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Grammar Book
Table of Contents
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

Imperfect
Preterit
Por y Para
Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Ud. + Uds. Commands
Present Subjunctive
Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence
Subjunctive w/Verbs of Emotion/Doubt, Disbelief,
and Denial
O Conjunctions
O Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
Table of Contents Part 2
O Tu Commands
O Nosotros Commands
O Past Participles Used as Adjectives
O Present Perfect

O Past Perfect
O Future Tense
O Conditional Tense
O Past Subjunctive
Imperfect
AR - -aba, -abas, -aba, -ābamos, -aban
ER/IR - -īa, -īas, -īa, -īamos, -īan

Iba

Ībamos

Ibas

Iba

Era

Ēramos

Eras
Iban

Era

Veīa

Veīamos

Veīas

Eran

Veīa

Veīan

Trigger Words – Todos los días, a menudo, a veces, siempre, cada día, los lunes,
generalmente, mientras, de vez en cuando, muchas veces, frecuentemente
Ar Endings

Er/ir Endings

-ē -amos

-Ī -imos

-aste -aron

Preterit

-ō -aron
Dar/Ver Conjugation

Car
Gar
Zar

Leī

Ir/Ser Conjugations

Hice Hicimo
s

Diste/Viste
Dio/Vio Dieron/Vieron

-iō -ieron

Hacer

Di/Vi Dimos/Vimos

• Only in Yo form
• -quĕ

-iste -ieron

Fui Fuimos
Fuiste

Hiciste

Fue Fueron

Hizo Hiciero
-e
Leimos n

-imos

-iste

• -guĕ

Leiste

Y Changer
Leer

• -cĕ

Leyō

Leyeron

Andar

Estar

Poder

Poner

Querer

Anduv-

Estuv-

Pud-

Pus-

Quis-

-ieron
Decir
Dij-

-o

Traer
Traj-

Conduc Produci Traduci
ir
r
r
CondujSaber

ProdujTener

Sup-

Tuv-

TradujVenir
Vin-
Por y Para
Por

Para

Motion or a
general location

Destination

Duration of an
action

Deadline or a
specific time in the
future

Object of a search

Purpose or goal

Means by which
something is done

The recipient of
something

Unit of measure

Comparisons or
opinions

Por aqui

Por
ejemplo

Por eso

Por fin

Purpose

Exchange or
substitution

Both mean for
Por – Through Para – Towards
Para usually before infinitive

Employment
Stressed Possessive Adjectives
and Pronouns
Mio

Nuestro

Mi (s)

Nuestr
(a/os/as)

Mios

Nuestros

Tuyo

Long Form
Singular

Tu (s)

Short
Form

Tuyos

Long Form
Plural

Suyo

Su (s)

Su(s)

Suyos

Suyo

Attach the pronoun to a reflexive
when using a reflexive in the
infinitive form.
Use the long
form of the
possessive
adjective

Add el, la, los, or
las according to
the gender and
number of the
noun it replaces

Suyos

Um amigo mio.
• A friend of mine.

Comemos con unos
amigos nuestros
• We are eating with some
friends of ours.

Sus viajes son a diferentes lugares
• His trips are to different places

Y los tuyos, adonde son?
• And yours, where are they to?
Ud. + Uds. Commands
Drop “O” from
yo form then
add ending.

Ar Verb Er Verb

Ir Verb

-e

-a

-a

-en

-an

-an

Put in Ud. or
Uds. form w/ the
opp endings.
Present Subjunctive
Put verb into yo form

Tener

Tengo

Take off O

Traer

Traigo

Venir

Vengo

Ver

Veo

Add opposite ending

Conocer

Conozco

Decir

Digo

Dormir

Duermo

Hacer

Hago

Oir

Oigo

Pedir

Pido

Perder

Pierdo

Car
• -que

Gar
• -gue

Zar

Querer

Quiero

• -ce
Subjunctive with Verbs of Will
and Influence
Es
necesario
que
Es mejor
que

Es bueno
que

Triggers
Es
importante
que

Es triste
que

Es urgente
que

Es mal que

Sugeri
r (e-ie)

Aconseja
r

Importar

Insistir
(en)

Mandar

Prohibir

Recomend
ar (e-ie)

Rogar
(o-ue)

To
sugges
t

To advise

To be
important;
to matter

To insist
(on)

To order

To
prohibit

To
recommend

To beg; to
plead
Subjunctive w/Verbs of
Emotion/Doubt, Disbelief,
and Denial
Phrase

Translation

(no) Creer

(not) To believe

(no) Dudar

(not) To doubt

(no) Estar
seguro(a)

No cabe duda
de/No hay
duda de

There is no
doubt

(not) To be sure

Es (no)
possible

It’s (not)
possible

(no) Negar

(not) To deny

Es impossible

It’s impossible

(no) Es
probable

It’s not
probable

Es improbable

It’s improbable

It’s (not) true

Es obvio

It’s obvious

(no) Es cierto/
(no) Es verdad
(no) Es seguro

It’s not certain
Conjunctions
As soon as

Until

So that

Without

En cuanto /Tan
pronto como

Hasta que

Para que

Sin que

Unless

Before

Provided
that

After

In case
(that)

A menos
que

Antes de

Con tal que

Despues de

En caso que

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Sp3 grammar book

  • 2. Table of Contents O O O O O O O O Imperfect Preterit Por y Para Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Ud. + Uds. Commands Present Subjunctive Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence Subjunctive w/Verbs of Emotion/Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial O Conjunctions O Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
  • 3. Table of Contents Part 2 O Tu Commands O Nosotros Commands O Past Participles Used as Adjectives O Present Perfect O Past Perfect O Future Tense O Conditional Tense O Past Subjunctive
  • 4. Imperfect AR - -aba, -abas, -aba, -ābamos, -aban ER/IR - -īa, -īas, -īa, -īamos, -īan Iba Ībamos Ibas Iba Era Ēramos Eras Iban Era Veīa Veīamos Veīas Eran Veīa Veīan Trigger Words – Todos los días, a menudo, a veces, siempre, cada día, los lunes, generalmente, mientras, de vez en cuando, muchas veces, frecuentemente
  • 5. Ar Endings Er/ir Endings -ē -amos -Ī -imos -aste -aron Preterit -ō -aron Dar/Ver Conjugation Car Gar Zar Leī Ir/Ser Conjugations Hice Hicimo s Diste/Viste Dio/Vio Dieron/Vieron -iō -ieron Hacer Di/Vi Dimos/Vimos • Only in Yo form • -quĕ -iste -ieron Fui Fuimos Fuiste Hiciste Fue Fueron Hizo Hiciero -e Leimos n -imos -iste • -guĕ Leiste Y Changer Leer • -cĕ Leyō Leyeron Andar Estar Poder Poner Querer Anduv- Estuv- Pud- Pus- Quis- -ieron Decir Dij- -o Traer Traj- Conduc Produci Traduci ir r r CondujSaber ProdujTener Sup- Tuv- TradujVenir Vin-
  • 6. Por y Para Por Para Motion or a general location Destination Duration of an action Deadline or a specific time in the future Object of a search Purpose or goal Means by which something is done The recipient of something Unit of measure Comparisons or opinions Por aqui Por ejemplo Por eso Por fin Purpose Exchange or substitution Both mean for Por – Through Para – Towards Para usually before infinitive Employment
  • 7. Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Mio Nuestro Mi (s) Nuestr (a/os/as) Mios Nuestros Tuyo Long Form Singular Tu (s) Short Form Tuyos Long Form Plural Suyo Su (s) Su(s) Suyos Suyo Attach the pronoun to a reflexive when using a reflexive in the infinitive form. Use the long form of the possessive adjective Add el, la, los, or las according to the gender and number of the noun it replaces Suyos Um amigo mio. • A friend of mine. Comemos con unos amigos nuestros • We are eating with some friends of ours. Sus viajes son a diferentes lugares • His trips are to different places Y los tuyos, adonde son? • And yours, where are they to?
  • 8. Ud. + Uds. Commands Drop “O” from yo form then add ending. Ar Verb Er Verb Ir Verb -e -a -a -en -an -an Put in Ud. or Uds. form w/ the opp endings.
  • 9. Present Subjunctive Put verb into yo form Tener Tengo Take off O Traer Traigo Venir Vengo Ver Veo Add opposite ending Conocer Conozco Decir Digo Dormir Duermo Hacer Hago Oir Oigo Pedir Pido Perder Pierdo Car • -que Gar • -gue Zar Querer Quiero • -ce
  • 10. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence Es necesario que Es mejor que Es bueno que Triggers Es importante que Es triste que Es urgente que Es mal que Sugeri r (e-ie) Aconseja r Importar Insistir (en) Mandar Prohibir Recomend ar (e-ie) Rogar (o-ue) To sugges t To advise To be important; to matter To insist (on) To order To prohibit To recommend To beg; to plead
  • 11. Subjunctive w/Verbs of Emotion/Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial Phrase Translation (no) Creer (not) To believe (no) Dudar (not) To doubt (no) Estar seguro(a) No cabe duda de/No hay duda de There is no doubt (not) To be sure Es (no) possible It’s (not) possible (no) Negar (not) To deny Es impossible It’s impossible (no) Es probable It’s not probable Es improbable It’s improbable It’s (not) true Es obvio It’s obvious (no) Es cierto/ (no) Es verdad (no) Es seguro It’s not certain
  • 12. Conjunctions As soon as Until So that Without En cuanto /Tan pronto como Hasta que Para que Sin que Unless Before Provided that After In case (that) A menos que Antes de Con tal que Despues de En caso que