorb
stresses.
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121. Metal porcelain: Fracture leaves a clean surface of
metal. Seen when metal surface is devoid of
oxides. May also be due to contaminated or
porous metal surfaces.
Metal oxide porcelain: Porcelain fractures at metal
oxide surface, leaving oxide firmly attached to the
metal seen often in base metal alloys.
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122. Metal-metal oxide:
Metal oxide breaks away from the metal and is left
attached to the porcelain seen commonly in base
metal alloy systems due to overproduction of Ch /Ni
oxides
Metal oxide - metal oxide: Fracture through the
metal oxides results from over production of oxide.
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123. Alloy surface treatment:
Once the coping in made proper finishing with
aluminium oxide strips is done to remove any
surface irregularity and small particles as
investment that may have been embedded in the
surface of the casting.
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124. Heat treatment:
The coping is placed in a furnace at relatively low
temperature and is then raised slowly to about
1000°C in vacuum and slowly air cooled in
normal atmosphere. This process of degassing
allows any contaminants/ gas inclusion to burn
off. At the same time base metal atoms will
diffuse to the surface of the metal and form on
oxide film, tin.
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128. Methods of condensation:
The Porcelain is mixed and applied.
Vibration:
Mild vibrations are used to densely pack the wet powder
upon the underlying matrix. The excess water comes to
the surface and is blotted with a tissue paper.
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129. Spatulation:
A small spatula is used, to apply and smoothen the wet
porcelain. This action brings excess water to the surface.
Brush technique:
Dry powder is placed by a brush. Water is drawn towards
the dry powder and the wet particles are pulled together.
Ultrasonic:
Mild vibrations are transmitted electrically.
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130. METHODS OF BUILDING AND CONDENSING
PORCELAIN
The porcelain is usually built to shape using a liquid
binder to hold the particles together. This process of
packing the particles and removing the liquid is known
as condensation. The main objective in building
porcelain powder is to achieve maximum packing density
of the powder i.e. minimum amount of air space is left in
the green or inferred porcelain after driving off the liquid
binder by heating.
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131. Types of binders:
Distilled water: Is the most popular binder used in
dentin and enamel porcelain.
Propylene glycol: Used in alumina core build up.
Alcohol or formaldehyde based liquid for opaque / core
build up.
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132. Building porcelain:
1 The powder is mixed on a glass slab.
2. The mix should not be overstored to avoid the
incorporation of large air bubbles.
3. High room temperature and dry atmosphere is to be
avoided as the powder can dry out rapidly due to which all
spaces are created in the powder bed.
Crowns which are built from such a build up will inevitably
be subjected to the entrapment of large air bubbles and areas
which are opaque may appear.
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136. Firing dental porcelain:
After the condensation and building of a crown it is fired
to high density and correct form. Initially the infected/
green porcelains placed on a sager and introduced into
either a drying chamber/ the entrance of a furnace muffle.
The liquid binder is driven off and the porcelain become
brittle and chalky.
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139. At this stage the green porcelain is introduced into
the hot zone of the furnace and the firing starts, the
glass particles soften at their contact areas and fuse
together. This is often referred to as sintering. Before
firing the temperature is raised gradually to the
manufacturers recommended temperature.
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140. This allows the air/gas bubbles to escape via the grain
boundaries. Sealing the surface by quick firing arrests
the process and can cause bloating / blustering.
The powder will shrink and become denser. In air fired
porcelain a pint is reached where flow of glass grains
around the air spaces trips the remaining air in the
porcelain and on cooling spheroid bubbles are left in
the porcelain. However, then porcelain is fired in
vacuum, the air/atmosphere is removed from the
interstitial spaces before sealing of the surface occurs.
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141. Do not prolong vacuum firing as by then the surface
skin is sealed and further application of vacuum can
cause surface blistering since residual air bubbles will
try to rise to the surface through the molten porcelain.
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144. Classification of the stages in Maturity:
Low Bisque:
The surface of the porcelain is very porous and will
easily absorb a water soluble die. At this stage the
grains of porcelain will have started to soften.
Shrinkage will be minimal and the fired body is
extremely weak and friable. Lack translucency and
glaze.
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145. Medium bisque:
The surface will still be slightly porous but the flow
of the glass grains will have increased. A definite
shrinkage will have taken place. Lacks translucency
and high glaze.
High bisque:
The surface of the porcelain would be completely
sealed and presents a much smoother surface with a
slight shine. shrinkage is complete. Appears glazed.
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147. Cooling
Must be carried out slowly and uniformly. If
shrinkage is not uniform it causes cracking and loss of
strength.
Glazing
Porcelains are glazed to give a smooth and glossy
surface, enhance, esthetics and promote hygiene.
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148. The glazing should be done only on a slightly
roughened surface and never should be applied on
glazed surfaces.
1. Overglaze
2. Self glaze
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149. Over glaze:
These are ceramic powders containing more
amount of glass modifiers thus lowering fusion
temperature. It may be applied to porcelain and
then fired.
Self glaze:
All the constituents on the surface are melted to
form a molten mass about 25 μm thick. Thus the
porcelain is said to be self glazed.
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150. Add on porcelains
The add on porcelains are made from similar
materials to glaze porcelain except for the addition
of opacifiers and coloring pigments. The add on
porcelain is made from the same grit as used to
manufacture regular porcelain.
These are sparingly used for simplest corrections
like correcting of tooth contour / contact points.
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151. Repair of fracture ceramic restoration
Roughen the fracture ceramic surface using an
intraoral sand blaster generally using 30-50 μm
aluminium grit.
Silane is applied.
Dentine bonding agent containing 4 META applied
to the porcelain surface.
The defect is restored with composite restorative
material.
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152. Aluminous porcelain:
There were developed by Mc Lean in 1965. Its
composition is similar to that of conventional
porcelain except for the increased alumina
content (40-50%). The dispersed alumina crystal
strengthens by interruption of crack propagation.
The crack cannot penetrate the alumina crystals
as easily as it can penetrate through the glass.
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153. These are used to construct the core layer for
PJC. These are considered to provide crowns
more esthetics than metal ceramic crowns. Their
strength is almost twice that of conventional
porcelains and is sufficient for use on anterior
teeth. However, for posterior teeth it is
inadequate.
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154. These are moreover less expensive than metal
ceramic crowns. But the disadvantage of this
material is the addition of alumina which makes it
opaque.
Aluminous porcelain shrink during the baking
procedure, the fit of the finished aluminous crowns
is generally poorer than that of ceramometal crowns.
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156. Since the introduction of the first successful
porcelain fused to metal in the early 1960’s there
has been an increasing demand for ceramic
materials. This popularity is a result of the range of
shades that can help achieve life like results.
However, because of their relatively low tensile
strength and brittleness it has been fused to a metal
substrate.
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157. However, this meta substrate can affect the
esthetics of porcelain by decreasing the light
transmission and by creating metal ion
discoloration, in addition some patients are
allergic / sensitive to certain metals. All these
drawbacks led to the development of the new call
ceramic systems.
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158. The evolution of ceramic materials has been a battle for
the ideal strength, aesthetic combination.
The first all ceramic crowns introduced by Land in 1903
were relatively weak materials with limited clinical use.
In 1965 McLean and Hughes formulated aluminous
porcelain compositions.
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159. These materials are composed of feldspathic
porcelain to which approximately 50% aluminium
oxide is added to increase the strength and baking
temperature.40 -80 % alumina crystals and rest is
formed as feldspar, quartz and Kaolin. The
fabrication is similar to feldspathic porcelain
except that the sintering should be slow to allow
the porosities to escape. The porcelain should not
reach the maturing temperature in less than 5
minutes.
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160. Classification of all ceramic systems:
i. Conventional powder and slurry ceramics
ii. Castable ceramics
iii. Machinable ceramics
iv. Infiltrated ceramics
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161. ALUMINOUS CORE CERAMICSALUMINOUS CORE CERAMICS
Mclean and Hughes 1965.Mclean and Hughes 1965.
Alumina content 40-55%.Alumina content 40-55%.
Aluminous oxide crystals dispersed in a glassy matrixAluminous oxide crystals dispersed in a glassy matrix
Method consisting of bonding aluminous porcelain toMethod consisting of bonding aluminous porcelain to
platinum foil copingplatinum foil coping
Foil provides inner skin –decreases subsurface porosity andFoil provides inner skin –decreases subsurface porosity and
formation of micro cracks and increases strengthformation of micro cracks and increases strength
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162. Strength twice that of conventional porcelain sufficient to
use in anterior teeth but is considered inadequate to use in
posterior teeth.
flexural strength-100 MPa. particle size 10-25 microns.
Example- vitadur N
Used as core.
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163. CASTABLE GLASS CERAMICSCASTABLE GLASS CERAMICS
DICORDICOR: By Corning glass works and marketed by: By Corning glass works and marketed by
DentsplyDentsply
Lost wax technique.Lost wax technique.
After the core is recovered it is then covered byAfter the core is recovered it is then covered by
protective embedment material and subjected to heatprotective embedment material and subjected to heat
treatment that causes the microscopic plate liketreatment that causes the microscopic plate like
crystals to grow --- CERAMMING.crystals to grow --- CERAMMING.
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165. Ceramming increases strength, toughness, increasesCeramming increases strength, toughness, increases
resistance to abrasion, chemical durability and decreasesresistance to abrasion, chemical durability and decreases
translucency.translucency.
Particle size 5-7 microns, volume 50%
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166. DICOR MGCDICOR MGC
70% TETRASILICIC FLUROMICA CRYSTAL.70% TETRASILICIC FLUROMICA CRYSTAL.
Particle size 1-5 microns, volume 65 %.Particle size 1-5 microns, volume 65 %.
Provided as CAD/CAM blanksProvided as CAD/CAM blanks
No longer soldNo longer sold
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Limited use in low stress bearing areasLimited use in low stress bearing areas
Unable to color internallyUnable to color internally
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167. Dicor plus : pigmented feldspathic porcelainDicor plus : pigmented feldspathic porcelain
veneer.veneer.
Willis glass : veneer of aluminous porcelain.Willis glass : veneer of aluminous porcelain.
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168. PRESSABLE GLASS CERAMICPRESSABLE GLASS CERAMIC
MacCulloch in 1968MacCulloch in 1968
Type of Feldspathic porcelainType of Feldspathic porcelain
IPS Empress 1--- Leucite 35%IPS Empress 1--- Leucite 35%
adv : translucent, increased flexural strength,adv : translucent, increased flexural strength,
Excellent fit and estheticsExcellent fit and esthetics
IPS Empress 2 ---- Lithia disilicate 70%IPS Empress 2 ---- Lithia disilicate 70%
Scattering similar to tooth enamelScattering similar to tooth enamel
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169. SLIP CAST CERAMICSSLIP CAST CERAMICS
SLURRY OF MATERIAL IS SLIP CAST ON THE DIE ANDSLURRY OF MATERIAL IS SLIP CAST ON THE DIE AND
HEATED IN THE FURNACE TO PRODUCE A PARTIALLYHEATED IN THE FURNACE TO PRODUCE A PARTIALLY
SINTERED COPING.SINTERED COPING.
THIS COPING IS INFILTRATED WITH GLAS AT 1100THIS COPING IS INFILTRATED WITH GLAS AT 1100
FOR 4 HRS TO STRENGTHEN COREFOR 4 HRS TO STRENGTHEN CORE
EX: ICS, ICA, ICZEX: ICS, ICA, ICZ
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3. Dental biomaterials- E C Coombe
4. Applied dental Materials - John F McCabe
5. Introduction to Dental Materials- Richard Van Noort
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