Overview of types of motor programme development

1. A Level Sport and Physical Education
Motor Programmes
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2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE
BY THE END OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 Understand the make up of a motor programme
 Describe motor programmes through the use of practical examples
 Demonstrate How Open and Closed Loop Theory explains how skills are
controlled
 Understand SCHEMA theory and compare it to Open and Closed Loop
theory
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3. MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE
PROGRAMMES
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MOTOR PROGRAMME or EXECUTIVE MOTOR PROGRAMME
• IS A PLAN of the whole skill or pattern of movement
• defined as a set of movements stored as a whole in the long-term memory
• contains all the information required to make a movement :
– which muscles to use
– the order in which muscles are used
– the phasing and degree of contraction of muscles
• enables a skill to be performed
• can be made up of a large number of subroutines
• must be adaptable so that it can be altered when the environment / surroundings change
SUBROUTINES
• component parts of an executive programme
• structured in layers
– some subroutines can be in turn broken down into further subroutines which form
smaller parts of a skill
• which when fully learned can be performed automatically
• without conscious control

4. MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE
PROGRAMMES
01/25/16 .4
STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME FOR A DISCUS THROW
D I S C U S T H R O W
E X E C U T I V E
P R O G R A M M E
p r e l i m i n a r y
s w i n g s
i n i t i a l
s t a n c e
t r a n s i t i o n
i n t o t u r n
t u r n
p o w e r
p o s i t i o n
t h r o w i n g
a c t i o n
r e c o v e r y S U B R O U T I N E S
f e e t / l e g
a c t i o n
t r u n k
a c t i o n
a r m
a c t i o n

5. MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES
01/25/16 .5
STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME FOR A TENNIS
SERVE
T E N N I S S E R V E
E X E C U T I V E
P R O G R A M M E
s t a n c eg r i p t h r o w s w i n g
w e i g h t
t r a n s f e r
s t r i k e S U B R O U T I N E S
f e e t / l e g
a c t i o n
t r u n k
a c t i o n
a r m
a c t i o n

6. MOTOR CONTROL
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OPEN LOOP CONTROL
• this applies to executive programmes whose subroutines are simple and
well-learned
• and are automatic (no conscious thought is necessary)
• they are then completed rapidly without time for feedback
• and apply to closed and self-paced skills
• examples :
– tennis serve
– discus throw
M O T O R C O N T R O L
M E C H A N I S M
M O T O R C O M M A N D S
M O V E M E N T

7. MOTOR CONTROL
01/25/16 .7
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
• this applies to ongoing movements
• in which only part of the information necessary to complete a movement is
sent to effector organs (neuromuscular system)
• the remaining information is sent following feedback via kinaesthesis
• information about balance and body position can be used to change these
factors during a movement
• examples :
– riding a bike
– performing a gymnastic move
– performing a complex dive
M O T O R C O N T R O L
M E C H A N I S M
M O T O R C O M M A N D S
M O V E M E N T
K I N A E S T H E T I C
F E E D B A C K

8. SCHEMA (SCHMIDT’s THEORY)
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• SCHEMA: IS A BUILD UP OF EXPERIENCES, which can be adapted and
used to meet the demands of new situations.
• It explains how sports performers can undertake so many actions with very little
conscious control
• The bigger the schema the more efficient the movement
• Large amounts of varied practice are needed to improve a schema
• Feedback is very important to correct and update a schema
CAN YOU DESCRIBE ANY SCHEMA’S YOU HAVE
BUILT UP FOR YOUR SPORT?

9. SCHEMA
01/25/16 .9
• a schema is the information about :
– where the performer is (knowledge of the environment)
– what the performer has to do to perform successfully (response
specifications)
– what a movement feels like (sensory consequences)
– what happens when the performer responds (response outcomes)
• which is stored and used to update a motor programme when used next
RECALL SCHEMA
• this is all the information needed to start a relevant movement
• the knowledge of the environment (initial conditions)
– playing conditions (pitch, playing surface, weather)
– positions of team mates and opposition
– condition of equipment (kit, bike, car)
• the response specifications (the correct technical model)
– speed and force required
– size and shape of movement required
– techniques and styles used

10. SCHEMA
01/25/16 .10
RECOGNITION SCHEMA
• information needed to correct errors and remember correct performance
• information about evaluating the response
• sensory consequences (knowledge of performance)
– the feeling and look of the performance
• response outcomes (movement outcomes)
– the results of performance
– knowledge of results (how far / fast / many)
• used when there is enough time to process feedback
• or for evaluating performance

11. MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES
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STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME FOR A
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