Project 1: Structural Design Post Mortem

STRUCTURAL DESIGN POST MORTEM ON
VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
BUILDING STRUCTURE (BLD60703)
CHAI PHEY CHIAT 0334480
TUTOR: MR. ADIB MOHD RAMLI

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
1.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING
1.2 MATERIALS USED TO BUILD VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
1.3 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM USED IN THE DESIGNED BUILDING
2.0 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS OF VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
3.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 1: FOUNDATION SYSTEM
3.1 EXISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
3.2 MODIFIED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
3.2.1 SAFETY
3.2.2 FEASIBILITY
3.2.3 ECONOMY
3.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
4.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 2: POST AND BEAM
4.1.1 SAFETY
4.1.2 FEASIBILITY
4.1.3 ECONOMY
4.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
4.2.1 SAFETY
4.2.2 FEASIBILITY
4.2.3 ECONOMY
4.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
5.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 3: WALL
5.1.1 SAFETY
5.1.2 FEASIBILITY
5.1.3 ECONOMY
5.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
5.2.1 SAFETY
5.2.2 FEASIBILITY
5.2.3 ECONOMY
5.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
6.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 4: ROOF
6.1.1 SAFETY
6.1.2 FEASIBILITY
6.1.3 ECONOMY
6.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
6.2.1 SAFETY
6.2.2 FEASIBILITY
6.2.3 ECONOMY
6.2.4 OPTIMIZATION

7.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 5: STAIRCASE
7.1.1 SAFETY
7.1.2 FEASIBILITY
7.1.3 ECONOMY
7.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
7.2.1 SAFETY
7.2.2 FEASIBILITY
7.2.3 ECONOMY
7.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
8.0 MODIFIED DRAWINGS OF VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
9.0 CONCLUSION
10.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
Located in Sungai Buloh with the name itself famous for the leprosy patients, a Visitor Interpretive
Centre is to be built within this place to educate the public about the hidden story of the patients
and their life dealing with the disease.
The population became fewer which causes the story of Sungai Buloh to be forgotten. The place
is famous with nursery but how many people have heard the life as a leprosy patient in the past
which is behind the walls? From the darkest to the brightest moments, the patients experienced a
journey just behind the walls. The purpose of the Visitor Interpretive Center is to allow the users to
experience the darkness and the light behind the walls, besides exploring the guided movements
in the Visitor Interpretive Centre.
1.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING
The building is divided into two different spaces: The surrounding building blocks are one of the
spaces where cast in-situ columns are the main support of the building built directly to the soil.
They also serve as load-bearing support for walls (concrete walls), façade (wooden façade) and
the roof (concrete roof slab). The other space is the Cafeteria which the space is supported by
surrounding columns attached to the floor slab. The columns serve as load-bearing support again
for the walls (concrete walls and glass walls) and the roof (steel structured glass roof), where all of
these structural components are made to build-up a Visitor Interpretive Centre.
1.2 MATERIALS USED TO BUILD VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
NO. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS MATERIALS
1 Floor Concrete
2 Staircase Concrete, Metal Frame & Metal Sheet
3 Wall Concrete, Glass
4 Roof Framing Structure Steel
5 Roof Concrete, Glass
1.3 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM USED IN THE DESIGNED BUILDING
Concrete frame construction, which is known as the skeleton construction by using concrete, is
used for the construction of Visitor Interpretive Centre. It is the most common type of construction
which transfer the loads of superstructure to the network of beams and columns then to the soil. It
is used to support superstructure which includes:
1. Floor / Slab 3. Walls
2. Roof 4. Facade
The keys of selection of the frame construction includes:
1. This Visitor Interpretive Centre is considered as a small scale building
2. The building purpose and its design intention for the selection of materials
3. Easily obtainable materials and ideal for small scale construction

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2.0 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS OF VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE
GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:150

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:150
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3.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 1: FOUNDATION SYSTEM
3.1 EXISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - NO FOUNDATION SYSTEM
3.2 MODIFIED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - CONCRETE FOOTING
3.2.1 SAFETY
A building without a foundation system or footing is dangerous for the visitors. Without
a proper foundation system, the structure of the building cannot stand by its on and
it is possible to make the building sink or crack. Foundation system is important in a
building because:
1. Column act as a point load to the ground. The column will first start to sink due
to its load which is concentrating at one area.
2. It acts as a platform so floors and walls do not separate.
3. It acts as a supporting system to support the building so the weight is able to
spread evenly over the ground.
Therefore, a foundation system is needed for the building.
The diagrams above show the possible failure of the building without footing or foundation
The diagram above shows the building load that are transferred to the ground by footings
With a concrete foundation system built for this Visitor Interpretive Center, the building
will be much more stable and safer for the visitors when compared to the building
with no foundation system.
As stated earlier, foundation system acts as the support for the building as it is able
to spread the load of the building uniformly to the ground. The footing used for this
designed building enables uniform distribution of load to the ground. Besides, the
concrete footing is waterproof (unlike wooden footing that requires extra waterproofing
coating), and does not rust. It is also fireproof so the building would not collapse too
fast if there is a case of fire.

3.2.3 ECONOMY
3.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
Concrete is the cheapest material to be used for the construction of footing. It is
economical to use concrete as it is fireproof, waterproof, termite-proof, and it can
last for a very long time. Unlike other materials, concrete footing is to be said that it
requires no or very little maintenance and therefore it is chosen to be the only material
to be casted as footing.
While footing is kept below the ground and it is known as the substructure, there is no
need to take care of its aesthetic purposes. As long as it is functionable and it can last
until the end of the building’s lifetime, it can be considered as a long lasting structure
and material. It is more practicle to use concrete together with steel bars to form the
concrete footing for the building.
3.2.2 FEASIBILITY
Since concrete is an easily obtainable material in the market, it is easy to be built by
the construction workers too. The concrete footings are typically made up of concrete
that has been poured to the excavated trench with rebar as the reinforcement of the
concrete footing. Superstructure will only be started after the concrete obtained its full
strength which is around 28 days.
Diagrams above shows the excavated trench and the casting of concrete to build up footings
The table above shows the price of the concrete as it is easier to be obtained from the market which
the above table is obtained from Quantity Online Survey Malaysia. A grade 30 concrete is often used in
the market for the construction of footing.
The diagram on the left shows the concrete footing with the steel bar
installed

4.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 2: POST AND BEAM
4.1 EXISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE
4.1.1 SAFETY
The reinforced concrete columns and beams are designed and constructed to the
designed building which all of them aligned to the grid lines drawn. By revising the
drawings again, it can be clearly seen that, some parts of the building blocks are not
safely supported which attempt to make confusion in construction works.
As pointed out in the drawings, some of the columns were not properly located while
some of the sizes of the columns are either too small, or not in the correct sizes which
may affect the aesthetic and the outlook of the building.
Therefore, some amendments need to be done to the location and the sizes of the
columns so the building will be safe enough to be visited by the visitors.
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4.1.2 FEASIBILITY
In terms of structural stability and its safety, the structure is safe enough to be used
for this small scale building. By comparing structural stability of the concrete structure
and steel structure, we can actually see that the steel structure is more stable than
concrete structure. Since this building is not more than 12 metre height, it is not
necessary to use steel structure in this small scale project.
In terms of the structural ability to resist fire, reinforced concrete is the material that
has the high degree of fire resistance. It is a non-combustible material and has a slow
rate of heat transfer, which is the most suitable material to be used for structural
components in a building to support weights from the above in case there is a fire. This
is because concrete does not loss its strength when it is exposed to high temperature
(unlike steel structure that cause failure when it is exposed to high temperature), and
it does not burn as it is a non-combustible material (unlike wood structure that requires
coatings to prolong the time to get burned).
Concrete post and beams are easily to be obtained and constructed for a building with
reinforcement needed to reduce the shear failure to the beam and the compression
failure to the column but improper reinforcement of concrete on the site might lead to
the following problem.
The above table and the graph show the strength of the concrete when it is compared with steel
The graph shows that the higher the temperature, the
less stiff the steel is. Prolonged fire exposure may
result in annealing and reduction of yield strength
The photo above shows the shear failure of a beam with no proper
reinforcement made to the structure
This is the fire retardant paint to prolong the time for the wood to
get burned. 2 coating of this paint provide 30 minutes Fire Protection
Rating (FPR) while 3 coatings provide 60 minutes FPR
This photo shows the compression failure of a
column due to improper reinforcement

Steel structures were considerably to be easily or conveniently done but due to its
extra cost needed for materials and welding components, concrete construction
works should be the ideal construction material for the building
4.1.3 ECONOMY
By comparing to all other building materials to construct post and beam structure,
concrete is the most common and easiest to obtain material in the market. Therefore,
its price is relatively low when compared to the others.
Concrete is an economical and stable material when compared to wood and steel. It
resists to termite, rusting, and also resists to fire. Since it is cheaper and highly stable,
it is widely used in construction projects and thus, it is an ideal material for post and
beam for this small scale building.
The problem existed when the cast-in-place concrete requires extra time and cost
for formwork construction and removal, and the curing of concrete to ensure the
concrete is stable enough to support the load of the building.
To construct the concrete post and beams for a building, formworks are needed to set
up in order to form the spaces of the concrete columns and beams to be casted with
concrete mixed.
Diagram on the left shows the formwork used to cast
concrete column and concrete beam. This requires some
time to wait for the concrete to obtain its full strength and
also to remove the formwork.
The price of Concrete Mixed, where Grade 20 or 25 is suitable for Concrete Column and Beams
The price of Structural Steel Beams and Columns
Table above shows the comparison of the materials: concrete, steel, wood.
Concrete Steel Wood
Fireproof Yes Yes, but properties
changed after high
temperature
No. Unless coated
with fireproofing
coatings
Rust-Proof Yes No Yes
Termite-Proof Yes Yes No
Availability Easy to Obtain Easy to Obtain Hard to Obtain
Ease of Construction Easy (Plaster &
Concrete Casting)
Easy (Steel Plate
& Welding)
Easy (Steel Plate
& Screws)

The diagram from the left shows the
corners that are useless within the
building, which resulted the following
issues:
1. Not aesthetically pleasing as it
appears like a lump standing out from
a wall.
2. Easy to construct but hard to maintain
the corners therefore it is not practical
in a building.
4.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
Most of the structures in this building are designed to support the building with its
sizes of the structure to optimize the total strength of the building. Regardless of the
aesthetic and practicality of the building, the main concern was to make the building
stable so most of the columns were built with the size of 300 X 300mm, where this
type of structure created a lot of corners and spaces which are useless. Therefore,
some amendments need to be done with structural columns to reduce those useless
spaces while balancing the building with aesthetic and practicality.
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Diagram above shows the columns that were built with the size 300 X 300mm created a lot corners and
it is not practical in construction too.
Detail 1
Detail 1
Ground Floor Plan N.T.S.

4.2 MODIFIED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - PRECASE CONCRETE STRUCTURE
4.2.1 SAFETY
The strength and the condition of the precast concrete structure were checked properly
before leaving the factory. It is moulded within a controlled environment in the factory
to prevent any defects within the structure such as honeycomb and cracking.
Precast concrete obtained its full strength as it has been placed in the factory for 28
days or longer before sending them to the site. Therefore, the structure is strong
enough to sustain load and it is ready to be installed at the construction site.
In terms of fire resistivity, since the precast concrete is casted in the factory and under
controlled condition, it has high degree of fire resistant and it will not deform easily
in case of a fire. Same as cast in-place concrete, precast concrete also resist to fire
which does not allow building to collapse in a short time, and it allows adequate time
for occupants to escape from the building.
The factory that is used to
manufacture precast concrete
The above table shows the strength of the concrete obtained by days once the concrete is casted. In
order to obtain the full strength concrete, the concrete must be placed for about 28 days and above.
The graphs above show the change of the concrete strength when it approach to fire. It can be seen
that the properties of the concrete does not change much under normal fire condition unless the
temperature exceeds 1000°F, which might only cause 50% change for its properties.
The defect known as ‘honeycomb’ in concrete if
the concrete is not casted properly

4.2.2 FEASIBILITY
4.2.3 ECONOMY
Precast concrete structures are easily to be obtained in the market and are easily to
be constructed to form a building. In Malaysia, there are OKA IBS Concrete Products
Company, API Company, and other companies that supply precast concrete structures.
When compared to both precast concrete and cast in-place concrete, precast concrete
is actually a bit more expensive than cast in-place concrete but is cheaper than it in
overall because the time needed to construct the building is relatively or much lesser.
The below table shows the comparison for both precast concrete construction and
cast in-place construction that are relatable to costs.
From the table above, we can see that the inital cost for pre-cast concrete for
construction is very high because the precast concrete is not cheap in the market.
Since the precast concrete itself has gained its full strength, the period of construction
can be shorten and therefore the long run cost in lower too when compared to cast-in-
place construction which requires 28 days for each structure to gain its full strength.
Therefore, it is cheaper and economical since the time needed for construction is
much fewer than cast in-place concrete construction.
It has became a new practice and trend in the world nowadays as it is easy to obtain,
easy to construct, fast construction, and has a higher strength when compared to
conventional casting method.
OKA IBS Concrete Products Company
The structure is easy to be constructed with
precast concrete supplied by OKA Company
The information from the table above shows the
precast concrete has a higher strength as it is done
within a controlled environment.
Strict strength
requirements before
leaving the plant.
Consistency across all
precast materials.
Variables factor into
your final product.
Temperature, wind,
humidity, etc. can
impact final strength
API Company
STRENGTH
Precast Concrete Cast-In-Place
Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete Cast-In-Place Concrete
Initial Cost High Low
Period of Construction Short Long
Long Run Cost Low High

4.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
The precast concrete when compared to conventional cast in-place concrete, it
imposes high aesthetic value and high practicality in building construction. The columns
are built with standard size of 225 X 300mm which increases the aesthetic value of
the building while reducing the wasted spaces in the building (corners) and at the
same time increase the practicality of the building and construction since the precast
concrete structure obtained its full strength before it was sent to the site.
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Detail 1
Detail 1
The diagram on the left shows the
reduced size of the concrete column
which creates more functional spaces
and at the same time increase the
aesthetic of the building to the the
public.
Diagram above shows the columns that were built with the size 225 X 300mm reduces a lot useless
spaces within the building.

5.1.2 FEASIBILITY
It is known that the concrete is easy to be obtained and easy to be constructed. As
for cast-in-place concrete, formworks are needed to be constructed in order to allow
the concrete to take the shape of the formworks to form the wall and around 28
days are needed for the hardening of concrete to obtain its full strength. This is not
a very convenient method as formworks are required for the set up, and rebars are
needed for the wall to avoid the collapsing of wall by itself due to the compressive
force. Therefore, it might not be a good idea to form walls by using concrete since the
building is supported by concrete skeletal structures, unless the the walls are used as
load-bearing walls, the concrete walls would be a waste for the building then.
5.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 3
5.1 EXISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL
5.1.1 SAFETY
Concrete wall is a stable material as it is strong, fire resistant, and termite-proof. Most
of the walls in this building were constructed with concrete wall with a size of 150mm
thick as this is the standard thickness of a wall. The problem existed when all the walls
were built with 150mm thickness as it is not suitable to be built as retaining wall and
also as load-bearing wall. The diagram below shows the inaccurate thickness of the
wall and the walls as space separators.
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The retaining wall that is built underground
is not properly designed with only 150mm
thickness which is not safe for the users as the
lateral load of the soil may cause the wall to fail.
The picture above shows the preparation (building
up formworks) that is needed to be done before the
casting of the concrete walls. Rebars are needed to
support and strengthen the concrete wall.
The diagram above explains the load-
bearing wall where the loads are
transferred from the top to the footing
through the wall. Therefore, this type of
wall is needed to be reinforced and strong
enough to support the load as the building
has no skeletal structure support.
Unnescessary construction of concrete wall as space
separator, safe but not practical.
Sectional Lower Ground Floor Plan N.T.S. Sectional Ground Floor Plan N.T.S.
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5.1.3 ECONOMY
It is an ideal material to construct walls for this building as concrete is cheap in the
market. It is stable and last longer than other materials since it is non-combustible,
termite-proof, and waterproof. Since the building is not too high, it is an ideal material to
be used as it does not crack easily. The only problem of this material is that, it requires
a lot of time for hardening process in order to obtain its full strength as in a project,
the increase of time requires extra cost and it also uses formwork to get constructed.
Some of the walls highlighted are required to be changed to other materials to save
the cost of the construction as shown in the diagram below.
The walls highlighted above are all concrete walls which are unnecessary in the building as the building
is designed with concrete skeletal structure. In order to save cost in the construction, it is more ideal to
change the material for the walls highlighted.
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5.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
Pure concrete wall construction is constructed in this building to imporve the aesthetic
of the overall outlook of the building but it is not practical. Since the building was
designed with concrete skeletal structure, there is no need for every wall of this
building to be constructed by using concrete as most of the walls do not act as
support. Therefore, the use of concrete wall only improve the aesthetic of the building
which cause an unbalanced state since it is not practical in the world of construction.
Diagram under section 5.1.3 Feasibility also shows the walls that are needed to be
reconsidered for the materials.

5.2 MODIFIED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - PLASTERED BRICK WALL
5.2.1 SAFETY
Both type of walls do not burn as they are fireproof. The only different between the
walls are: plastered brick wall is lighter than concrete wall that it is able to reduce
the dead load of the structure. This provides a safer building for occupants as the
building site will be sinking down after years. As the site is constructed with building,
the water molecule in the soil under building will get dried after a few years. This is
because the soil below building is not receiving any water and therefore, the soil wall
be sinking by the time when the water molecules are gone. (Water molecule in the
soil has an uplifting force) In order to reduce the sinking of soil by heavier structures
and walls from the building, the building has to be constructed with lighter materials
to reduce the sinking effect that could cause cracking of structure which reduce the
safeness of the building to the public. The table below shows the weight of the brick
wall and the concrete wall. Therefore, it is recommended to use brick wall to reduce
building sinkage and to provide safer building to the visitors.
Brick Wall Concrete
Dead Weight
(kg/cu.m)
1900
Table above shows the dead weight of the brick wall and concrete in kilogram per cubic metre.
The diagram above shows the uplift force
performed by the water molecules in
the soil, where the molecules are still
maintained in the soil as the structure were
just casted and the water is not dried yet.
The diagram above shows the force acting by the
structure to the ground. After a period of time,
the water below the structure will dry out since
the water molecules cannot reach there. The soil
will start to sink after the water dried out and this
will cause the structure to sink too.
2400

5.2.2 FEASIBILITY
5.2.3 ECONOMY
When brick is compared to concrete, both of them are easy-obtainable material from
the market and both of the materials are easily constructable in building construction
works. One of the disadvantages that affect the ease of construction of concrete wall
is that, the concrete wall construction requires formworks and steel bars to enhance
the rigidity and stability of the wall. Moreover, concrete requires plenty of time to get
dried (depends on weather) and to obtain full strength of its on before proceeding to
structure above. Therefore, by using bricks to build up the walls and since the building
uses concrete skeletal construction, the construction of walls is much more easier
and faster with plaster which acts as the glue to bind the bricks together. The bricks
are than plastered to cover up the bricks. The table below shows the time needed for
walls to obtain its full strength by comparing both brick walls and concrete wall.
Brickwall is an ideal material to save cost when compared to concrete wall. This is
because brick is cheaper than concrete and is easier to be constructed than concrete.
Since bricks are laid piece by piece to build up the walls (As shown in the photo in
Section 5.2.2 Feasibility), there is no need to use formwork to form the shape of the
structure. Also, as mentioned before, the construction if brick walls uses fewer time
the concrete wall and thus this can save the construction cost as in a project, the
lesser the time taken for the project, the lower the cost.
Plastered Brick Wall Concrete
Duration to
Obtain Full
Strength
Around 10 - 15 days 28 days & above
Table above shows the duration of the materials to obtain its full strength
Table above shows the approximate price needed for a 3 X 3m wall, calculated according to the price
provided by Quantity Surveyor Online, Malaysia.
The photo on the left shows the construction
of brick wall applied with plasters
Example 3 X 3m Wall Plastered Brick Wall Concrete Wall
Price of Material
Required (RM)
241.88 255.15
Price of Extra Materi-
als Required (RM)
Plaster - RM 50 Formwork - RM 234
Total Amount Re-
quired (RM, Approx.)
291.88 537.50
Duration + Works
Required
Approx. 10 - 15 days with Plastering
of Walls
28 days and above + Formwork
Removal + Curing

5.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
It is much more practical by using bricks to construct the walls of the building and
then plaster them up. With this type construction materials used for construction, the
aesthetic is the building and its practicality can be balanced. Most of the walls are not
acting as a load bearing wall and instead, they are acting as a skin of the building to
protect the users from rain and the direct exposure to sun. The diagram below shows
the walls which have been constructed to brick walls.
The diagram above shows the highlighted walls that have been changed to brick wall.

The picture above shows the crack of the
concrete roofing.
The cracked glass panels were the experiment done by a group of students where the glass were break
at the temperature of around 60°C when it is exposed to fire.
The photo above shows the crack of the glass
roof due to external condition. Eg. Harsh weather
6.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 4 - ROOF
6.1 EXISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - CONCRETE ROOFING AND GLASS ROOFING SYSTEM
6.1.1 SAFETY
The existing concrete pitch roof, in terms of its stability and safety, it is safe and stable
to be constructed and to serve its purpose for protection against rain and direct sun
exposure, but due to its weight and the span of the roof, the concrete roof might
crack over time due to the change of property of its material. Therefore, it might not
be suitable to be used as roof structure as it might not be safe for occupants in the
future. While serving its purpose same as the concrete building to protect the visitors
against rain, the glass roof might not be a safe material to be made as the roof panels
as it might crack if it is exposed to harsh weather condition and weight.
In terms of fire resistivity, it is extremely stable as concrete is fireproof and termite-
proof. Therefore, it is safe for occupants to escape within the limited amount of time
if there is a case of fire within the building itself. Glass roof is not suitable to be
constructed as it cannot sustain heat in any event of fire. This is because glass might
crack due to high temperature and it might break that could possibly endanger the life
of the occupants.

6.1.2 FEASIBILITY
6.1.3 ECONOMY
Concrete is an easy-to-obtain material in the market within Malaysia but the problem
with the concrete roofing is the weight itself and therefore, it is hard to construct a
concrete pitch roof as it requires a lot of skilled and it requires strong formwork and
good weather condition to form on-site concrete roof. Precast concrete might not be a
good idea too as it is hard to be transported to the construction site as the size needed
for this designed building exceeds the size of the truck.
As for the glass roofing system, glass is a hard-to-obtain material as the designed
building requires custom size of the glass panels. This might take some time for the
factory to produce glass panels and also, it is hard to be installed as a roof.
It is not a good idea to construct concrete roofing and glass roofing.
The concrete roofing requires heavy use of formwork and also requires a lot of skilled
workers to construct the roof (As shown in the photo in Section 6.1.2). Also, it requires
plenty of time to allow the concrete to obtain its full strength after the removal of
formwork (which is done after 2-3 days of concrete casting) to avoid cracking and
failure. It is not economical since it requires some time for it to sustain by its own.
Glass roof panels are expensive and hard to be installed because it might crack by its
own. It is a fragile material and it requires high maintenance fee too.
Below are the disadvantages of the concrete pitch roof and glass roof, and therefore
they are not suitable as they require high cost and maintenance.
The photo above shows
the concrete roof
construction.
The photo above shows
the manufacturing of glass
panels in a factory.
The drawing above shows the detail of a
glass roof construction
Concrete Pitch Roof Glass Roof
Leakage Problem - Requires Waterproofing Costly: Required Double Glazing
Heavy / Increased Weight Noises + Condenstion
Absorbs Heat Possibly Early Failure
Cracks High Maintenance
Retained Moisture Promote Plants Growth Possibility to Crack
Hard to Install Failure to Regulate Temperature
Disadvatages

6.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
Concrete pitch roof is giving the building its aesthetic form but the problem existed
when it is not practical enough to be constructed in this way for the building. In the
world of construction, concrete roofing is not often used for the buildings because:
1. Hard to be constructed
2. Hard to be maintained
3. Possibility to crack in the future which may endanger the life of the users
4. High cost for concrete roof construction
5. Requires skilled workers
In order to reduce its impracticallity of its construction while maintain the aesthetic of
the building, the roof material should be changed. The concrete roof structure that is
designed previously is to be connected as shown in the diagram below.
Glass roof is also impracticle in the construction industry as it only gives the aesthetic
feeling to the building. It is considered impracticle because:
1. Glass is heavy,
2. Easy to crack,
3. Hard to install,
4. and hard to maintain.
Since it penetrates heat faster than other roof materials, it is not often use in building
up roof structure as it has high emmision-value thus can heat up the space so much
faster than other type of roof.
The above diagram shows the detailed drawing of the concrete room and its connection.
The diagram on the left shows the penetration of heat through
the glass. Part of the heat is reflected but most of the heat is
still transmitted through the glass. This shows that glass panels
encourage the interior spaces to be heated up faster than other
materials.

6.2 MODIFIED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - METAL PITCH ROOF AND POLYCARBONATE ROOF
6.2.1 SAFETY
Metal pitch roof is much more suitable to be used for roofing due to its lightweight
component which is safer and easily maintanable.
By comparing both metal roofing and concrete roofing in the table below, we can
conclude that metal pitch roof is better and much safer as it does not promote cracking
as it is so much lighter than concrete. Therefore, the building is safer with this type of
roof and it can sustain for a long time with proper maintenance.
It is fireproof, so the properties of the roof structure would not be changed due to
high temperature. Since the roof is designed as a lightweight structure in this building,
failure of the roof system is not likely to happen as there is no dead load above the
roof.
The polycarbonate roof is chosen to replace the glass roof because:
1. It is lighter
2. Easy to install and maintain
3. Does not crack due to most of the resultant impact
4. Deforms only when it meets fire and does not crack and produces glass shards that
might hurt visitors
METAL ROOFING CONCRETE ROOFING
Weight Approximately 5kg/sqm Approximately 2406kg/cu.m
Cracking No Yes
Maintenance Low High
Fire Proofing Yes Yes
Durability Depends on the product. Most
of them are extremely durable
Highly durable but might crack
and require high maintenance
Wind
Resistivity
Can resist up to ~140mph Resist to wind due to its load
Material Polycarbonate Roof
Impact Resistant Able to withstand extreme force during harsh weather.
250 times more resisted to impact compared to safety glass
Heat Resistant Can be exposed to temperature around 270°C for several hours or sudden
burst of heat up to 1166°C without distortion, breakage, or absorption of heat.
Lifespan Durable, impact resistant, and can withstand heat
The table above shows the characteristics of a polycarbonate roof.
The above section shows the structure of the metal roofing for the visitor interpretive center.
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6.2.2 FEASIBILITY
6.2.3 ECONOMY
Both metal roof structure and polycarbonate roof are easy to get in the market within
Malaysia.
Metal roof structures are easier to be installed for any building due to its lightweight
property and it does not require any framework to get it installed. The structure of the
roof is as shown in previous diagram.
Polycarbonate sheet is easy to be installed as it requires only screws to lock its position
in its place. Polycarbonate sheets are easier to be cut in any size but glass panels
are needed to get pre-fabricated in the factory for a few days if customize-sizes are
needed.
By comparing the price of both metal roofing and polycarbonate roofing to the concrete
and glass roofing used previously in the designed building, they are both cheaper and
economical.
In terms of long-term usage, metal roofing and polycarbonate roofing are much more
economical as they required less maintenance and only needed to be replaced when
there is any failure imposed by natural disaster.
The above diagram shows the detail construction
of the metal roofing.
The table above shows the price of each material considered for the construction of the building and
apparently the metal deck is cheaper than concrete, while polycarbonate sheet is cheaper than glass.
The above diagram shows the detail connection
of the polycarbonated roofing sheet. The roofing
sheets are secured in its place by using screws.
PRICE OF MATERIALS
Metal Deck ~ RM 5 / ft. -Run
Concrete ~ RM 270 / cu.m
Glass ~ RM 650 / sqm
Polycarbonate ~ RM 85 / sqm

6.2.4 OPTIMIZATION
Since roof is the structure above the other structures, and it is also out of human
sight since it is about 4m to 5m in height, it is more practical to use metal roofing than
concrete roofing. This is to balance the aesthetic and the practicallity of the structure.
While for the glass roof that has been replaced by the polycarbonate roof, it is much
more practical and at the same time provide aesthetic to the building too. It is safer to
use polycarbonate roof and its feasibility were written and studied in previous section.
The roofs that are highlighted are those who replaced the previous concrete roofing. This type of
roofing is much more practical and often used in construction.
The roof highlighted above was the glass roof and has been replaced by the polycarbonate roofing
which the connection detail can be seen at the diagram in section 6.2.2 Feasibility.
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Section A-A N.T.S.
Section C-C N.T.S.

7.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT 5 - STAIRCASE
7.1 EXISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - CONCRETE STAIRCASE AND METAL STAIRCASE
7.1.1 SAFETY
7.1.2 FEASIBILITY
There are two types of staircases in the building: One to the lower ground floor
(concrete staircase), and one to the first floor (perforated metal staircase). The initial
design consideration of this building is to create the feeling of the coldness at first,
and the bright and warm feeling afterwards. Therefore, the first staircase to the lower
ground were designed with concrete staircase to give a sense of coldness. While the
staircase to the first floor was designed with perforated metal staircase to allow more
light to penetrate to the spaces to allow the visitors to feel the light and the warmness
from the natural lighting.
The concrete staircase is acceptable in the design, but there are problems existed
with the perforated metal staircase as it is not safe for a large number of visitors, and
also it is not suitable to be used for fire escape in any fire event as it might loss its own
properties when metal encounter high temperature in any event.
Both of the materials are made available in the market and both of them are actually
pretty easy to be installed, but the problem of the perforated metal staircase is that
it is quite hard to install since it has to reach first floor and it requires extra support to
support the staircase, and it takes a lot of time to do it because they are needed to
be customized in factory for some particular sizes and they are separated into pieces
and requires workers to install them piece by piece. This is turn increases the time of
construction which increase the cost needed for construction as skilled workers are
needed for the installation too.
The above graph shows the decrease of
strength of steel when it meets fire.
The photo above shows the machines that
are to make the perforated metal sheets in
a factory. They will be transported to the
site for installation
The above sectional plan and section drawings show
the perforated metal staircase which leads the visitors
to first floor which is considered not safe for occupants.
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Souvenir
Kitchen
Shop Shop Shop
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7.1.3 ECONOMY
7.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
Concrete staircase is an economical building material in construction but the perforated
metal staircase requires time to be manufactured into specific sizes and extra time to
install it thus it increases the costs of construction which this has been mentioned in
the previous section (7.1.2 FEASIBILITY). Besides, perforated metal staircase requires
periodical maintenance as the connection of the metal staircase to the structure
might be weak and get loosed easily due to the weight applied by the visitors to the
staircase. Therefore, it is not economical to own a perforated metal staircase in a
designed building since it is expensive as shown in the table below when compared
to concrete.
In terms of practicality, concrete is a great choice to be constructed as the staircase
but the perforated metal sheet is not suitable to be used as the main staircase to
the first floor. This is because in UBBL, it has been stated that the staircase as the
escape route must be fireproof. Metal changes its property when it encounter high
temperature and it might deform due to the weight of the occupants when they are
trying to escape from the building. Therefore, it is not safe and it is not a good practice
to install this type of staircase to reach another floor.
The above By-Law 113 mentioned that the staircase requires at least 2hour of fire resistant rating in
order to provide safe evacuation of visitors or users.
The above drawing shows the
detailed drawing of the perforated
metal staircase with its connection
that holds the risers at its place.
The table above shows the comparisoon of the price and
maintenance for the preforated steel and concrete
COMPARISON
Materials Perforated Steel Concrete
Price ~ RM 720 / sqm ~ RM 270 / cu.m
Maintenance Very Often Not Often

The table above shows the change of property for concrete as the
temperature is rising when there is a fire.
The photo above shows the construction of the
cast-in-place concrete where the formwork is done
before the pouring of concrete mixture.
The photo above shows the connection of the
pre-cast concrete staircase where there is not
formwork needed to be installed and this method
save a lot of time.
The graph at the top shows the gradual
decrease of elasticity of the concrete
when it meets the fire. The graph at the
bottom shows a sudden decrease in
stiffness when steel meets fire
7.2 MODIFIED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - CONCRETE STAIRCASES
7.2.1 SAFETY
7.1.2 FEASIBILITY
In this building, the staicases to the lower ground, which are designed with concrete
material, are maintained in the building. While the staircases to the first floor in this
building shall be changed from perforated metal staircase to concrete staircase.
This is due to its properties that can sustain the weight of the visitors and also, it is
able to sustain high temperature because it is fireproof. By comparing concrete with
perforated metal sheet, the concrete will not change its property so easily under high
temperature. The graphs below shows the property change of the concrete and the
perforated metal sheet.
It is much more better as the concrete staircase could be done faster if the staircases
are pre-casted in the factory. It requires only installation of precast staircases to their
places while this need not highly skilled workers because it is only to connect the
staircases with the structures. It is the same for the construction of cast-in-place
staircases as the formwork does not need high skill workers to get done. The photos
below show how concrete staircases connect to the building structures.

7.1.3 ECONOMY
7.1.4 OPTIMIZATION
Concrete staircases are cheaper when compared to perforated metal staircases as
concrete staircases require less maintenance because it is thick enough and having
the ability to sustain the load of the visitors. It is often used as the fire staircases
as it does not change its properties when it meets fire. Besides, it does not require
highly skilled workers as it is easy to be installed and therefore, this type of staircase
(concrete staircase) does not need a lot of cost to work on.
It is to choose either practicality nor aesthetic, but for this building, which acts as
a visitor center, it requires staircases which are safe for public use, not easy to get
deteriorated, and safe to be functioned as a fire escape route. Practicality is more
important than the aesthetic of the building and spaces where the main concern of the
building is that to provide a safe space for the public and it is escapable in case of any
fire. Therefore, the concrete staircases are chosen to be the staircase that connects
the ground floor to the first floor.
The drawing above shows the detail connection of the staircase where the concrete staircase is
reinforced by rebars and this construction work does not required high skill workers to complete.
The photo above shows that concrete staircases (highlighted red) should replace the perforated metal
staircase as concrete staircase is much more safer for fire evacuation although this staircase reduce the
aesthetic of the building but safety is more important to the users.

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8.0 MODIFIED DRAWINGS OF VISITOR INTERPRETIVE CENTRE

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UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:150

SECTION A-A SCALE 1:150
SECTION B-B SCALE 1:150 SECTION C-C SCALE 1:150
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FRONT ELEVATION SCALE 1:150
RIGHT ELEVATION SCALE 1:150 LEFT ELEVATION SCALE 1:150
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9.0 CONCLUSION
The analysis of the structure is always conducted in 8 different elements which are safety,
feasibility, economy, optimization, integration, stability, strength, rigidity which these affect
the way of building to be delivered to the community, whether if it is safe or not to be
occupied or used by anybody.
In order to make sure a building is to be buildable in the real world, it is to identify the
structural systems of the building and the forces that are acting towards to structure to avoid
any failure. A successful designed building is implemented with structural theory, structural
design codes and loading codes which these may result a safely built building to be provided
to the users.

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