Muscle is a specialized tissue which brings
xThe cells exhibit cross-striations under
functional unit of muscle fiber.
about movement by contraction.
xMuscle tissue is made up of cells called
myocytes. These usually appear as fibers
known as muscle fibers.
xEach muscle fiber is covered by a
membrane known as sarcolemma and a
cytoplasm known as sarcoplasm.
xCytoplasm of each muscle fiber contains
numerous longitudinal threadlike struc
tures called myofibrils, which are made
up of different types of muscle protein
(mainly actin and myosin).
xIt is also rich in mitochondria and
glycogen, which provide energy for it.
xNumerous mitochondria (sarcosomes)
and endoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasmic
reticulum) are also seen.
Classification of Muscle
Tissue
Based on the appearance of contractile
cells, the muscle tissue is classified as the
following:
xSkeletal/striated/voluntary muscle/
striped muscle.
xCardiac/involuntary muscle.
xSmooth muscle/involuntary/visceral
muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
xSkeletal muscle is attached to bone and
is responsible for movement of axial and
light microscope; hence, it is called stri
ated muscle.
xSkeletal muscles have limited capacity of
regeneration.
Microscopic Structure (Longitudinal
Section) of Skeletal Muscle
xLongitudinal section of skeletal muscles
shows long unbranched cylindrical
muscle fibers running parallel to each
other (Figs.8.1 and 8.2).
xLength of muscle fiber is variable ranging
from few millimeter to many centimeter.
xEach muscle fiber shows multinucleated
flat oval nucleus located peripherally
underneath the sarcolemma.
xMultinucleated appearance of muscle
fiber is due to the fusion of multiple
myoblasts during the embryonic life.
xThe sarcoplasm contains numerous
myofibrils (Fig.8.3).
xUnder light microscope, myofibrils are
seen as dark and light bands.
xThe dark bands are A-bands (anisotropic
under polarized light) and light bands are
I-bands (isotropic under polarized light).
xStriated appearance is mainly due to the
regular arrangement of actin and myosin
myofilaments.
xThe middle of Aband has a light area
known as Hband.
xThe center of H-band has a dark line
known as M-line.
xThe center of I-band is bisected by Z-line.
xThe area between two Z-lines is called
sarcomere, which is the structural and
appendicular skeleton.
Liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighing about 1500g in adults. It occupies the right hypochondrium and extends into the epigastrium and left hypochondrium .
6. ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY, URETER & POSTERIOR.pdfmarkmuiruri581
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney Functions
Control blood volume and composition.
Filter blood plasma, eliminate wastes.
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and fluid osmolarity.
Secrete renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
Regulate PCO2, acid-base balance.
Synthesize calcitriol (Vitamin D).
Detoxify free radicals and drugs.
Perform gluconeogenesis.
Kidney Anatomy
Renal Fascia: Attaches to the abdominal wall.
Adipose Capsule: Provides fat cushioning for the kidney.
Renal Capsule: Fibrous sac that protects from trauma and infection.
Renal Sinus: Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.
Renal Parenchyma:
Outer Cortex
Inner Medulla
Renal Pyramids: Extensions of cortex dividing medulla.
Renal Columns: Connect cortex and medulla.
Renal Pelvis: Collects urine from pyramids.
Ureter: Carries urine to the bladder.
Remember, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste elimination. Ureter Anatomy
Overview
The ureters are bilateral, muscular, tubular structures responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage and eventual excretion.
After blood filtration in the kidneys, the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and exudation along the convoluted tubules.
The urine then passes through the collecting tubules and enters the collecting ducts.
From the collecting ducts, it flows through the calyces into the renal pelvis, marking the beginning of the ureters.
Histology of Ureter
The lumen of each ureter is lined by a mucosal layer of urothelium (transitional epithelium).
The ureteral wall contains two muscular layers:
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
In the lower segment of the ureters, an additional longitudinal layer is found proximal to the bladder.
Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic motions initiated by pacemaker cells in the proximal renal pelvis.
Relations
Both ureters pass inferiorly over the abdominal surface of the psoas major muscle.
The right ureter travels posterior to the duodenum and is crossed by branches of the superior mesenteric vessels.
The left ureter is also posterior to the psoas major and is crossed by branches of the inferior mesenteric vessels.
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Remember, understanding the anatomy of the ureter and posterior abdominal wall is essential for clinical pracPosterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Major:
Origin: Continuously attached from T12 (lower border) to L5
1_Introduction to Biostatistics-2 (2).pdfelphaswalela
Example: For a sample pediatric case, refer to case 7: Toddler with a cough and fever.
Chief concern and history of present illness.
Past history.
Prenatal and birth history.
Developmental history.
Feeding or nutrition history.
Family history.
Social history.
Liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighing about 1500g in adults. It occupies the right hypochondrium and extends into the epigastrium and left hypochondrium .
6. ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY, URETER & POSTERIOR.pdfmarkmuiruri581
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney Functions
Control blood volume and composition.
Filter blood plasma, eliminate wastes.
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and fluid osmolarity.
Secrete renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
Regulate PCO2, acid-base balance.
Synthesize calcitriol (Vitamin D).
Detoxify free radicals and drugs.
Perform gluconeogenesis.
Kidney Anatomy
Renal Fascia: Attaches to the abdominal wall.
Adipose Capsule: Provides fat cushioning for the kidney.
Renal Capsule: Fibrous sac that protects from trauma and infection.
Renal Sinus: Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.
Renal Parenchyma:
Outer Cortex
Inner Medulla
Renal Pyramids: Extensions of cortex dividing medulla.
Renal Columns: Connect cortex and medulla.
Renal Pelvis: Collects urine from pyramids.
Ureter: Carries urine to the bladder.
Remember, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste elimination. Ureter Anatomy
Overview
The ureters are bilateral, muscular, tubular structures responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage and eventual excretion.
After blood filtration in the kidneys, the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and exudation along the convoluted tubules.
The urine then passes through the collecting tubules and enters the collecting ducts.
From the collecting ducts, it flows through the calyces into the renal pelvis, marking the beginning of the ureters.
Histology of Ureter
The lumen of each ureter is lined by a mucosal layer of urothelium (transitional epithelium).
The ureteral wall contains two muscular layers:
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
In the lower segment of the ureters, an additional longitudinal layer is found proximal to the bladder.
Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic motions initiated by pacemaker cells in the proximal renal pelvis.
Relations
Both ureters pass inferiorly over the abdominal surface of the psoas major muscle.
The right ureter travels posterior to the duodenum and is crossed by branches of the superior mesenteric vessels.
The left ureter is also posterior to the psoas major and is crossed by branches of the inferior mesenteric vessels.
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Remember, understanding the anatomy of the ureter and posterior abdominal wall is essential for clinical pracPosterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Major:
Origin: Continuously attached from T12 (lower border) to L5
1_Introduction to Biostatistics-2 (2).pdfelphaswalela
Example: For a sample pediatric case, refer to case 7: Toddler with a cough and fever.
Chief concern and history of present illness.
Past history.
Prenatal and birth history.
Developmental history.
Feeding or nutrition history.
Family history.
Social history.
Epidemiology
Table of Contents
UNIT ONE: Introduction to Epidemiology..........
Objectives...................................................
Definition....................................................
v
• Introduction............................................................ Acknowledgement.................................................
• UNIT ONE: Introduction to Epidemiology..........
o Objectives...................................................
Definition....................................................
History of Epidemiology..............................
Purpose/Use of Epidemiology....................
o Exercise......................................................
• UNIT TWO: Disease Causation............................
o Objective....................................................
o Definition....................................................
o Causes of disease......................................
o Exercise....................................................
• UNIT THREE: Levels of prevention...................
o Objectives.................................................
o Natural history of disease.........................
o Measurements of morbidity......................
o Measurements of Mortality.......................
o Exercise:...................................................
o data collection......................................... UNIT SEVEN: Sources of Data and methods of
o Objectives:................................................
o Sources of data........................................
o Exercise:...................................................
Management........................................... UNIT EIGHT: Epidemic Investigation and
Objectives................................................
o Levels of Disease Occurrence..................
o Types of epidemics...................................
o Investigation of an Epidemic.....................
o Exercise....................................................
• UNIT NINE: Epidemiological Surveillance........
o Objectives.................................................
• Definition..................................................
• Purpose of surveillance............................
• Types of surveillance................................
• Activities in Surveillance...........................
• Features of a good surveillance system....
• The integrated disease surveillance system
• Exercise....................................................
• Reference................................................
Introduction to Epidemiology
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this unit the student is expected to:
Define Epidemiology Identify the main issues in the definition Discuss the uses of Epidemiology
1. Definition
Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and other health related conditions in human populations, and the application of this study to the promotion of health, and to the prevention
UROTRANSMITTERS-NEUROMODULATORS
More than 50 chemical substances
1.Small molecules with rapid effects
Stored in axonal vesicules
Effect on postsynaptic membrane approx. 1 ms, -opening of ion channels,
Brief inactivation, recycled, fromed in the body of neurons
Class I. ACH
Class II. Amines : NA, A, Dopamin, serotonin, histamin
Class III. Aminoacids: GABA, Glycin, Glutamate, Aspartate
Class IV. NO
2. NEUROPEPTIDES,prolonged effects, are integral part of protein molecules
In neuronal bodies, are fromed in the bodies and compose the vesicules inside of them,
then they are brought to the axonal terminals with longlasting effect (hours -days)
Modulates the expression of genes
A.Hypothalamic releasing hormones
B.Pituitary peptides: beta-endorfin, MSH, Prolactin, GH, vasopresin, oxytocin,
ACTH, LH, TSH
C. Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you are operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you
Open sidebar
Reproductive Physiology Overview
User
Reproductive system physiology
ChatGPT
The reproductive system is responsible for the production and development of offspring. It includes various organs and structures that differ between males and females. In this response, I will provide an overview of the reproductive system physiology for both males and females.
Male Reproductive System Physiology:
Testes: The testes are the primary male reproductive organs. They produce sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis and secrete the hormone testosterone.
Epididymis: The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the surface of each testis. It serves as a site for sperm maturation and storage.
Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is a muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands: These accessory glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and protects the sperm. The seminal fluid is combined with sperm to form semen.
Urethra: The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder and also serves as a passage for semen during ejaculation.
Female Reproductive System Physiology:
Ovaries: The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs. They produce ova (eggs) through a process called oogenesis and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes are ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They serve as the site for fertilization, where the sperm meets and fertilizes the egg.
Uterus: The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy.
Cervix: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It contains a small opening called the os, which allows the passage of menstrual blood and sperm.
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Mammary Glands: While not directly part of the reproductive system, the mammary glands in the breasts produce milk for nourishing newborns after childbirth.
Hormonal Regulation:
The reproductive system is regulated by hormones that coordinate and control its functions. In males, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes, while FSH promotes sperm production.
In females, the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which triggers the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces pro
Open sidebar
Reproductive Physiology Overview
User
Reproductive system physiology
ChatGPT
The reproductive system is responsible for the production and development of offspring. It includes various organs and structures that differ between males and females. In this response, I will provide an overview of the reproductive system physiology for both males and females.
Male Reproductive System Physiology:
Testes: The testes are the primary male reproductive organs. They produce sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis and secrete the hormone testosterone.
Epididymis: The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the surface of each testis. It serves as a site for sperm maturation and storage.
Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is a muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands: These accessory glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and protects the sperm. The seminal fluid is combined with sperm to form semen.
Urethra: The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder and also serves as a passage for semen during ejaculation.
Female Reproductive System Physiology:
Ovaries: The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs. They produce ova (eggs) through a process called oogenesis and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes are ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They serve as the site for fertilization, where the sperm meets and fertilizes the egg.
Uterus: The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy.
Cervix: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It contains a small opening called the os, which allows the passage of menstrual blood and sperm.
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Mammary Glands: While not directly part of the reproductive system, the mammary glands in the breasts produce milk for nourishing newborns after childbirth.
Hormonal Regulation:
The reproductive system is regulated by hormones that coordinate and control its functions. In males, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes, while FSH promotes sperm production.
In females, the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which triggers the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces pro
TOPIC 2 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR.pptxelphaswalela
KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
Thought of The Day
YESTERDAY’S A PAST…
…..TOMORROW IS A FUTURE….
…. BUT….
TODAY IS A GIFT
…… THAT’S WHY IT’S CALLED
PRESENT….!
Content
• Introduction
• Definition of Disaster
• Classification & Types of Disasters
• Disaster Nursing
• Disaster Management
• Disaster management Cycle
• Nodal Ministry of Disaster
Introduction
• Disaster word originated from Greek Word,
DUS= Bad & ASTR= Star….The root of disaster comes
from an Astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the
position of a planet.
• Health Sector Emergency Managers are concerned
with Public safety and public Health. Clients are
threatened/injured and damaged during Disaster. The
Disaster Management Act was established in 2005.
• Disaster is a sudden , calamitous event bringing great
damage, loss, destruction & devastation to life and
property.
Definition of Disaster
• “Any occurrence that causes damage,
ecological disruption, loss of human life ,
deterioration of health and health services ,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected
community/area.” (WHO)
• “A disaster can defined as an occurrence
either Nature or Man made that causes Human
suffering and creates human needs that
victim can not alleviate without assistance.”
(American Red Cross)
Cont.
• “Disaster is an Emergency in which local
authorities cannot cope the goal of
emergency management is to protect public
health.”
ALL DISASTERS ARE EMERGENCIES
BUT
NOT ALL EMERGENCIES ARE DISASTERS
Definition of Hazard
• “Any phenomenon that has the potential to
cause Damage to people and their
Environment.” • There is a 4 classes of hazard
• Natural Hazard
• Technological Hazard
• Biological Hazard
• Societal Hazard
Vulnerability
Capacity to cope
High Low
Low High
Vulnerability
Very low Low
Exposure to
Hazard
High
Low
9
These are the determinants of risk (people).
THE MOST
VULNERABLE
Cont.
• For ex., an Earthquake hazard of the same
magnitude in a sparsely populated village of
Rajasthan and in the densely populated city of
Delhi will cause different levels of damage to
humans lives, property & Economic Activities.
• There is a two type of emergencies
• (i) Non-disaster Emergencies
• (ii) Disaster Emergencies
Classification Of Disasters
• Biological Disaster: Insect Infestation,
Epidemics & Animal Attacks.
• Geographical Disaster: Earth Quake &
Tsunamis, Volcanic Eruptions etc.
• Climatological Disaster: Droughts(Associated
with Food insecurities), Extreme Temperature
& Wild Fires
Cont.
• Hydrological Disaster: Flood including
Waves and Surges.
• Meteorological Disaster: Storms
Meteorological
Disasters
• Floods
• Tsunami
• Cyclone
• Hurricane
• Typhoon
• Snow
storm
• Blizzard
• Hail storm
Topographical
Disasters
• Earthquake
• Volcanic
Eruptions
• Asteroids
Environmental
Disasters
• Global
warming • Ozone
depletion • Solar flare
15
Technlogical
Disasters
• Transport
failure
• Public place
failure
• Fire
Industrial
• Chemical
spills
• Radioactive
spills
Security
relat
LECTURE NOTE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Definitions:
Disaster:
The term disaster owes its origin to the French word “Desastre” which is a combination of
two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil
star’.
A disaster can be defined as “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community
or a society causing wide spread material, economic, social or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”.
A disaster is a result from the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk.
A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes
damage, casualties and disruption. Any hazard – flood, earthquake or cyclone which
is a triggering event along with greater vulnerability (inadequate access to resources,
sick and old people, lack of awareness etc) would lead to disaster causing greater
loss to life and property.
Hazards:
The word ‘hazard’ owes its origin to the word ‘hasard’ in old French and ‘az-zahr’ in Arabic
meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’.
Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the
potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.”
Hazards can be grouped into two broad categories:
1. Natural Hazard
2. Manmade Hazard
Natural hazards are hazards which are caused because of natural phenomena (hazards
with meteorological, geological or even biological origin).
Examples of natural hazards are cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic
eruption which are exclusively of natural origin.
Landslides, floods, drought, fires are socio-natural hazards since their causes are
both natural and manmade.
For example flooding may be caused because of heavy rains, landslide or blocking of
drains with human waste.
Manmade hazards are hazards which are due to human negligence.
Manmade hazards are associated with industries or energy generation facilities and
include explosions, leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam failure, wars or civil strife
etc.
Various Types of Disasters:
Difference between Disaster and Hazard:
Vulnerability:
Vulnerability may be defined as “The extent to which a community, structure, services or
geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on
account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone
area.”
Vulnerabilities can be categorized into:
1. Physical vulnerability
2. Socio-economic vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability: It includes notions of who and what may be damaged or destroyed
by natural hazard such as earthquakes or floods. It is based on the physical condition of
people and elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity,
location and nature of the hazard. It also relates to the technical capability of building and
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360535
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Method · June 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13488.99842
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
BY
DR. BENARD LANGO
Benard.lango@gmail.com
Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Disaster Management – Compiled Lecture Notes: Dr. Benard Lango 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4
1. 0 Common Terminologies.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Characteristics of Disasters.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Types of Disasters...............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Natural Disasters..........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Human-Made Disasters................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Incidences of Mass Trauma..........................................................................................................7
1.4 Differences between Emergencies and Disasters...............................................................................7
1.5 Disaster Management Life Cycle.........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2:RISKS AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Hazards and Hazard Assessment ......................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Common Types of Hazards ........................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Hazard Control ...........................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Hazard Classification ...............................................................
1).i) Qualities of effective communication.
1 Clarity
If your writing is clear, your reader is much more likely to understand and act on your message. Consider this the ultimate characteristic of effective communication.
2 Conciseness
As George Orwell wrote in his essay “Politics and the English Language,” if it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Your goal is to communicate your message as quickly and directly as possible. By doing this, you’ll save your reader time and trouble.
3 Correctness
Proper grammar and syntax increase the effectiveness and credibility of your message. Mistakes might affect clarity, create ambiguity, and raise doubts. In addition, the message’s information needs to be accurate. Misinformation can derail productivity in the workplace and compound disorganization.
4 Completeness
Effective communication requires the whole picture. Leaving information out can lead to unnecessary guesswork for readers. Comprehensive yet concise messages reduce follow-up questions and prevent delays.
5 Coherence
Coherent communication is logical. Your points should be relevant to your thesis, and the text’s tone and flow should be smooth.
6 Consideration
Empathy is a critical pillar of good workplace communication. Before you speak, consider your words and their potential effects on your listener.
7 Courtesy
Being courteous is as much a necessity in a corporate setting as anywhere. Your team is working together to achieve the same goals of success and growth. Inside jokes, insults, or an aggressive tone work against teamwork.
8 Concreteness
A concrete message is tangible, supported by facts for enhanced credibility, and helps your audience better understand what’s being conveyed. It also mitigates the risk of misunderstanding, a common struggle in the workplace.
9 Consistency
Following the tips above will ensure that your communication is effective. Once you’ve improved, however, don’t let your quality slip. Your teams and operations are valuable and should always be treated as such. Effective communication depends on a steady and efficient workflow from everyone. ii)the process of effective communication.
The Different Elements in The Process of Communication that makes it to be a process are:
i)Sender
The very foundation of communication process is laid by the person who transmits or sends the message. He is the sender of the message which may be a thought, idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and postures and gestures, even a momentary smile.
ii)Message
Message is referred to as the information conveyed by words as in speech and write-ups, signs, pictures or symbols depending upon the situation and the nature and importance of information desired to be sent.
iii)Encoding
Encoding is putting the targeted message into appropriate medium which may be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the situation, time, space and nature of the message to be sent. T
iv)Channel
Channel(s) refers to the way or mode th
E STUDY 5-1 UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
FOCUSING IN
Members of the clinically significant group of
parasites located in blood and tissue that move
by means of flagella, known as the hemoflagel
lates, belong to the genera Leishmania and Try
panosoma. There are four morphologic forms of
clinical significance associated with these hemo
flagellates: amastigote, promastigote, epimasti
gote, and trypomastigote, all of which are defined
and described in detail in this chapter. Although
the specific life cycle may vary, all the organisms
in these two genera involve some combination of
the four morphologic forms. The transmission of
all hemoflagellates is via the bite of an arthropod
vector. The major difference between the two
genera is the primary diagnostic form found in
each; for Leishmania it is the amastigote and for
Trypanosoma it is the trypomastigote, with the
exception of Trypanosoma cruzi, in which amas
tigotes may also be found. Speciation within the
genera usually depends heavily on the patient
importance of this information, this text pro
vides a discussion of the geographic distribution
and symptomatology of each hemoflagellate.
Suspicions of hemoflagellate disease processes
are typically confirmed by more advanced diag
nostic techniques, such as serologic tests. Because
the initial diagnosis of hemoflagellate infections
relies primarily on the detection of the morpho
logic forms, this text will begin with a detailed
discussion of the morphologic forms.
MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE
CYCLE NOTES
Morphology
Amastigotes. The average roundish to oval
amastigote measures 5 by 3 μm in size (Figs. 51
and 5-2; Table 5-1). The amastigote contains a
nucleus, a basal body structure (called a blepha
roplast), and a small parabasal body. The large
single nucleus is typically located offcenter,
sometimes present more toward the edge of the
Nineyearold Chares, an African boy, recenty emigrated
to the United States from Kenya with his family. He began
complaining of chills and diarrhea 2 weeks prior to the
office vsit. After taking his temperature, whch revealed a
fever, hs mother took him into his pediatrician’s office.
During the examination, the doctor found a skn leson on
hs right arm and marked hepatosplenomegaly. A compete
bood count (CBC) was ordered, which revealed that
Charles was anemic. The doctor, afraid that the chid
was experiencing dum dum fever (kalaazar), ordered
a biopsy of the infected skin lesion and blood for
parasite study.
When the specimens were received in the laboratory,
the laboratory technician on duty made slides of the skn
lesion material and blood, stained them with Giemsa stan,
and carefully examined the slides. No parastes were found
in the bood slide The biopsy slide revealed an oval organ
ism (see diagram); it contained one nuceus, a parabasal
body, and an axonemelike structure.
Questions for Consideration
1. What parasite do you suspect? (Objective 5-10B)
2. Which morphologic form of the parasit
iemsa Stain report; Table of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the smear, lea
able of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the
nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
and invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the first time
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
3. LIVER
DEFINITION:
• It is the largest gland in the body
SURFACE ANATOMY:
• It occupies the whole right hypochondrium, a part of epigastrium &
a part of left hypochondrium
5. LIVER
SURFACES:
• ANTERIOR: related to diaphragm & anterior abdominal wall.
The diaphragm separates it from pleurae & lungs
• SUPERIOR: related to diaphragm separating it from pericardium
& heart (in the middle) & pleurae & lungs (on each side)
7. LIVER
SURFACES:
• POSTERIOR: formed of (from right to left):
1. Bare area: triangular area related to diaphragm. Its base is
formed by groove for IVC; its sides are formed by upper &
lower layers of coronary ligaments that meet at the apex
to form the right triangular ligament
2. Groove for IVC
3. Caudate lobe: related to diaphragm, projects downwards
to form a process separating IVC from porta hepatis &
forming upper boundary of epiploic foramen
4. Fissure for ligamentum venosum (obliterated ductus
venosus)
5. Esophageal notch
10. LIVER
SURFACES:
• INFERIOR:
1. Related to the following viscera: right kidney, right suprarenal
gland, right colic flexure, 2nd part of duodenum, fundus & body of
stomach
2. Formed of (from right to left):
• Gall bladder fossa
• Quadrate lobe: related to pylorus, 1st part of duodenum &
transverse colon
• Fissure for ligamentum teres (obliterated left umbilical vein)
11. LIVER
• ACCORDING TO ITS RELATIONS, THE
LIVER IS DIVIDED INTO:
1. DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE: includes
superior, anterior & most of
posterior surface
2. VISCERAL SURFACE: includes inferior
& a part of posterior surface
12. LIVER
PORTA HEPATIS:
• It is the hilum of liver
• It lies in the inferior surface of liver
• Structures passing through it: right & left hepatic ducts, right & left
branches of hepatic artery & portal vein (DAV, from before
backwards)+ lymphatics, lymph nodes & autonomic fibers
13. LOBES OF LIVER
ANATOMICAL DIVISION:
• The liver is divided into a smaller left & a larger right lobe by:
1. Falciform ligament: anteriorly
2. Fissure for ligamentum venosum: posteriorly
3. Fisssure for ligametnum teres: inferiorly
14. LOBES OF LIVER
FUNCTIONAL DIVISION:
• The liver is divided into a nearly equal left & right lobes by a plane
passing through groove for IVC & gall bladder fossa.
• The caudate & quadrate lobes are included in the left lobe (because
they are supplied by left branches of hepatic artery & portal vein)
15. LIGAMENTS OF LIVER
PERITONEAL LIGAMENTS
• FALCIFORM LIGAMENT: a triangular fold formed of two
layers (right & left) with:
1. Anterior border: attached to diaphragm
2. Posterior border: attached to anterior & superior
surfaces of liver
3. Lower free border: extending from liver to
umbilicus & enclosing ligamentum teres &
paraumbilical veins
16. LIGAMENTS OF LIVER
PERITONEAL LIGMENTS
• LEFT TRIANGULAR LIGAMENT: to the left of falciform
ligament, the peritoneum is reflected from the
diaphragm to the upper surface of the liver to
form the anterior layer of left triangular ligament
(continuous with left layer of falciform ligament).
The peritoneum then covers anterior, inferior &
posterior surfaces & is reflected to the diaphragm
to form the posterior layer of left triangular
ligament
17. LIGAMENTS OF LIVER
PERITONEAL LIGMENTS
• RIGHT TRIANGULAR LIGAMENT: to the right of falciform
ligament, the peritoneum is reflected from the
diaphragm to the upper surface of the liver to
form the upper layer of coronary ligament
(continuous with right layer of falciform ligament).
The peritoneum then covers anterior & inferior
surfaces then becomes reflected to the front of
right kidney to form the lower layer of coronary
ligament. The right extremity of both layers meet
to form the right triangular ligament
18. LIGAMENTS OF LIVER
PERITONEAL LIGMENTS
• LESSER OMENTUM:
1. It is attached to the margins of porta hepatis & fissure for
ligamentum venosum
2. It extends to lesser curvature of stomach & upper border of 1st
inch of 1st part of duodenum
19. LIGAMENTS OF LIVER
LIGMENTUM M TERES:
•Represents the obliterated left
umbilical vein that originally joins the
branch of portal vein
LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM:
•Represents the obliterated ductus
venosus that originally connects IVC
with left branch of portal vein
20. BARE AREAS OF LIVER
•TRIANGULAR DIAPHRAGMATIC AREA
•GROOVE FOR IVC
•GALL BALDDER FOSSA
•PORTA HEPATIS
•FISSURE FOR LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM
21. BLOOD SUPPLY OF LIVER
• HEPATIC ARTERY: brings oxygenated blood to the liver (30% blood
reaching the liver)
• PORTAL VEIN: brings blood absorbed from GIT to the liver (70% blood
reaching the liver)
• ALL BLOOD PASS TO HEPATIC SINUSOIDS
• Blood leave the liver through HEPATIC VEINS
22. LIVER
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
• Mainly into hepatic lymph nodes in porta hepatis.
Efferent vessels pass to celiac lymph nodes
NERVE SUPPLY: Hepatic plexus of autonomic fibers derived
from celiac plexus
SUPPORT:
1. Hepatic veins (main support): suspend liver from IVC
& have no extrahepatic course
2. Peritoneal folds.
3. Surrounding organs
4. Tone of anterior abdominal wall
26. BILIARY DUCTS
RIGHT & LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS:
• Emerge from porta hepatis
• Drain bile from right & left lobes of liver
• Unite to form common hepatic duct
COMMON HEPATIC DUCT:
• One and half inches in length
• Formed by the union of the 2 hepatic ducts
• Unite with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
27. BILIARY DUCTS
CYSTIC DUCT:
• One and half inches in length
• Connects the neck of gall bladder to common hepatic duct
• The mucous membrane of the duct as well as that of neck of gall
bladder is raised forming the spiral valve. The valve keeps the
lumen open
28. BILIARY DUCTS
COMMON BILE DUCT:
• Formation: Formed by union of cystic & common hepatic
duct
• Length: Three inches
• Course & relations: It descends:
1. In the free margin of lesser omentum (to the right side of
hepatic artery, anterior to portal vein)
2. Behind 1st part of duodenum (to the right side of
gastroduodenal artery, anterior to portal vein)
3. Behind the head of pancreas, anterior to IVC
• Termination: usually join the main pancreatic duct forming
the ampulla of Vater that opens into the lumen of 2nd part
of duodenum through the major duodenal papilla
30. GALL BLADDER
PARTS: Formed of 3 parts:
1. Fundus: projects below inferior margin of liver, lies opposite the
tip of right 9th costal cartilage, related anteriorly to anterior
abdominal wall & posteriorly to transverse colon
• Body: related anteriorly to liver & posteriorly to 1st part of
duodenum
• Neck: continuous with cystic duct has same relation as body
31. GALL BLADDER
PERITONEAL COVERING:
• Fundus: completely covered by peritoneum
• Body & neck: only covered posteriorly
FUNCTION: Stores & concentrates bile
32. SUPPLY OF BILIARY SYSTEM
• ARTERIES: Cystic branch of right hepatic artery
• VEINS: Cystic vein that drains into the right branch of portal vein
• LYMPH DRAINAGE: Cystic lymph nodes, then to hepatic & finally to
celiac lymph nodes
• NERVES: autonomic fibers from celiac lymph nodes