Stem cells can differentiate into various cell types and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells from fertilized eggs and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells are important for potential treatments as they can generate large numbers of cells from a limited source and may be obtained from patients. While embryonic stem cells show potential for treating conditions, their safety requires further investigation. Adult stem cells are used in therapies like bone marrow transplantation. Stem cell transplantation faces challenges like preventing scar tissue formation and ensuring proper differentiation and integration into host circuits.

1. Stem cell Therapy in
Neurological diseases

2. Stem cell:
• Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types
of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem
cells
• They are found in multicellular organism.

3. Two major types
Embryonic stem cell:
-From embryo that develop egg that have been fertilized in vitro.
-Not derived from egg that fertilized in woman body.
Adult stem cell:
-Undifferentiated cell type in a tissue or organ.
-Multipotent ( limited range of cell type)

5. Why stem cells are so important and receiving
so attention
 Large number of cell can be derived from a limited source.
 Can be obtained from the patient itself.
 Reduce the uses of drugs (also side effect).
 They can easily divide, and they can keep replacing dead cell.
 this may offer potential treatments for conditions such as diabetes
and heart disease

6. Embryonic stem cell-
• embryonic stem cells are present in very young embryos
• embryos of one-week-old, having 50-150 cells
• Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart
disease.
• Human embryonic stem cell being isolated ,grown in culture
with enrichment for neuronal lineages(A Neuronal
lineagemarker is an endogenous tag that is expressed in
different cells along neurogenesis and differentiated cells
such as neurons) with of growth factor and
mitogen(A mitogen is a chemical substance that encourages
a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.
A mitogen is usually some form of protein. Mitogenesis is
the induction (triggering) of mitosis, typically via a mitogen).

7. • When placed in the developing rat brain and migrate widely and
differentiate in a site specific fashion without the formation of
teratomas(A teratoma is a tumor made up of several different types
of tissue, such as hair, muscle, or bone. They typically form in the
ovaries, testicles, or tailbone and less commonly in other areas.
Symptoms may be minimal if the tumor is small.).
• The safety of these cell need further investigation.
• Issue of therapeutic (relating to the healing of disease) cloning is
major concern.

8. Embryonic Neural stem cell
•During embryonic development these inner cell
mass cells continuously divide and become more
specialized. For example, a portion of the ectoderm
in the dorsal part of the embryo specializes as
neuroctoderm which will become the future central
nervous system. Later in development neurulation
causes the neuroctoderm to form the neural tube.
At the neural tube stage, the anterior portion
undergoes encephalization to generate or 'pattern'
the basic form of the brain. At this stage of
development, the principal cell type of the CNS is
considered a neural stem cell.

9. Adult stem cell
• also known as somatic stem cell
•Found throughout the body after development that
may be in juvenile as well as adult in animal and
human, unlike ESCs
•Multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and
regenerate damaged tissues
•Ability to self-renew indefinitely and generate all
the cell type of the organ from which they
originated

10. Source of adult stem cells
 Bone marrow
- which require extraction by harvesting that is drilling into bone
 Adipose tissue
- which require extraction by liposuction
 Blood
- which require extraction through apheresis
Adult stem cells are frequently used in various medical therapies
(e.g., bone marrow transplantation).

11. Stem cell plasticity or Trans differentiation-
The capacity to differentiate into cell type
outside their lineage restriction.
HS cell can be converted into neuron as well
as germ cell.
May provide a means to use tissue stem cell
derived directly from a patient for
therapeutic purpose.

12. Properties of stem cell for use in clinical
transplantation-
Capable of clonal propagation in vitro
Genetics stability .
Integration.
Connectivity within the host circuit.
Migration and engraftment.
Correct differentiation.
Functional benefit.
Lack of side effect.

13. Spinomuscular atrophy-
•Aim to replace the lost motor neuron with those
that express normal level of SMN1.
•Neural progenitor are not particular migratory and
would not be expected to spread much from the
injection sites.
•Multiple injection needed.
A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a
tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already
more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its
"target"cell.

14. Spinal cord injuries-
Transplanting neural stem cell to in injuries
sites.
Side effect seen due to the addition of
inappropriate circuitry.
Difficulty of preventing scar tissue(A scar is an area
of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an
injury. Scarsresult from the biological process of wound repair in
the skin, as well as in other organs and tissues of the body.
Thus, scarring is a natural part of the healing process) from
forming at the site of the transplant which
hinder growth of neural projection.

15. Sensory system disorder-
Blindness- stem cell of a particular stage when
placed into the sub retinal space can incorporate
into the adult retina and form functional circuits.
Hearing- stem cell with the ability to differentiate
into new hair cell exist in the adult inner ear.

16. Alzheimer's disease-
The associated neurodegeneration is too
widespread and diffuse.
Therefor unlikely to make better by adding more
cells to the system.
Disease- specifics ESC cell could be used to study
the degeneration of neuron in vitro.

17. Vector for the delivery of biological active
substance-
Role is efficient and flexible vector for the
sustained, local delivery of neuroactive compound
to the brain.
Neurotrophic factor for neuro protection.
To replace protein lost because of single gene
defect.

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