all

1. PROJECT

2. INTRODUCTION
 “ROAD” is defined as a formed path suitable for use by all
forms of non-guided vehicular transport.
 ROAD TRANSPORT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON
MODES OF TRANSPORT.
 A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or
more places. It can vary from the most fundamental of formed
tracks through remote territory to multi-lane, high-speed.
 Users of road include buses,trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and
pedestrians. motorways through, or linking cities.

3. NECESSITY OF ROAD
TRANSPORT
 It facilitates the movement of men and material from one place
to another.
 The road connecting Tergaon and Madnalli is now inadequate
for the rapidly growing population. Thus, an
improved,widened road is the need of the hour.
 Educational and cultural contact can be maintained with each
other.
 It helps in the growth of trade and other economic activities in
and outside the villages and towns.
 Strategic movement in case of emergency for defense,health
issues as well as peace time is necessary.

4. ROAD PROJECT
 Road project deals with the planning, designing and
construction of a new road, connecting two terminus
points or a town with an existing road. The road project
consists of:
 I) Survey,
 II) Preparation of maps.
 III) Road alignment.
 IV) Earthwork.

5. 1) SURVEY
To determine the location of a proposed road and to
collect the required data, the following road surveys are
withheld.
 Reconnaissance survey.
 Preliminary survey.
 Final location survey.
 Construction survey.

6. 2) PREPARATION OF MAPS
 Topographical maps.
 Proposed plans
 Agricultural and industrial maps
 Population maps.

7. 3) ROAD ALIGNMENT
 The route, along which the center line of a road is located
in the plan, is called Road Alignment.
The following points should be kept in mind while
aligning a road.
 It should ensure easy gradients and smooth curves.
 The alignment should be as short and straight as possible.
 There should be minimum cutting and banking.

8. 4) EARTHWORK
 Earthworks can be defined as all the operations invo
lved in the loosening, removing and depositing of
earth, soil and rock.
The principal earthworks operations are :-
 Stripping vegetation and topsoil
 Loosening material in cutting and borrow pits
 Excavating material
 Loading material from cuts etc. and hauling to fills or to
spoil

9. EARTHWORK
COMPUTATIONS
1)AREA BY RESOLUTION
 ₌
Where:
 s = one half of the perimeter of the triangle,
2) AREA BY FORMULA.
3) IRREGULAR SECTION METHOD

10. ROAD GRADIENT
Gradient of a road mainly depends on:
 Nature of traffic.
 Nature of ground.
 Rainfall of the locality.

11. CURVES
 Curves are provided whenever a road changes its
direction from right to left or (vice versa) or change its
alignment from up to down or (vice versa). Curves are a
critical element in the pavement design
 TYPES OF CURVES
 Horizontal curves
 Vertical curves

12. HORIZONTAL CURVES:
 Simple curve
 Compound curve
 Transition curve
 Reverse curve
VERTICAL CURVES:
 Sag curve
 Crest curve

13. CH PT

16. COMPUTATION

17. CHA
INA
GE
RL
FORM
ATIO
N
LEVE
L
Dept
h of
Fill
Dept
h of
CUT
Mean
depth
of fill
Area of
fill
Mean
Dept
h of
Cut
Area
of cut
Lengt
h
Volume
Of Fill
Volume
Of Cut

18. CROSS SECTIONS

19. DESIGN
OF
CURVES

20. DESIGN OF VERTICAL CURVE
Velocity, V=50kmph or v=13.89m/s
Coefficient of longitudinal friction, f=0.37
Reaction time as per IRC t=2.5s
Stopping Sight Distance SSD=vt + v2/2gf
=0.278Vt + (V2/254f)
SSD=61.35m
Intermediate Sight Distance ISD=2*SSD
=122.70m
Overtaking Sight Distance OSD=vbt+vbT+2s+vT
=0.278Vbt+0.278Vb+2s+.0278VT
Where Vb=V-16kmph
S=0.2Vb+6=12.8m
For V=50kmph, A=4kmph/s
T=√(14.4s/A)
=6.79sec
OSD= 207.74m
For 1st stretch i.e. at 185m chainage
n1=1in50
n2=1in60
N=n1-(-n2)
=1/50+1/60
=0.0367

21. DESIGN OF SUMMIT CURVE
For SSD, Considering L>SSD
L=NS2/4.4
=0.0365*61.352/4.4
=31.39m<SSD
Now L<SSD,
L=2S-4.4/N
=2*61.35-4.4/.0365
=2.81m
Now Considering OSD, L>OSD
L=NS2/9.6
=0.0365*207.752/9.6
=164.98m<OSD
For L<OSD
L=2S-9.6/N
=2*207.75-9.6/.0365
=153.89m
Provide Length of SUMMIT CURVE= 157m

22. DESIGN OF VALLEY CURVE
At chainage 1140m
n1=1in50
n2=1in30
N=-n1-n2
=-1/50-1/30
=-0.053
When L>SSD,
Length of Valley Curve L=NS2/(2h1+2Stanα)
Where h1=average height of light beam=0.75m
α=beam angle=1ͦ
L=NS2/(1.5+.035S)
L=0.053*61.352/(1.5+0.035*61.35)
=55.04m<SSD
Now L<SSD
L=2S-(1.5+0.035S)/N
=2*61.35-(1.5+0.035*61.35)/0.053
=53.88m
Provide Length of VALLEY CURVE L=55m

23. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT CROSS SECTION
Providing the Camber of 1in50
A = P (1+r)n+10
D = 200
n = 3
r = 8%
A = 200(1+0.08)13
A =544
Curve E = 330mm
For 330mm = 1 MSA
For 1 MSA
Total thickness = 375mm
Wearing curve = 20mm
Granular base = 225mm