Austin Tuberculosis: Research & Treatment
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Austin Tuberculosis: Research & Treatment is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Tuberculosis. The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Tuberculosis. Austin Tuberculosis: Research & Treatment accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Tuberculosis. Austin Tuberculosis: Research & Treatment strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
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L11 12.PULMONARY TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. M. tuberculosis can infect any organ but commonly causes pulmonary or latent infections. It is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets. Once inhaled, macrophages recruit lymphocytes to form granulomas around the bacteria. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance. Primary tuberculosis commonly affects children while secondary tuberculosis is a reactivation of dormant bacteria that typically causes apical lesions in adults.
Pulmonary TB
This document summarizes key aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis, including:
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed by considering TB in the differential diagnosis when symptoms are present and ordering appropriate diagnostic tests.
2. Factors like decreased cough reflex and impaired immune function can allow tuberculosis bacteria to infect the lungs and spread.
3. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to ensure adherence and prevent drug resistance, as non-adherence can allow the disease to relapse or spread.
Pulmonary tuberculosis ppt
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person and can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum culture and tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months under direct observation to prevent drug resistance and cure the infection.
Clinical features investigation of pulmonary tb
This document discusses tuberculosis, including its clinical features, investigation, diagnosis, and types. It describes the signs and symptoms of primary, milliary, and post-primary tuberculosis. Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis include AFB microscopy, culture, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, drug susceptibility testing, Mantoux test, chest radiography, and CT scan. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed through culture or histopathological examination of tissues. Differential diagnoses for various tuberculosis presentations are also provided.
Bacteremia
Bacteremia and Antibiotic therapy 2018, Current Medical diagnosis and treatment, Dr. Omar Ansari, Specialist internal medicine
Imaging: BOOP
A 28-year-old male presented with cough, dyspnea, fever, malaise, and weight loss. Chest X-ray and CT scan showed bilateral heterogeneous airspace opacities. He did not improve with antibiotics but responded well to steroids, suggestive of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). BOOP is a non-specific inflammatory reaction of small airways that can be idiopathic or secondary to various causes. It is treated with steroids and immunosuppressants if unresponsive to steroids.
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene is a life-threatening bacterial infection that causes tissues to die and release gas. It is caused by Clostridium bacteria entering the body through wounds or injuries. Symptoms include pain, fever, swelling, and blisters with foul-smelling discharge near infected areas. The bacteria produce toxins that destroy muscles and tissues, and the infection spreads rapidly. Treatment involves high doses of antibiotics, removal of dead tissue, and potential amputation to stop the spread. Without prompt treatment, gas gangrene can lead to complications like organ damage and death.
Tuberculosis
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads through the air and affects the lungs and other organs. Poverty, malnutrition and overcrowding increase the risk. Primary TB occurs via inhaled bacteria forming lesions, while secondary TB results from reactivation of dormant bacteria. Symptoms include cough, fever and weight loss. Diagnosis involves staining samples to identify bacteria and culturing sputum. Treatment requires long-term antibiotic therapy.
Recommended
L11 12.PULMONARY TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. M. tuberculosis can infect any organ but commonly causes pulmonary or latent infections. It is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets. Once inhaled, macrophages recruit lymphocytes to form granulomas around the bacteria. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance. Primary tuberculosis commonly affects children while secondary tuberculosis is a reactivation of dormant bacteria that typically causes apical lesions in adults.
Pulmonary TB
This document summarizes key aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis, including:
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed by considering TB in the differential diagnosis when symptoms are present and ordering appropriate diagnostic tests.
2. Factors like decreased cough reflex and impaired immune function can allow tuberculosis bacteria to infect the lungs and spread.
3. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to ensure adherence and prevent drug resistance, as non-adherence can allow the disease to relapse or spread.
Pulmonary tuberculosis ppt
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person and can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum culture and tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months under direct observation to prevent drug resistance and cure the infection.
Clinical features investigation of pulmonary tb
This document discusses tuberculosis, including its clinical features, investigation, diagnosis, and types. It describes the signs and symptoms of primary, milliary, and post-primary tuberculosis. Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis include AFB microscopy, culture, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, drug susceptibility testing, Mantoux test, chest radiography, and CT scan. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed through culture or histopathological examination of tissues. Differential diagnoses for various tuberculosis presentations are also provided.
Bacteremia
Bacteremia and Antibiotic therapy 2018, Current Medical diagnosis and treatment, Dr. Omar Ansari, Specialist internal medicine
Imaging: BOOP
A 28-year-old male presented with cough, dyspnea, fever, malaise, and weight loss. Chest X-ray and CT scan showed bilateral heterogeneous airspace opacities. He did not improve with antibiotics but responded well to steroids, suggestive of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). BOOP is a non-specific inflammatory reaction of small airways that can be idiopathic or secondary to various causes. It is treated with steroids and immunosuppressants if unresponsive to steroids.
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene is a life-threatening bacterial infection that causes tissues to die and release gas. It is caused by Clostridium bacteria entering the body through wounds or injuries. Symptoms include pain, fever, swelling, and blisters with foul-smelling discharge near infected areas. The bacteria produce toxins that destroy muscles and tissues, and the infection spreads rapidly. Treatment involves high doses of antibiotics, removal of dead tissue, and potential amputation to stop the spread. Without prompt treatment, gas gangrene can lead to complications like organ damage and death.
Tuberculosis
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads through the air and affects the lungs and other organs. Poverty, malnutrition and overcrowding increase the risk. Primary TB occurs via inhaled bacteria forming lesions, while secondary TB results from reactivation of dormant bacteria. Symptoms include cough, fever and weight loss. Diagnosis involves staining samples to identify bacteria and culturing sputum. Treatment requires long-term antibiotic therapy.
Tuberculosis A lesson for junior students
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect many parts of the body, but is mainly found in the lungs. It has infected humans for over 7,000 years. Symptoms may include cough, sputum, blood in sputum, chest pain, and fever. Diagnosis involves tests to find the bacteria such as smears, cultures, PCR, and chest imaging. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months. Prognosis is generally good with proper treatment, but factors like drug resistance or HIV infection can worsen the outcome. Management is based on guidelines and involves intensive and maintenance treatment periods with first and second line drug combinations.
Clinicopathologic Case Studies
The document discusses several interesting clinicopathologic case studies involving fungal and parasitic skin infections:
1. A case of cutaneous protothecosis caused by the algae Prototheca wickerhamii in an immunocompromised patient.
2. A case of cutaneous zygomycosis caused by the fungus Rhizopus in a neutropenic patient.
3. A case of cutaneous alternariosis and candidiasis in a lung transplant recipient.
4. A case of disseminated penicilliosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei in an HIV-positive patient presenting with skin lesions.
Tuberculosis (tb)
Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs and is transmitted through airborne droplets. It remains a major global problem. The pathogenesis of TB involves inhalation of mycobacteria, interaction with macrophages, and potential proliferation within macrophages. This can lead to granuloma formation and containment of the bacteria. Diagnosis involves tests like Mantoux and sputum smear microscopy. Treatment requires a combination of at least three first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a lengthy period.
Tuberculosis presentation and report 2020
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its classification, causes, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It begins with definitions and classifications of TB, noting it is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs. It then discusses the global incidence of TB, highlighting high rates in Africa. Transmission occurs via airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and the Mantoux skin test. Prevention focuses on vaccination and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Treatment involves antibiotics administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae b.carl
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive, club-shaped rod bacteria that can cause respiratory diphtheria. It produces a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis and can damage organs. The bacteria is normally found on the skin and throat but can cause illness if it enters the respiratory tract. Symptoms include sore throat and formation of a gray membrane that can obstruct breathing. The infection is treated with diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics like erythromycin or penicillin. Vaccines provide protection against diphtheria.
Pulmonology
This document provides an overview of common pediatric respiratory illnesses discussed over 9 sections. Section 1 covers acute respiratory infections, distinguishing between upper and lower respiratory infections. Pneumonia is then discussed in section 2, covering etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Section 3 focuses on bronchiolitis, describing the viral etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis. Key points covered include that bronchiolitis most commonly affects infants under 2 years old and is predominantly caused by respiratory syncytial virus.
Mucormycosis ppt by Dr. Bomkar bam ENT M.S.
mucormycosis in the covid era in India. it is mostly seen in the post-recovery patient of covid - 19. most of the data are derived from the 2nd wave of covid in India.
MUCORMYCOSIS OR ZYGOMYCOSIS AFTER COVID
This document discusses mucormycosis (black fungus), a rare fungal infection caused by mold. It presents information on the history, classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an association between mucormycosis and COVID-19 emerged, as many cases occurred in patients recovering from COVID-19 who had diabetes or were taking corticosteroids. The infection spreads through spore inhalation or skin contact and affects the sinuses, lungs or other organs depending on exposure. Prompt diagnosis and antifungal treatment are needed to prevent severe illness or death.
Septicemia
Septicemia is a life-threatening blood infection caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream from a site of infection. Common symptoms include fever, rapid breathing/heartbeat, low blood pressure, and mental confusion. Bacteria such as E. coli, streptococcus pneumoniae, and salmonella are often involved. The document details types, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of septicemia, including antibiotics and supportive care. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of preventing and promptly treating infections to avoid septicemia.
Primary tb by arif khan
Primary tuberculosis occurs during initial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is usually mild and asymptomatic, but can sometimes cause flu-like symptoms. Left untreated, the bacteria infect lung macrophages and lymph nodes, triggering an immune response. Primary tuberculosis most commonly affects infants and children under 5. It may result in positive tuberculin skin tests or lung abnormalities on chest x-ray. The infection forms small granulomas called tubercles in the lungs that later heal but remain visible on x-rays. During latency, the person cannot transmit tuberculosis. Treatment requires multiple antibiotics taken regularly for at least 6 months.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Presentation
Pulmonary Tuberculosis , tb, pulmonary disease, lung disorder, pathophysiology, management and treatment and diagnosis
Case study
John, a 45-year-old male smoker, was admitted to the hospital with chest pain and a persistent cough with blood. His initial diagnosis is tuberculosis, which would be confirmed through tests like a tuberculin skin test, TB blood test, chest X-ray or CT scan, or sputum samples. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotics over several months.
Management of pulmonary tuberculosis is a place for surgery_rus
This document discusses the role of surgery in managing pulmonary tuberculosis. It notes that while tuberculosis can be treated with drugs, drug-resistant strains are a major problem globally. The document reviews statistics on multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases and outcomes. It argues that surgery may improve treatment for severe or bilateral cases when combined with drug therapy. The advantages of minimally invasive surgery techniques like VATS are presented. Outcome data is shown suggesting surgery may help increase sputum and culture conversion rates for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. The conclusion is that surgery should be part of the routine treatment algorithm when indicated to help address drug-resistant disease.
Persistant pneumonia
This document discusses persistent pneumonia, defined as the persistence of symptoms and radiographic abnormalities for more than 1 month. It lists common causes like congenital malformations of the airways and lungs, aspirations, defects in airway secretions clearance, and disorders of immunity. Investigations discussed include hematological tests, chest X-ray, sputum tests, and bronchoscopy if abnormalities are suspected. Treatment involves therapy for current infections and any underlying diseases.
Tuberculosis1
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It affects many parts of the body and has a variable clinical presentation ranging from no symptoms to severe symptoms like fever, cough, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like the tuberculin skin test and imaging tests. Treatment requires a long course of multiple anti-tuberculosis medications.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze or talk. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and microbiological tests. Treatment requires taking several antibiotics over many months to prevent drug resistance, and involves both intensive and continuation phases. Drug-resistant TB like MDR-TB is more difficult to treat and requires alternative drug combinations for over 24 months. The only available vaccine is BCG.
Tuberculosis (TB)
One third of the world is infected with tuberculosis, with over 1 million deaths reported annually. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and is more common in developing countries. Symptoms include cough and abnormal chest x-rays. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture, and molecular tests. Treatment for active tuberculosis involves a combination of antibiotics over 6 months, while latent tuberculosis is treated with one or two antibiotics. Granulomas formed during infection help regulate the immune response and minimize tissue damage. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem despite efforts to diagnose and treat those affected.
Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis is a serious fungal infection caused by mucormycetes molds commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can infect humans through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Those at highest risk include diabetics, especially those with ketoacidosis, as well as those with organ transplants, cancer, HIV/AIDS or prolonged corticosteroid use. Common symptoms depend on the infected area but may include sinus congestion, eye swelling, coughing or abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy and identifying fungal elements microscopically. Treatment requires controlling underlying conditions, antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and aggressive surgery to remove infected tissues
HIV INFECTION
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks immune cells called CD4 cells. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS. In 2017, over 36 million people worldwide were infected with HIV resulting in over 900,000 deaths. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by safe sex practices and avoiding needle sharing. While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. Common antiretroviral drugs target HIV proteins like reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase to inhibit viral replication.
Introduction ot Tuberculosis disease (TB)
Explore the intricate world of Tuberculosis with this comprehensive PowerPoint presentation. Uncover its origins, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. Engage your audience with informative visuals and charts, shedding light on the global impact of TB. Equip your audience with knowledge to raise awareness and foster a proactive approach towards combating this infectious disease.
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Tuberculosis A lesson for junior students
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect many parts of the body, but is mainly found in the lungs. It has infected humans for over 7,000 years. Symptoms may include cough, sputum, blood in sputum, chest pain, and fever. Diagnosis involves tests to find the bacteria such as smears, cultures, PCR, and chest imaging. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months. Prognosis is generally good with proper treatment, but factors like drug resistance or HIV infection can worsen the outcome. Management is based on guidelines and involves intensive and maintenance treatment periods with first and second line drug combinations.
Clinicopathologic Case Studies
The document discusses several interesting clinicopathologic case studies involving fungal and parasitic skin infections:
1. A case of cutaneous protothecosis caused by the algae Prototheca wickerhamii in an immunocompromised patient.
2. A case of cutaneous zygomycosis caused by the fungus Rhizopus in a neutropenic patient.
3. A case of cutaneous alternariosis and candidiasis in a lung transplant recipient.
4. A case of disseminated penicilliosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei in an HIV-positive patient presenting with skin lesions.
Tuberculosis (tb)
Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs and is transmitted through airborne droplets. It remains a major global problem. The pathogenesis of TB involves inhalation of mycobacteria, interaction with macrophages, and potential proliferation within macrophages. This can lead to granuloma formation and containment of the bacteria. Diagnosis involves tests like Mantoux and sputum smear microscopy. Treatment requires a combination of at least three first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a lengthy period.
Tuberculosis presentation and report 2020
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its classification, causes, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It begins with definitions and classifications of TB, noting it is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs. It then discusses the global incidence of TB, highlighting high rates in Africa. Transmission occurs via airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and the Mantoux skin test. Prevention focuses on vaccination and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Treatment involves antibiotics administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae b.carl
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive, club-shaped rod bacteria that can cause respiratory diphtheria. It produces a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis and can damage organs. The bacteria is normally found on the skin and throat but can cause illness if it enters the respiratory tract. Symptoms include sore throat and formation of a gray membrane that can obstruct breathing. The infection is treated with diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics like erythromycin or penicillin. Vaccines provide protection against diphtheria.
Pulmonology
This document provides an overview of common pediatric respiratory illnesses discussed over 9 sections. Section 1 covers acute respiratory infections, distinguishing between upper and lower respiratory infections. Pneumonia is then discussed in section 2, covering etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Section 3 focuses on bronchiolitis, describing the viral etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis. Key points covered include that bronchiolitis most commonly affects infants under 2 years old and is predominantly caused by respiratory syncytial virus.
Mucormycosis ppt by Dr. Bomkar bam ENT M.S.
mucormycosis in the covid era in India. it is mostly seen in the post-recovery patient of covid - 19. most of the data are derived from the 2nd wave of covid in India.
MUCORMYCOSIS OR ZYGOMYCOSIS AFTER COVID
This document discusses mucormycosis (black fungus), a rare fungal infection caused by mold. It presents information on the history, classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an association between mucormycosis and COVID-19 emerged, as many cases occurred in patients recovering from COVID-19 who had diabetes or were taking corticosteroids. The infection spreads through spore inhalation or skin contact and affects the sinuses, lungs or other organs depending on exposure. Prompt diagnosis and antifungal treatment are needed to prevent severe illness or death.
Septicemia
Septicemia is a life-threatening blood infection caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream from a site of infection. Common symptoms include fever, rapid breathing/heartbeat, low blood pressure, and mental confusion. Bacteria such as E. coli, streptococcus pneumoniae, and salmonella are often involved. The document details types, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of septicemia, including antibiotics and supportive care. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of preventing and promptly treating infections to avoid septicemia.
Primary tb by arif khan
Primary tuberculosis occurs during initial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is usually mild and asymptomatic, but can sometimes cause flu-like symptoms. Left untreated, the bacteria infect lung macrophages and lymph nodes, triggering an immune response. Primary tuberculosis most commonly affects infants and children under 5. It may result in positive tuberculin skin tests or lung abnormalities on chest x-ray. The infection forms small granulomas called tubercles in the lungs that later heal but remain visible on x-rays. During latency, the person cannot transmit tuberculosis. Treatment requires multiple antibiotics taken regularly for at least 6 months.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Presentation
Pulmonary Tuberculosis , tb, pulmonary disease, lung disorder, pathophysiology, management and treatment and diagnosis
Case study
John, a 45-year-old male smoker, was admitted to the hospital with chest pain and a persistent cough with blood. His initial diagnosis is tuberculosis, which would be confirmed through tests like a tuberculin skin test, TB blood test, chest X-ray or CT scan, or sputum samples. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotics over several months.
Management of pulmonary tuberculosis is a place for surgery_rus
This document discusses the role of surgery in managing pulmonary tuberculosis. It notes that while tuberculosis can be treated with drugs, drug-resistant strains are a major problem globally. The document reviews statistics on multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases and outcomes. It argues that surgery may improve treatment for severe or bilateral cases when combined with drug therapy. The advantages of minimally invasive surgery techniques like VATS are presented. Outcome data is shown suggesting surgery may help increase sputum and culture conversion rates for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. The conclusion is that surgery should be part of the routine treatment algorithm when indicated to help address drug-resistant disease.
Persistant pneumonia
This document discusses persistent pneumonia, defined as the persistence of symptoms and radiographic abnormalities for more than 1 month. It lists common causes like congenital malformations of the airways and lungs, aspirations, defects in airway secretions clearance, and disorders of immunity. Investigations discussed include hematological tests, chest X-ray, sputum tests, and bronchoscopy if abnormalities are suspected. Treatment involves therapy for current infections and any underlying diseases.
Tuberculosis1
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It affects many parts of the body and has a variable clinical presentation ranging from no symptoms to severe symptoms like fever, cough, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like the tuberculin skin test and imaging tests. Treatment requires a long course of multiple anti-tuberculosis medications.
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An overview of the respiratory tract infections, microbiology and the implications of antibiotic resistance. Summarizing the antibiotic recommendations in pneumonia.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze or talk. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and microbiological tests. Treatment requires taking several antibiotics over many months to prevent drug resistance, and involves both intensive and continuation phases. Drug-resistant TB like MDR-TB is more difficult to treat and requires alternative drug combinations for over 24 months. The only available vaccine is BCG.
Tuberculosis (TB)
One third of the world is infected with tuberculosis, with over 1 million deaths reported annually. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and is more common in developing countries. Symptoms include cough and abnormal chest x-rays. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture, and molecular tests. Treatment for active tuberculosis involves a combination of antibiotics over 6 months, while latent tuberculosis is treated with one or two antibiotics. Granulomas formed during infection help regulate the immune response and minimize tissue damage. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem despite efforts to diagnose and treat those affected.
Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis is a serious fungal infection caused by mucormycetes molds commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can infect humans through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Those at highest risk include diabetics, especially those with ketoacidosis, as well as those with organ transplants, cancer, HIV/AIDS or prolonged corticosteroid use. Common symptoms depend on the infected area but may include sinus congestion, eye swelling, coughing or abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy and identifying fungal elements microscopically. Treatment requires controlling underlying conditions, antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and aggressive surgery to remove infected tissues
HIV INFECTION
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks immune cells called CD4 cells. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS. In 2017, over 36 million people worldwide were infected with HIV resulting in over 900,000 deaths. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by safe sex practices and avoiding needle sharing. While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. Common antiretroviral drugs target HIV proteins like reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase to inhibit viral replication.
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Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum smear and culture tests. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-12 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to prevent drug resistance.
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Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze, or laugh. It is a chronic infection that can affect the lungs and spread to other parts of the body. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum examination, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic drugs for 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications can include damage to bones, brain, liver, or kidneys if not properly treated.
Pulmonary tuberculosis (tb)
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze, or laugh. It is a chronic infection characterized by weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics like isoniazid and rifampin daily for 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications can include infection of bones, brain, liver or kidneys if left untreated. Prevention involves proper ventilation, covering coughs, mask wearing, vaccination, and completing the full drug regimen.
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Tuberculosis is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can impact other parts of the body. It is a major problem in developing countries. Symptoms include persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. TB is usually spread through close contact with an infected person and can be diagnosed through chest x-rays, sputum tests, and skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for several months, and adherence to the regimen is important to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Drug-resistant TB poses a challenge as it does not respond to standard antibiotics and requires more complex treatment. Preventing TB spread involves vaccination, treating latent infections,
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It is characterized by the formation of lesions called tubercles or granulomas in the lungs and other parts of the body. Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance from developing. Nursing care involves educating patients, monitoring for medication side effects, preventing complications, and providing support.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. The disease is transmitted through the air when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing. Common symptoms include cough with sputum and blood at times, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest X-rays, sputum smear microscopy, and culture. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme aims to reduce mortality and transmission of TB in India through improved case detection and
Tuberculosis
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, types, incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, management, nursing management, and prevention. Key points include: TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through inhaling droplets; it is the second leading infectious cause of death globally; types include pulmonary, avian, and bovine TB; India has the highest global TB burden; diagnosis involves tests like sputum culture, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin test; treatment involves multiple antibiotic drugs over 6-12 months, often directly observed; nursing focuses on preventing spread, managing symptoms, and ensuring compliance.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a contagious infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people with the active respiratory disease cough, sneeze or speak. Common symptoms include weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats and cough. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test or blood test, chest x-ray and microbiological tests. Treatment requires multiple antibiotics taken for several months and directly observed therapy is recommended to prevent drug resistance and ensure adherence.
Tuberculosis ppt
Tuberculosis is a worldwide public health problem caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Major risk factors include close contact with an active case, immunocompromised status, and living in crowded conditions. TB progresses through primary, latent, and active stages. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation for 6-12 months. Complications may include spread to other organs. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, treatment adherence, nutrition, and preventing spread.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. There are two types - latent TB, where the immune system has the infection under control and there are no symptoms, and active TB, where the bacteria are multiplying causing symptoms like cough, fever and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests on sputum or blood samples and chest x-rays. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months.
Metronidazole.ppt
A nitroimidazole antibiotic used particularly for;
Anaerobic bacteria &
Protozoa
Its an antimicrobial drug which is highly active against;
Anaerobic bacteria
Some protozoa
Amoeba
Thus metronidazole is an;
Antibiotic drug
Ameobicide
Antiprotozoal
Its common trade name is Fragyl in USA & Uganda
Tinidazole is similar to metronidazole but with a long duration of action
Tuberculosis 2.pptx
1. Tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which usually implant in the lungs. The immune system tries to contain the infection by surrounding it with immune cells.
2. Symptoms of active TB infection include fatigue, weight loss, fever, cough and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and Mantoux skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using DOTS (directly observed therapy), to ensure complete treatment and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on promoting airway clearance, medication adherence, activity, nutrition, and preventing spread.
TUBERCULOSIS - complete information ppts
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze, or spit. In 2021, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with TB worldwide, including 6 million men and 3.4 million women. TB is classified into two main types and can affect other parts of the body beyond the lungs. Diagnosis involves bacteriological tests, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Risk factors include sex, ethnicity, age, genetics, and family history.
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Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
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国外旧金山大学旧金山大学硕士学位证成绩单办理方法：
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Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
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Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
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- 1. TUBERCULOSIS
- 2. TUBERCULOSIS? TUBERCULOSIS IS AN INFECTIOUS BACTERIAL DISEASE THAT IS CAUSED BY A BACTERIA NAMED MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. IT USUALLY AFFECTS ORGANS SUCH AS KIDNEYS, HEART AND LUNGS.
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