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A patient presented with chronic hepatitis C, hematemesis, distended abdomen, and radiating veins. An ultrasound revealed a mass in the right lobe of the liver. The most likely diagnosis is hepatoma (liver tumor). The document then provides learning objectives and details on liver anatomy including location, lobes, surfaces, supports, blood supply, clinical correlations on liver injuries and diseases.
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
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The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
The pancreas develops from dorsal and ventral buds originating in the duodenum. During development, the ventral bud rotates posteriorly to fuse with the dorsal bud. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It has a head, neck, body and tail. The main pancreatic duct drains the exocrine pancreas and opens at the major duodenal papilla along with the common bile duct. Developmental anomalies include pancreatic divisum, annular pancreas, ectopic pancreas, agenesis/hypoplasia, and accessory pancreatic lobes.
The liver is the largest abdominal organ and glandular organ of the GI system. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and has two main surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface which faces the diaphragm and is convex, and the visceral surface which faces inferiorly and to the left. The visceral surface has an H-shaped pattern of fissures and fossae formed by the porta hepatis and ligaments. The liver is divided functionally into left and right lobes and anatomically into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
The stomach is J-shaped and located in the upper abdomen. It has two openings, the cardiac and pyloric orifices, as well as two curvatures, the greater and lesser curvatures. The stomach is divided into four regions: the fundus, body, pyloric antrum, and pylorus. It receives blood supply from branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. The stomach is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part. The stomach is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. Lymph from the stomach drains to nearby lymph nodes. The vagus and splanchnic nerves provide the main innervation to the stomach.
The document provides detailed information on the anatomy and structures of the renal (kidney) system. It discusses the location and descriptions of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the internal structures of the kidneys including the cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, and nephrons. It discusses the microstructure of the nephrons and how they filter blood to form urine. It also discusses the blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and innervation of the kidneys.
A patient presented with chronic hepatitis C, hematemesis, distended abdomen, and radiating veins. An ultrasound revealed a mass in the right lobe of the liver. The most likely diagnosis is hepatoma (liver tumor). The document then provides learning objectives and details on liver anatomy including location, lobes, surfaces, supports, blood supply, clinical correlations on liver injuries and diseases.
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
Give your like & share with other nursing students.
The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
The pancreas develops from dorsal and ventral buds originating in the duodenum. During development, the ventral bud rotates posteriorly to fuse with the dorsal bud. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It has a head, neck, body and tail. The main pancreatic duct drains the exocrine pancreas and opens at the major duodenal papilla along with the common bile duct. Developmental anomalies include pancreatic divisum, annular pancreas, ectopic pancreas, agenesis/hypoplasia, and accessory pancreatic lobes.
The liver is the largest abdominal organ and glandular organ of the GI system. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and has two main surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface which faces the diaphragm and is convex, and the visceral surface which faces inferiorly and to the left. The visceral surface has an H-shaped pattern of fissures and fossae formed by the porta hepatis and ligaments. The liver is divided functionally into left and right lobes and anatomically into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
The stomach is J-shaped and located in the upper abdomen. It has two openings, the cardiac and pyloric orifices, as well as two curvatures, the greater and lesser curvatures. The stomach is divided into four regions: the fundus, body, pyloric antrum, and pylorus. It receives blood supply from branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. The stomach is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part. The stomach is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. Lymph from the stomach drains to nearby lymph nodes. The vagus and splanchnic nerves provide the main innervation to the stomach.
The document provides detailed information on the anatomy and structures of the renal (kidney) system. It discusses the location and descriptions of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the internal structures of the kidneys including the cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, and nephrons. It discusses the microstructure of the nephrons and how they filter blood to form urine. It also discusses the blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and innervation of the kidneys.
The spleen is a hematopoietic organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It filters blood and fights infections. The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium and has dimensions of approximately 12x7x3 cm and a weight of 150 grams in adults. It receives a blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the portal vein system. The spleen can be surgically removed (splenectomy) in cases of trauma or certain blood disorders.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, weighing approximately 1500 grams. It performs many important functions like absorbing nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract, storing glycogen, and secreting bile. The liver has two lobes - the right lobe, which is the largest, and the left lobe. It is situated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface and the visceral surface. The liver receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and is supported by various ligaments.
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface and visceral surface. The liver is divided into 8 segments based on the Couinaud classification which describes the functional anatomy and vascular supply. This allows for resection of individual segments without damaging other segments. The segments are delineated by the hepatic veins and portal scissurae into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
The small intestine extends from the stomach to the large intestine. It is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine completes the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats using enzymes in the intestinal walls. It absorbs the digested nutrients through fingerlike protrusions called villi and transports them to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
The liver is the largest gland in the body located under the right rib cage. It is divided into four lobes and has two surfaces - a diaphragmatic surface and a visceral surface. The porta hepatis contains the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic ducts. Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery and portal vein and exits through the hepatic veins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The biliary system consists of the hepatic ducts, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, gallbladder and common bile duct which empties into the duodenum.
The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ located in the left upper abdomen under the left side of the diaphragm. It has two surfaces - a diaphragmatic surface connected to the diaphragm and lungs, and a visceral surface connected to the stomach, pancreas, and left kidney. The spleen receives blood from the splenic artery and drains into the splenic vein, which joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. The spleen filters blood and fights infections.
The pancreas is a soft, lobulated organ that lies transversely across the posterior abdominal wall. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes through a duct system to aid digestion. The endocrine pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon through clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans to regulate blood sugar levels. The pancreas has a head, neck, body and tail and receives its blood supply from several arteries while its venous drainage involves the portal vein.
The liver is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity and performs many metabolic functions. It is composed of hepatocytes arranged in lobules around a central vein. Blood flows from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery into sinusoids between hepatocytes. Bile is secreted into bile canaliculi and flows through bile ducts. The liver regulates nutrients, metabolizes drugs and toxins, and synthesizes proteins. It is innervated by the hepatic plexus and refers pain to the epigastrium.
The colon, or large intestine, extends from the cecum to the anal canal. It can be divided into four parts: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The colon contains thickened bands of muscle called teniae coli that give rise to sac-like pouches called haustra. Blood supply comes from branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Lymphatic drainage is through numerous colic lymph nodes. Diseases that can affect the colon include cancer, diverticulitis, volvulus, and appendicitis.
The document provides an overview of liver anatomy including:
- The liver's position in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region and its weight of 1.5kg on average.
- It has two surfaces: the diaphragmatic surface against the diaphragm and the visceral surface covered in peritoneum except at the gallbladder fossa and porta hepatis.
- The visceral surface is related to other structures like the stomach, duodenum, and right kidney.
- Couinaud described the liver as being divided into 8 segments based on arterial, portal, and biliary drainage.
The gallbladder is a small organ located beneath the liver where bile is stored before being released into the small intestine. It is pear shaped and sits in a fossa on the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. The gallbladder collects bile from the liver via hepatic ducts, stores it, and releases it through the cystic duct into the common hepatic duct when food enters the duodenum. The sphincter of Oddi regulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreatic duct into the duodenum.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. Together these structures work to regulate fluid balance and remove waste via urine production and storage.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
The document discusses the nine regions of the abdomen and the organs located within each region. It begins by describing the three layers of the abdomen (skin, fascia, muscle) and how it is divided into nine regions by three horizontal and two vertical lines. These nine regions are: epigastric, right and left hypochondrium, umbilical, right and left lumbar, hypogastric, right and left iliac fossa. Each region is then associated with the organs typically found within it. The document then discusses dividing the abdomen into four quadrants and lists the organs located in the right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants.
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
The extrahepatic biliary apparatus consists of the right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, gallbladder, cystic duct, and bile duct. The hepatic ducts emerge from the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct, which then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the bile duct. The gallbladder is a reservoir for bile located in the liver that concentrates and stores bile before releasing it through the cystic duct into the bile duct for transport to the duodenum. The bile duct courses through the liver and pancreas, joining with the pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.
The testis is the male gonad that produces and stores sperm. It is oval shaped and suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord. The testis has three layers of coverings and is made up of lobules containing seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. Sperm exit the testis via the rete testis and efferent ductules into the epididymis for storage. The testis receives blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus of veins. Lymphatic and nerve supply also allow for sensation and vasomotor control.
The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has an apex, base, and borders. The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures, while the left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure. The root of each lung contains structures like the principal bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and nerves that enter and exit the hilum. Bronchopulmonary segments are independent respiratory units supplied by segmental bronchi, arteries, and multiple veins. The lungs receive arterial blood supply and have venous drainage pathways. They are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
Bile duct injuries are a serious complication of cholecystectomy that can occur even in the hands of experienced surgeons. They are classified based on the type and extent of injury. Investigation involves imaging like MRCP or ERCP to determine the nature and location of the injury. Management depends on the type of injury but may involve drainage, endoscopic stenting, or surgical reconstruction like hepaticojejunostomy. Vasculobiliary injuries that also involve blood vessels add complexity and affect treatment options. Preventive measures include careful dissection and confirmation of biliary and vascular anatomy.
Bile duct injuries are a complex complication seen more frequently with laparoscopic cholecystectomies due to aberrant anatomy and increased procedures. They can involve the cystic duct, gallbladder bed, or major bile ducts. Various classification systems exist to describe the level and extent of injury. Injuries may be detected intraoperatively by cholangiogram abnormalities, bile drainage from unusual locations, or anomalous anatomy. Prevention strategies include proper case selection, opening retroperitoneal folds, dissecting close to the gallbladder, achieving the critical view of safety, and using intraoperative cholangiography.
The spleen is a hematopoietic organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It filters blood and fights infections. The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium and has dimensions of approximately 12x7x3 cm and a weight of 150 grams in adults. It receives a blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the portal vein system. The spleen can be surgically removed (splenectomy) in cases of trauma or certain blood disorders.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, weighing approximately 1500 grams. It performs many important functions like absorbing nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract, storing glycogen, and secreting bile. The liver has two lobes - the right lobe, which is the largest, and the left lobe. It is situated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface and the visceral surface. The liver receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and is supported by various ligaments.
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface and visceral surface. The liver is divided into 8 segments based on the Couinaud classification which describes the functional anatomy and vascular supply. This allows for resection of individual segments without damaging other segments. The segments are delineated by the hepatic veins and portal scissurae into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
The small intestine extends from the stomach to the large intestine. It is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine completes the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats using enzymes in the intestinal walls. It absorbs the digested nutrients through fingerlike protrusions called villi and transports them to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
The liver is the largest gland in the body located under the right rib cage. It is divided into four lobes and has two surfaces - a diaphragmatic surface and a visceral surface. The porta hepatis contains the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic ducts. Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery and portal vein and exits through the hepatic veins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The biliary system consists of the hepatic ducts, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, gallbladder and common bile duct which empties into the duodenum.
The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ located in the left upper abdomen under the left side of the diaphragm. It has two surfaces - a diaphragmatic surface connected to the diaphragm and lungs, and a visceral surface connected to the stomach, pancreas, and left kidney. The spleen receives blood from the splenic artery and drains into the splenic vein, which joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. The spleen filters blood and fights infections.
The pancreas is a soft, lobulated organ that lies transversely across the posterior abdominal wall. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes through a duct system to aid digestion. The endocrine pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon through clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans to regulate blood sugar levels. The pancreas has a head, neck, body and tail and receives its blood supply from several arteries while its venous drainage involves the portal vein.
The liver is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity and performs many metabolic functions. It is composed of hepatocytes arranged in lobules around a central vein. Blood flows from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery into sinusoids between hepatocytes. Bile is secreted into bile canaliculi and flows through bile ducts. The liver regulates nutrients, metabolizes drugs and toxins, and synthesizes proteins. It is innervated by the hepatic plexus and refers pain to the epigastrium.
The colon, or large intestine, extends from the cecum to the anal canal. It can be divided into four parts: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The colon contains thickened bands of muscle called teniae coli that give rise to sac-like pouches called haustra. Blood supply comes from branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Lymphatic drainage is through numerous colic lymph nodes. Diseases that can affect the colon include cancer, diverticulitis, volvulus, and appendicitis.
The document provides an overview of liver anatomy including:
- The liver's position in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region and its weight of 1.5kg on average.
- It has two surfaces: the diaphragmatic surface against the diaphragm and the visceral surface covered in peritoneum except at the gallbladder fossa and porta hepatis.
- The visceral surface is related to other structures like the stomach, duodenum, and right kidney.
- Couinaud described the liver as being divided into 8 segments based on arterial, portal, and biliary drainage.
The gallbladder is a small organ located beneath the liver where bile is stored before being released into the small intestine. It is pear shaped and sits in a fossa on the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. The gallbladder collects bile from the liver via hepatic ducts, stores it, and releases it through the cystic duct into the common hepatic duct when food enters the duodenum. The sphincter of Oddi regulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreatic duct into the duodenum.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. Together these structures work to regulate fluid balance and remove waste via urine production and storage.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
The document discusses the nine regions of the abdomen and the organs located within each region. It begins by describing the three layers of the abdomen (skin, fascia, muscle) and how it is divided into nine regions by three horizontal and two vertical lines. These nine regions are: epigastric, right and left hypochondrium, umbilical, right and left lumbar, hypogastric, right and left iliac fossa. Each region is then associated with the organs typically found within it. The document then discusses dividing the abdomen into four quadrants and lists the organs located in the right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants.
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
The extrahepatic biliary apparatus consists of the right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, gallbladder, cystic duct, and bile duct. The hepatic ducts emerge from the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct, which then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the bile duct. The gallbladder is a reservoir for bile located in the liver that concentrates and stores bile before releasing it through the cystic duct into the bile duct for transport to the duodenum. The bile duct courses through the liver and pancreas, joining with the pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.
The testis is the male gonad that produces and stores sperm. It is oval shaped and suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord. The testis has three layers of coverings and is made up of lobules containing seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. Sperm exit the testis via the rete testis and efferent ductules into the epididymis for storage. The testis receives blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus of veins. Lymphatic and nerve supply also allow for sensation and vasomotor control.
The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has an apex, base, and borders. The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures, while the left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure. The root of each lung contains structures like the principal bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and nerves that enter and exit the hilum. Bronchopulmonary segments are independent respiratory units supplied by segmental bronchi, arteries, and multiple veins. The lungs receive arterial blood supply and have venous drainage pathways. They are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
Bile duct injuries are a serious complication of cholecystectomy that can occur even in the hands of experienced surgeons. They are classified based on the type and extent of injury. Investigation involves imaging like MRCP or ERCP to determine the nature and location of the injury. Management depends on the type of injury but may involve drainage, endoscopic stenting, or surgical reconstruction like hepaticojejunostomy. Vasculobiliary injuries that also involve blood vessels add complexity and affect treatment options. Preventive measures include careful dissection and confirmation of biliary and vascular anatomy.
Bile duct injuries are a complex complication seen more frequently with laparoscopic cholecystectomies due to aberrant anatomy and increased procedures. They can involve the cystic duct, gallbladder bed, or major bile ducts. Various classification systems exist to describe the level and extent of injury. Injuries may be detected intraoperatively by cholangiogram abnormalities, bile drainage from unusual locations, or anomalous anatomy. Prevention strategies include proper case selection, opening retroperitoneal folds, dissecting close to the gallbladder, achieving the critical view of safety, and using intraoperative cholangiography.
The liver is divided into eight segments based on its vascular supply. Each segment has its own branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct supplying it. The hepatic veins drain the periphery of each segment. The middle hepatic vein divides the liver into right and left lobes, while the left and right hepatic veins further divide the lobes into segments. Because each segment has its own vascular inflow and outflow, segments can be surgically resected individually without damaging other segments.
Surgical Anatomy of the Liver : Ηepatectomies - Dimitris P. KorkolisDimitris P. Korkolis
- The liver is the largest gland in the body and has a wide variety of functions
- Weight: 1/50 of body weight in adult & 1/20 of body weight in infant
- It is exocrine(bile) & endocrine organ(Albumin , prothrombin & fibrinogen)
Function of the liver :
- Secretion of bile & bile salt
- Metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein
- Formation of heparin & anticoagulant substances
- Detoxication
- Storage of glycogen and vitamins
- Activation of vita .D
The liver develops from the endoderm layer of the foregut as a bud called the hepatic diverticulum. This bud grows into the mesenchyme and its cells differentiate into the liver parenchyma and biliary system ducts. The gallbladder also develops from the hepatic diverticulum. After birth, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus regress and the liver takes over metabolic functions from the fetal liver.
The document summarizes the functions and structure of the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest internal organ, located on the right side below the diaphragm. The liver has important metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory and coagulation functions, including breaking down toxins, producing bile and proteins, and regulating blood flow. The liver is made up of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids that receive blood flow and allow for nutrient exchange. Damage to the liver can cause jaundice and diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer.
The document provides information about the gallbladder and pancreas. It describes the location, structure, parts, layers, blood supply, functions, clinical disorders, and removal of the gallbladder. It also details the location, structure, parts, ducts, blood supply, congenital defects, acute pancreatitis, and imaging findings of the pancreas. The document contains detailed anatomical and physiological information about both organs presented through text and diagrams.
The document discusses the gallbladder and provides information about its location, functions, risks factors for disease, and some conditions related to the gallbladder. Specifically:
- The gallbladder is located under the liver in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver to help digest and absorb fats.
- Risk factors for gallbladder disease include older age, being female and overweight, and having a diet high in fat and sugar or being obese.
- Conditions discussed include cholecystitis (inflammation), gallbladder cancer, cholesterolosis (strawberry gallbladder), gallstones, and gallbladder polyps.
The gallbladder is located near the liver and stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. It has three parts - the neck, body, and fundus. The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct. Gallstones can form in the gallbladder and cause problems like biliary colic, cholecystitis, cholangitis, or pancreatitis. Risk factors for gallstones include obesity, female gender, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Complications may include perforation or gangrene of the gallbladder.
The document describes the anatomy of the liver including its lobes, ligaments, surfaces, blood supply and drainage. It notes the H-shaped set of grooves on the visceral surface containing the porta hepatis, gallbladder fossa, and ligaments. Practical assignments are provided to study the peritoneal attachments, locate structures in the porta hepatis, and explore the vasculature and innervation of the liver and pancreas.
1) Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is a benign condition involving thickening of the gallbladder wall with small cysts forming within the thickened muscle layer.
2) Ultrasound is usually the preferred imaging method to diagnose adenomyomatosis and will show diffuse or focal gallbladder wall thickening along with small anechoic cysts and comet-tail artifacts.
3) Adenomyomatosis can be asymptomatic but may sometimes cause right upper quadrant pain, nausea or vomiting. Surgical removal of the gallbladder is often performed if a patient is symptomatic or if the imaging findings are difficult to distinguish from gallbladder cancer.
A review of liver anatomy and physiology for anesthesiologistsArun Shetty
The document provides an overview of liver anatomy and physiology. It discusses the liver's macroscopic and microscopic structure, including its lobes, vascular and biliary systems. Key functions of the liver are metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and drugs. The liver's role in hematopoiesis, bilirubin metabolism, and production of clotting factors is also summarized. Phases of drug biotransformation and factors affecting it are briefly explained. Common liver function tests and their clinical significance are reviewed to assess hepatic abnormalities.
The liver is divided into two anatomical lobes - the left and right lobes. The right lobe is further divided into the caudate lobe and quadrate lobe. The falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes anteriorly. Posteriorly, the liver is separated by the fissure for ligamentum venosum. The inferior part is separated by the fissure for ligamentum teres. The porta hepatis is the fissure on the inferior surface of the right lobe through which the portal triad enters the liver.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, embryology, histology, imaging, and physiology of the gallbladder and biliary tree. It describes the components of the extrahepatic biliary system including the gallbladder, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct. It discusses the formation of the gallbladder during embryological development and provides details on the structure and blood supply of the gallbladder and biliary tree. It also summarizes the function of bile in digestion and the neurohormonal regulation of bile secretion and gallbladder contraction.
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, diagnostic studies, diseases, and surgical procedures related to the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary system. Key points include:
- The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac located in the liver that stores and concentrates bile. Bile is produced by the liver and aids in fat digestion.
- Gallstones are a common problem, forming when bile becomes supersaturated, and can cause conditions like cholecystitis. Surgical interventions include cholecystectomy.
- Other issues discussed include bile duct injuries, tumors, and abnormalities like sclerosing cholangitis. A variety of imaging studies and endoscopic procedures are used for diagnosis and treatment.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the gallbladder and bile ducts. It begins with an introduction to the gallbladder's location, shape, and size. The body is then divided into three sections: the fundus, body, and neck. The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the biliary tree. Bile duct anatomy is also described, including the common hepatic duct and common bile duct. The document concludes with some interesting facts about cultural associations with the gallbladder and its role in traditional Chinese medicine.
The liver is the second largest organ and largest gland in the body. It has a dual blood supply and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes, sinusoids, and a central vein. Blood flows into lobules through the portal vein and hepatic artery and out through hepatic veins. Hepatocytes are arranged in plates separated by sinusoids and produce bile that flows into canaliculi and out of the liver. The liver has regenerative abilities and its segmentation allows for resection of parts without damaging remaining tissue.
The document discusses various audio-visual aids that can be used for teaching. It defines audio-visual aids as sensory objects or images that stimulate learning. It then covers different types of aids like the chalkboard, charts, graphs, flash cards, and flip charts. For each aid, it discusses how to prepare, present, and use the aid effectively to enhance the learning process. The document provides guidance on selecting, designing, and leveraging different audio-visual tools to engage students and reinforce key concepts.
Liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighing about 1500g in adults. It occupies the right hypochondrium and extends into the epigastrium and left hypochondrium .
This document provides an overview of the abdomen and pelvis. It begins by defining the abdomen and describing its anterior and posterior walls. It then discusses the contents of the abdomen, including the digestive system (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), hepato-biliary apparatus (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts), and peritoneum. For each organ, it provides details on location, structure, arterial supply, venous drainage and lymph drainage. The small intestine is subdivided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum with specifics for each section.
The liver is the largest gland in the body located in the upper abdominal cavity. It has multiple functions including producing bile and synthesizing heparin. It has four surfaces and is divided into left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein, and the blood drains into the hepatic veins which empty into the inferior vena cava. It is surrounded by ligaments that attach it to other structures and is composed of lobules containing sinusoids and central veins.
The liver is the largest solid organ in the body, located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. It has five surfaces and weighs approximately 1600g in males and 1300g in females. The liver performs many critical functions, including metabolizing nutrients, producing bile, and filtering blood from the digestive tract. It is supplied by the hepatic artery and portal vein and drains into the inferior vena cava. The liver has two lobes, is divided into segments, and contains lobules that are made up of hepatocytes and sinusoids. Common disorders of the liver include hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice.
The liver document provides a summary of the anatomy and structures of the liver in 3 paragraphs or less:
The liver is the largest visceral organ located primarily in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region, extending into the left hypochondrium. It has 4-5 lobes and is connected to other structures by ligaments such as the falciform ligament. The liver receives blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery and excretes bile through the left and right hepatic ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct along with the cystic duct from the gallbladder. This forms the common bile duct which terminates at the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum.
The liver is the largest abdominal organ and glandular organ of the GI system. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and has two main surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface which faces the diaphragm and is convex, and the visceral surface which faces inferiorly and to the left. The visceral surface contains the porta hepatis, a deep groove that contains the hepatic vessels and bile ducts. The liver is divided functionally into left and right lobes and anatomically into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
The liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts make up the hepatobiliary system. The liver is the largest organ located in the right upper abdomen. It has two surfaces and receives 80% of its blood supply from the portal vein. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before it is released into the small intestine. Bile ducts drain bile from the liver and gallbladder and include the right and left hepatic ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct and eventually the common bile duct. Variations can occur in the anatomy of these structures. Ultrasound is useful for evaluating the normal anatomy and identifying any abnormalities.
The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is located in the right hypochondrium and performs many essential functions including bile production, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and vitamin storage. The liver has four lobes - right, left, caudate, and quadrate. It receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein and drains into the hepatic veins. The ligaments that connect the liver include the falciform, coronary, and ligamentum teres.
Muscle is a specialized tissue which brings
xThe cells exhibit cross-striations under
functional unit of muscle fiber.
about movement by contraction.
xMuscle tissue is made up of cells called
myocytes. These usually appear as fibers
known as muscle fibers.
xEach muscle fiber is covered by a
membrane known as sarcolemma and a
cytoplasm known as sarcoplasm.
xCytoplasm of each muscle fiber contains
numerous longitudinal threadlike struc
tures called myofibrils, which are made
up of different types of muscle protein
(mainly actin and myosin).
xIt is also rich in mitochondria and
glycogen, which provide energy for it.
xNumerous mitochondria (sarcosomes)
and endoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasmic
reticulum) are also seen.
Classification of Muscle
Tissue
Based on the appearance of contractile
cells, the muscle tissue is classified as the
following:
xSkeletal/striated/voluntary muscle/
striped muscle.
xCardiac/involuntary muscle.
xSmooth muscle/involuntary/visceral
muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
xSkeletal muscle is attached to bone and
is responsible for movement of axial and
light microscope; hence, it is called stri
ated muscle.
xSkeletal muscles have limited capacity of
regeneration.
Microscopic Structure (Longitudinal
Section) of Skeletal Muscle
xLongitudinal section of skeletal muscles
shows long unbranched cylindrical
muscle fibers running parallel to each
other (Figs.8.1 and 8.2).
xLength of muscle fiber is variable ranging
from few millimeter to many centimeter.
xEach muscle fiber shows multinucleated
flat oval nucleus located peripherally
underneath the sarcolemma.
xMultinucleated appearance of muscle
fiber is due to the fusion of multiple
myoblasts during the embryonic life.
xThe sarcoplasm contains numerous
myofibrils (Fig.8.3).
xUnder light microscope, myofibrils are
seen as dark and light bands.
xThe dark bands are A-bands (anisotropic
under polarized light) and light bands are
I-bands (isotropic under polarized light).
xStriated appearance is mainly due to the
regular arrangement of actin and myosin
myofilaments.
xThe middle of Aband has a light area
known as Hband.
xThe center of H-band has a dark line
known as M-line.
xThe center of I-band is bisected by Z-line.
xThe area between two Z-lines is called
sarcomere, which is the structural and
appendicular skeleton.
The document discusses the anatomy of the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions, and performs many metabolic activities related to nutrition, hemostasis, and the immune system. The liver secretes bile and stores glycogen. It receives around 20% of its blood supply from the hepatic artery and 80% from the portal vein. The liver has 8 segments and is drained by the hepatic veins. It is supplied by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The document outlines the liver's shape, size, blood supply, drainage and clinical applications.
To define the hepatobiliary system
To outline the embryological development and congenital anomalies of the hepatobiliary system.
To describe the gross anatomy and histology of the hepatobiliary system.
To outline the clinical anomalies associated with the hepatobiliary system
Composed of the liver and the bile ducts.
Mainly concerned with formation, transport, concentration and secretion of bile.
Bile is produced by the liver and transported by the bile ducts into the small intestines
SURGICAL ANATOMY OF STOMACH AND DUODENUM dr. bruhath^final. .pdfmadhurikakarnati
The document provides details on the surgical anatomy of the stomach and duodenum. It discusses the embryology, external features, parts and blood supply of the stomach. It also describes the peritoneal reflections and relations of the stomach, including ligaments like the hepatogastric and gastrosplenic ligaments. Procedures like gastrectomy and the treatment of bleeding duodenal ulcers are summarized. The arterial supply, including important arteries and Griffith points, and venous drainage of the stomach are also outlined.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVER AND GALL BLADDERJyothiK38
The liver lies in the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It has four lobes and weighs about 1.5 kg. Its functions include metabolic regulation and bile production. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein and drains into the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. It is covered by peritoneum and connected to other structures by ligaments. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
This document summarizes key details about the duodenum and pancreas. It describes the four parts of the duodenum, their locations, relations, features, and applied anatomy. It discusses the major and minor duodenal papillae and their openings. It then describes the pancreas, including its head, neck, body, and tail; their locations, borders, surfaces, and relations. It notes the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply of both organs. It concludes with brief descriptions of acute pancreatitis and annular pancreas.
The gastrointestinal system consists of the tubular digestive tract and accessory digestive glands. The tract extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine, rectum and anal canal. Accessory glands include the salivary glands, liver and pancreas. The anterior abdominal wall has layers of skin, fascia and muscles including the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. It receives blood supply from branches of the intercostal, subcostal and femoral arteries and drains into the superior and inferior vena cava.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs. It has two layers, with a potential space between called the peritoneal cavity filled with fluid. The peritoneal cavity is divided into greater and lesser sacs connected by the epiploic foramen. Various peritoneal folds, ligaments and omenta attach organs and allow for movement. The peritoneum facilitates organ movement and absorption within the abdominal cavity.
The liver is the largest gland in the body located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has two surfaces - diaphragmatic and visceral, and plays a key role in metabolism and detoxification. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein and excretes bile into the common hepatic duct. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before it is released into the duodenum through the cystic and common bile ducts. The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that extends from the duodenum to the spleen and contains both exocrine and endocrine components. Its exocrine secretions include enzymes that aid in digestion while its endocrine islets of Langerhans regulate blood
The liver is the largest solid organ located in the upper right abdomen. It performs hundreds of vital functions including removing toxins from the blood, maintaining blood sugar levels, and regulating blood clotting. The liver receives 20% of its blood supply from the hepatic artery and 80% from the portal vein. It is divided into four lobes and has five surfaces. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism and detoxification.
C:\documents and settings\user\desktop\gastrointestinal 0406 liverpdfMBBS IMS MSU
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system, with a focus on the liver, gallbladder, and biliary system. It describes the structure and connections of the liver, including its lobes, ligaments, and vascular supply. It then discusses the gallbladder, its attachment to the liver, blood supply, and structure. Finally, it details the biliary system, including the branching of the hepatic ducts, formation of the common bile duct, and termination of the bile and pancreatic ducts in the duodenum.
2. The Liver
• The largest internal body organ
• Largest gland
• Largest organ apart from skin
• Weighs about 1.5kg
• Found in the upper abdominal cavity: extends
from right upper quadrant to left upper quadrant
of the abdomen
• Attached to diaphragm by
falciform and coronary ligaments
Left and right triangular ligaments
3. Functions
• Bile production and secretion
• Detoxification
• Storage of glycogen
• Protein synthesis
• Production of heparin and bile pigments
• Erythropoiesis (in fetus)
4. Liver surfaces
• Divided into 2 anatomical regions:
1.Diaphragmatic surface:
Smooth and dome-shaped surface
Anterior liver part
Inferior to diaphragm
Separated from diaphragm by subphrenic recess
and from posterior organs {kidney and suprarenal
glands} by hepatorenal recess
Covered by peritoneum except
6. 2. Visceral surface
Covered by visceral peritoneum except porta
hepatis and gall bladder bed.
• The visceral surface is related to:
Right side of the stomach i.e. gastric and pyloric areas
Superior part of the duodenum i.e. duodenal area
Lesser omentum
Gall bladder
Right colic flexor
and right transverse area ; colic area
Right kidney
and suprarenal gland; Renal area
8. Liver lobes
Right and left lobe
Functionally independent
i.e. each with own blood and nerve
supply
Blood supply in by:
Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Blood out through:
Vein and
biliary drainage
9. Liver lobes
1.The Right lobe
Demarcated by :
1. Gall bladder
fossa
2. Inferior vena cava
fossa
3. Imaginary line
from fundus of
gall bladder and
inferior vena cava
10. Liver lobes
2. Left lobe
Divided into:
Medial and lateral
segments
1.Medial superior
– caudate lobe
2.Medial inferior
- quadrate lobe
11. 2. Left lobe cont…
The lateral segment
is separated from the
medial segments by:
On visceral surface:
1. fissure of
ligamentum teres
(round ligament)
2. fissure of
ligamentum
venosum
On diaphragmatic
surface:
1. Attachment of
falciform ligament
12. Visceral surface
1. The round ligament(ligamentum
teres) – obliterated umbilical vein
2. The ligamentum venosum – fibrous
remnant of fetal ductus vein
3. The Porta hepatis (hepatic potal;
portal fissure) - transverse fissure
on the visceral surface of the liver.
– It gives passage to the:
1. Portal vein
2. Hepatic artery
3. Hepatic nerve plexus
4. Hepatic ducts
5. Lymphatic vessels
13. Peritoneal relations of the Liver
The Lesser omentum
• Encloses the portal triad (bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein
)
• Passes from the liver to lesser curvature of the stomach + 2 cm of
duodenum
• Thick free edge -- hepatoduodenal ligament
• Sheet like remainder – hepatogastric ligament
14. To be continued ….
• To be continued………………..
• To be continued………………..