The HPV is a virus that belongs to the papolomaviridae family [1]. It infects and replicates in the nucleus of epithelial cells, its main site of involvement is the transitional epithelium of the cervix, affecting basal cells of the squamous epithelium. It has the ability to infect on contact with the skin, by sexual and vertical transmission at the time of delivery.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of students enrolled in health related cour...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 432 students enrolled in health-related courses at Saint Louis University in the Philippines regarding human papillomavirus (HPV). The students demonstrated fair knowledge of HPV transmission but poor understanding of the diseases caused by HPV. Their knowledge of HPV signs and symptoms and prevention/control measures was better. Students had positive attitudes toward HPV infection and vaccination. Medical students showed higher levels of HPV knowledge than other students. While practices for reducing HPV infection were generally good, interventions are still needed to improve HPV education, especially regarding transmission and diseases caused.
World Hepatitis Day is observed annually on July 28th to raise awareness of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B and C are responsible for most of the 1.4 million annual deaths from viral hepatitis worldwide. A new global strategy aims to eliminate hepatitis B and C as public health threats by 2030.
A report in this issue of the MMWR found an increasing risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus in the US, particularly in areas where hepatitis C incidence is rising among young adults and women of childbearing age. In the absence of a hepatitis C vaccine, improved risk screening, testing, and case reporting are needed to help curb vertical transmission from mother to child.
National data showed a 22% increase in
This document summarizes a systematic review of 146 studies on determinants of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-positive adults in sub-Saharan Africa. The main findings were:
1) Main determinants of non-adherence included use of alcohol, male gender, use of traditional medicine, dissatisfaction with healthcare, depression, stigma, and poor social support.
2) Promoters of adherence included counseling, education, memory aids, and disclosure of HIV status.
3) Determinants of health status had conflicting effects on adherence.
Adherencia al tarv en am latina y caribeRosa Alcayaga
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis included 53 studies published between 2005-2016 involving over 22,000 individuals across 25 countries. The overall adherence rate was estimated to be 70%, similar to rates in high-income regions. Adherence was higher with shorter recall periods and in lower income countries. Common barriers to adherence included substance abuse, depression, unemployment and pill burden. The review suggests adherence in the region may be below the level needed for long-term viral suppression.
Influence of Risk Factors on HPV, Pap smear Abnormalities, Cervical Intraepit...Shannon Laratonda MHS
The document summarizes four studies that identify risk factors for HPV. All four studies found that younger age and a higher number of sexual partners are strongly correlated with HPV infection. Additional risk factors identified across the studies include ever having sex, alcohol consumption, low income, smoking, and oral contraceptive use. Understanding risk factors can help target prevention efforts and may provide insight into HPV persistence and cervical cancer development.
This survey of 948 oncologists from 82 countries investigated which cancer medicines they deemed most essential for public health in their countries. The most commonly selected medicines were doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, pembrolizumab, trastuzumab, carboplatin, and 5-fluorouracil - 19 of the top 20 medicines are currently on the WHO Essential Medicines List. Availability of these medicines was lowest in low-income countries, ranging from 9-54% availability, compared to 68-94% availability in high-income countries. Risk of catastrophic health expenditures for cancer treatment was also higher in low-income countries. The findings challenge the feasibility of adding more expensive
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the association between depressive symptoms and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV. It analyzed data from 111 studies with 42,366 participants across low, middle, and high income countries. The analysis found that the rate of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV ranged from 12.8% to 78% across studies, while the rate of good ART adherence (≥80%) ranged from 20% to 98%. There was no significant difference in depressive symptom rates by country income, but good adherence was significantly higher in lower income countries (86%) than higher income countries (67.5%). The meta-analysis showed that people living with HIV with depressive symptoms had a
This study analyzed monthly trends in rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosis over 57 months using North Carolina surveillance data. For the college-aged group (19-22), diagnosis rates were significantly higher in March compared to other months. This suggests targeting education and prevention efforts before March may help reduce infections. Further research is needed to understand if this pattern reflects natural disease variation or testing behavior.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of students enrolled in health related cour...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 432 students enrolled in health-related courses at Saint Louis University in the Philippines regarding human papillomavirus (HPV). The students demonstrated fair knowledge of HPV transmission but poor understanding of the diseases caused by HPV. Their knowledge of HPV signs and symptoms and prevention/control measures was better. Students had positive attitudes toward HPV infection and vaccination. Medical students showed higher levels of HPV knowledge than other students. While practices for reducing HPV infection were generally good, interventions are still needed to improve HPV education, especially regarding transmission and diseases caused.
World Hepatitis Day is observed annually on July 28th to raise awareness of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B and C are responsible for most of the 1.4 million annual deaths from viral hepatitis worldwide. A new global strategy aims to eliminate hepatitis B and C as public health threats by 2030.
A report in this issue of the MMWR found an increasing risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus in the US, particularly in areas where hepatitis C incidence is rising among young adults and women of childbearing age. In the absence of a hepatitis C vaccine, improved risk screening, testing, and case reporting are needed to help curb vertical transmission from mother to child.
National data showed a 22% increase in
This document summarizes a systematic review of 146 studies on determinants of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-positive adults in sub-Saharan Africa. The main findings were:
1) Main determinants of non-adherence included use of alcohol, male gender, use of traditional medicine, dissatisfaction with healthcare, depression, stigma, and poor social support.
2) Promoters of adherence included counseling, education, memory aids, and disclosure of HIV status.
3) Determinants of health status had conflicting effects on adherence.
Adherencia al tarv en am latina y caribeRosa Alcayaga
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis included 53 studies published between 2005-2016 involving over 22,000 individuals across 25 countries. The overall adherence rate was estimated to be 70%, similar to rates in high-income regions. Adherence was higher with shorter recall periods and in lower income countries. Common barriers to adherence included substance abuse, depression, unemployment and pill burden. The review suggests adherence in the region may be below the level needed for long-term viral suppression.
Influence of Risk Factors on HPV, Pap smear Abnormalities, Cervical Intraepit...Shannon Laratonda MHS
The document summarizes four studies that identify risk factors for HPV. All four studies found that younger age and a higher number of sexual partners are strongly correlated with HPV infection. Additional risk factors identified across the studies include ever having sex, alcohol consumption, low income, smoking, and oral contraceptive use. Understanding risk factors can help target prevention efforts and may provide insight into HPV persistence and cervical cancer development.
This survey of 948 oncologists from 82 countries investigated which cancer medicines they deemed most essential for public health in their countries. The most commonly selected medicines were doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, pembrolizumab, trastuzumab, carboplatin, and 5-fluorouracil - 19 of the top 20 medicines are currently on the WHO Essential Medicines List. Availability of these medicines was lowest in low-income countries, ranging from 9-54% availability, compared to 68-94% availability in high-income countries. Risk of catastrophic health expenditures for cancer treatment was also higher in low-income countries. The findings challenge the feasibility of adding more expensive
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the association between depressive symptoms and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV. It analyzed data from 111 studies with 42,366 participants across low, middle, and high income countries. The analysis found that the rate of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV ranged from 12.8% to 78% across studies, while the rate of good ART adherence (≥80%) ranged from 20% to 98%. There was no significant difference in depressive symptom rates by country income, but good adherence was significantly higher in lower income countries (86%) than higher income countries (67.5%). The meta-analysis showed that people living with HIV with depressive symptoms had a
This study analyzed monthly trends in rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosis over 57 months using North Carolina surveillance data. For the college-aged group (19-22), diagnosis rates were significantly higher in March compared to other months. This suggests targeting education and prevention efforts before March may help reduce infections. Further research is needed to understand if this pattern reflects natural disease variation or testing behavior.
Routine HIV testing aims to normalize the testing process and reduce stigma around HIV/AIDS. It recommends opt-out testing for all patients rather than targeting high-risk groups. This approach may increase detection of unknown infections and link more people to treatment and prevention services. However, some argue it could unintentionally disclose private medical information or lack sufficient treatment access. Overall, routine testing seeks to accurately portray HIV risk for a changing demographic and shift focus from stigmatized groups to the disease itself.
Hiv testing in minorities and women 1999Michel Rotily
This study examined differences in HIV testing, knowledge, attitudes and practices between North African and French pregnant women in southeastern France. The study found that North African women were more likely to have lower socioeconomic status, receive care at public institutions, have less HIV knowledge, be tested without consent, and perceive themselves at lower risk than French women. Even after controlling for other factors, consent for HIV testing during pregnancy depended on a woman's North African origin. The results suggest routine prenatal screening is insufficient for ensuring adequate HIV testing and counseling of ethnic minority women, and culturally specific prevention programs are needed.
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections and risk behaviors among freelance female sex workers in Cebu City. 46 freelance sex workers were tested for syphilis, gonorrhea, and non-gonococcal infections. 2.2% tested positive for syphilis, 4.3% for gonorrhea, and 37% for non-gonococcal infections. A survey found the sex workers' risk behaviors were not considered risky, though their knowledge on infections was low. The study concluded infection rates were low among this group, but their knowledge could be improved to further reduce risk.
Background & Objective: Worldwide, nearly 350 and125 million persons have chronic hepatitis B &C virus (HBV& HCV) infections, respectively. This study aimed to bridge the gap between knowledge of HBV & HCV infections and theirs prevalence among pregnant women, through assessing the impact of an educational intervention on knowledge of pregnant women toward HBV & HCV infections.
Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental one, 100 pregnant women were enrolled in the study they were in third trimester. Structured interviewing sheet, laboratory investigations, educational interventions and pre & posttest formats were utilized for the study.
1) The study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
2) HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. Estimated HIV incidence rates were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni.
3) Pregnancy incidence rates were 4.8/100 person-years in Madibeng and 7.0/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common.
4) The
This document discusses the importance of defining the epidemiology of COVID-19 through various studies and surveillance methods. It outlines key questions about the virus that need answers, such as its full disease severity spectrum, transmissibility, most infectious individuals, and risk factors for severe illness. It recommends approaches like syndromic surveillance, household studies, and community studies. Conducting these simultaneously can help characterize the trajectory and severity of the epidemic to inform response efforts. Early investment in such studies will improve understanding and control of the outbreak.
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trialsThira Woratanarat
The author reviewed data on the global HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) and identified potential cohorts of IDUs that could participate in future HIV vaccine trials. High HIV prevalence rates were observed among IDUs in many countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Africa and North America. Several cohort studies also showed high HIV incidence rates among IDUs in China, Thailand, Canada, and Spain. These findings emphasize the seriousness of the IDU epidemic globally and the potential for IDU cohorts to participate in HIV vaccine trials due to demonstrated high participation and retention rates in past studies.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in Madibeng, North-West Province and Mbekweni, Western Cape, South Africa for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
The study found an HIV prevalence of 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months in the cohort studies were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Incidence rates estimated by cross-sectional BED testing were similar. Pregnancy incidence rates were also determined.
Nearly all participants expressed a willingness to participate
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in san franciscotanha99
This study analyzed tuberculosis cases in San Francisco from 1991-1992 using molecular fingerprinting (RFLP) of M. tuberculosis isolates combined with epidemiological investigation. They found that 40% of cases were part of clusters indicating recent transmission. Risk factors for clustering included being younger than 60, having AIDS, being born in the US, and being black or Hispanic. Contact tracing only identified transmission links for 10% of clustered cases, missing transmission between high-risk groups. The results suggest ongoing recent transmission is an important factor driving the tuberculosis resurgence.
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Latin America: The Second Report of the ...Dr. Juan Rodriguez-Tafur
This report summarizes the findings of the Latin American Group for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (LAGID) registry, which tracks cases of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) across 12 Latin American countries. Some key findings:
- A total of 3,321 PID patients have been registered since the registry began. The most common type of PID was predominantly antibody deficiency (53.2%), with IgA deficiency being most frequent.
- All 12 countries reported an increase in registered PID cases ranging from 10-80% compared to the first LAGID report in 1998.
- Estimated minimal incidence rates of select PID types like X-linked agammaglobulinemia, chronic
History of vaccine preventable disease in usJeffrey Stone
Estimates of the percent reductions from baseline to re- cent were made without adjustment for factors that could affect vaccine-preventable disease morbidity, mortality, or reporting.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
At baseline, two of 986 sex workers were HIV positive in Madagascar. 77.5% of sex workers in Antananarivo and 73.5% in Tamatave had at least one curable sexually transmitted infection (STI). Two months after treatment and counseling, 64.9% of sex workers in Antananarivo and 57.4% in Tamatave had at least one STI. The researchers developed evidence-based STI treatment guidelines for sex workers in Madagascar in collaboration with sex workers and health professionals. The guidelines included speculum exams, syphilis screening and treatment, and presumptive treatment for other STIs during initial and follow-up visits.
The document discusses concerns around the evaluation and approval of drugs to treat Covid-19. It notes that President Trump advocated for the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine based on limited evidence, and that the FDA authorized their emergency use while clinical trials are still needed. However, widespread use of unproven treatments risks exposing patients to unnecessary harms and detracting resources from clinical trials. Rigorous randomized trials can still be conducted quickly during a pandemic and are important for determining whether candidate drugs are truly safe and effective.
There are more than 1 million new cases of curable STIs every day, according to new WHO data. Across four diseases — chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis — this translates to nearly 380 million cases globally every year. Researchers looked through studies between 2009 and 2016 to estimate the prevalence of these STIs in those aged 15-49 and found that of these four diseases, trichomoniasis was most common in women while chlamydia was most common in men. Trichomoniasis also accounted for the majority of the STIs worldwide, followed by chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. And compared to 2012 estimates, rates of trichomoniasis in women have increased, while chlamydia incidence has decreased. The prevalence of gonorrhea has increased in men, while the other three diseases have remained stable.
This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational program on nursing students' knowledge of HPV. Eighteen senior nursing students completed a pre-test, participated in an HPV educational program, and then took a post-test. The mean pre-test score was 10.83 out of 15 (72%) and the mean post-test score was 13.78 out of 15 (91%). A paired t-test found this improvement was statistically significant. The educational program effectively increased nursing students' knowledge of HPV disease and vaccination, which could help improve HPV prevention efforts.
This document outlines a proposed study to examine the effect of education and vaccination on rates of new HIV infections. It would divide 300 participants aged 15-24 into three groups: one receiving education about HIV/AIDS, one receiving both education and vaccination with an experimental HIV vaccine, and a control group receiving neither. The groups would be followed for six years and tested every two years for HIV. The study aims to determine if education and vaccination together are more effective at preventing new HIV cases than education or no intervention alone. Results would be submitted to academic journals to help combat the high prevalence of new HIV infections each year.
This document summarizes qualitative formative research using focus groups and interviews with African American girls ages 11-18 and their mothers to inform the development of a social marketing campaign to promote HPV vaccination among those who are undecided. Key findings were that the HPV vaccine should be presented as a routine cancer prevention vaccine. Two subgroups of the undecided were identified that would require different messaging - those ready if offered basic info, and those needing more extensive safety info. Campaigns should target both girls and boys and tailor messaging for pre-teens vs teens. Findings will help normalize HPV vaccine perception and design culturally appropriate interventions.
Routine HIV testing aims to normalize the testing process and reduce stigma around HIV/AIDS. It recommends opt-out testing for all patients rather than targeting high-risk groups. This approach may increase detection of unknown infections and link more people to treatment and prevention services. However, some argue it could unintentionally disclose private medical information or lack sufficient treatment access. Overall, routine testing seeks to accurately portray HIV risk for a changing demographic and shift focus from stigmatized groups to the disease itself.
Hiv testing in minorities and women 1999Michel Rotily
This study examined differences in HIV testing, knowledge, attitudes and practices between North African and French pregnant women in southeastern France. The study found that North African women were more likely to have lower socioeconomic status, receive care at public institutions, have less HIV knowledge, be tested without consent, and perceive themselves at lower risk than French women. Even after controlling for other factors, consent for HIV testing during pregnancy depended on a woman's North African origin. The results suggest routine prenatal screening is insufficient for ensuring adequate HIV testing and counseling of ethnic minority women, and culturally specific prevention programs are needed.
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections and risk behaviors among freelance female sex workers in Cebu City. 46 freelance sex workers were tested for syphilis, gonorrhea, and non-gonococcal infections. 2.2% tested positive for syphilis, 4.3% for gonorrhea, and 37% for non-gonococcal infections. A survey found the sex workers' risk behaviors were not considered risky, though their knowledge on infections was low. The study concluded infection rates were low among this group, but their knowledge could be improved to further reduce risk.
Background & Objective: Worldwide, nearly 350 and125 million persons have chronic hepatitis B &C virus (HBV& HCV) infections, respectively. This study aimed to bridge the gap between knowledge of HBV & HCV infections and theirs prevalence among pregnant women, through assessing the impact of an educational intervention on knowledge of pregnant women toward HBV & HCV infections.
Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental one, 100 pregnant women were enrolled in the study they were in third trimester. Structured interviewing sheet, laboratory investigations, educational interventions and pre & posttest formats were utilized for the study.
1) The study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
2) HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. Estimated HIV incidence rates were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni.
3) Pregnancy incidence rates were 4.8/100 person-years in Madibeng and 7.0/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common.
4) The
This document discusses the importance of defining the epidemiology of COVID-19 through various studies and surveillance methods. It outlines key questions about the virus that need answers, such as its full disease severity spectrum, transmissibility, most infectious individuals, and risk factors for severe illness. It recommends approaches like syndromic surveillance, household studies, and community studies. Conducting these simultaneously can help characterize the trajectory and severity of the epidemic to inform response efforts. Early investment in such studies will improve understanding and control of the outbreak.
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trialsThira Woratanarat
The author reviewed data on the global HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) and identified potential cohorts of IDUs that could participate in future HIV vaccine trials. High HIV prevalence rates were observed among IDUs in many countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Africa and North America. Several cohort studies also showed high HIV incidence rates among IDUs in China, Thailand, Canada, and Spain. These findings emphasize the seriousness of the IDU epidemic globally and the potential for IDU cohorts to participate in HIV vaccine trials due to demonstrated high participation and retention rates in past studies.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in Madibeng, North-West Province and Mbekweni, Western Cape, South Africa for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
The study found an HIV prevalence of 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months in the cohort studies were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Incidence rates estimated by cross-sectional BED testing were similar. Pregnancy incidence rates were also determined.
Nearly all participants expressed a willingness to participate
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in san franciscotanha99
This study analyzed tuberculosis cases in San Francisco from 1991-1992 using molecular fingerprinting (RFLP) of M. tuberculosis isolates combined with epidemiological investigation. They found that 40% of cases were part of clusters indicating recent transmission. Risk factors for clustering included being younger than 60, having AIDS, being born in the US, and being black or Hispanic. Contact tracing only identified transmission links for 10% of clustered cases, missing transmission between high-risk groups. The results suggest ongoing recent transmission is an important factor driving the tuberculosis resurgence.
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Latin America: The Second Report of the ...Dr. Juan Rodriguez-Tafur
This report summarizes the findings of the Latin American Group for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (LAGID) registry, which tracks cases of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) across 12 Latin American countries. Some key findings:
- A total of 3,321 PID patients have been registered since the registry began. The most common type of PID was predominantly antibody deficiency (53.2%), with IgA deficiency being most frequent.
- All 12 countries reported an increase in registered PID cases ranging from 10-80% compared to the first LAGID report in 1998.
- Estimated minimal incidence rates of select PID types like X-linked agammaglobulinemia, chronic
History of vaccine preventable disease in usJeffrey Stone
Estimates of the percent reductions from baseline to re- cent were made without adjustment for factors that could affect vaccine-preventable disease morbidity, mortality, or reporting.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
At baseline, two of 986 sex workers were HIV positive in Madagascar. 77.5% of sex workers in Antananarivo and 73.5% in Tamatave had at least one curable sexually transmitted infection (STI). Two months after treatment and counseling, 64.9% of sex workers in Antananarivo and 57.4% in Tamatave had at least one STI. The researchers developed evidence-based STI treatment guidelines for sex workers in Madagascar in collaboration with sex workers and health professionals. The guidelines included speculum exams, syphilis screening and treatment, and presumptive treatment for other STIs during initial and follow-up visits.
The document discusses concerns around the evaluation and approval of drugs to treat Covid-19. It notes that President Trump advocated for the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine based on limited evidence, and that the FDA authorized their emergency use while clinical trials are still needed. However, widespread use of unproven treatments risks exposing patients to unnecessary harms and detracting resources from clinical trials. Rigorous randomized trials can still be conducted quickly during a pandemic and are important for determining whether candidate drugs are truly safe and effective.
There are more than 1 million new cases of curable STIs every day, according to new WHO data. Across four diseases — chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis — this translates to nearly 380 million cases globally every year. Researchers looked through studies between 2009 and 2016 to estimate the prevalence of these STIs in those aged 15-49 and found that of these four diseases, trichomoniasis was most common in women while chlamydia was most common in men. Trichomoniasis also accounted for the majority of the STIs worldwide, followed by chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. And compared to 2012 estimates, rates of trichomoniasis in women have increased, while chlamydia incidence has decreased. The prevalence of gonorrhea has increased in men, while the other three diseases have remained stable.
This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational program on nursing students' knowledge of HPV. Eighteen senior nursing students completed a pre-test, participated in an HPV educational program, and then took a post-test. The mean pre-test score was 10.83 out of 15 (72%) and the mean post-test score was 13.78 out of 15 (91%). A paired t-test found this improvement was statistically significant. The educational program effectively increased nursing students' knowledge of HPV disease and vaccination, which could help improve HPV prevention efforts.
This document outlines a proposed study to examine the effect of education and vaccination on rates of new HIV infections. It would divide 300 participants aged 15-24 into three groups: one receiving education about HIV/AIDS, one receiving both education and vaccination with an experimental HIV vaccine, and a control group receiving neither. The groups would be followed for six years and tested every two years for HIV. The study aims to determine if education and vaccination together are more effective at preventing new HIV cases than education or no intervention alone. Results would be submitted to academic journals to help combat the high prevalence of new HIV infections each year.
This document summarizes qualitative formative research using focus groups and interviews with African American girls ages 11-18 and their mothers to inform the development of a social marketing campaign to promote HPV vaccination among those who are undecided. Key findings were that the HPV vaccine should be presented as a routine cancer prevention vaccine. Two subgroups of the undecided were identified that would require different messaging - those ready if offered basic info, and those needing more extensive safety info. Campaigns should target both girls and boys and tailor messaging for pre-teens vs teens. Findings will help normalize HPV vaccine perception and design culturally appropriate interventions.
CHLAMYDIA AND PERIODIC SCANNING 2Chlamydia and Periodic Scann.docxbartholomeocoombs
CHLAMYDIA AND PERIODIC SCANNING 2
Chlamydia and Periodic Scanning Among Sex Workers
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Course Number
Instructor’s Name
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Introduction
In recent years, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have increased at an alarming rate. 20% of the population in the US have had an STI since 2018 and their treatment cost has been approximately $16 billion. Among the STDs that have been on the rise include chlamydia. Chlamydia is an infection that affects both men and women and damages their reproductive organs. Because of this, it becomes hard for women to become pregnant and sometimes causes fatal ectopic pregnancy. Florida is among the worst affected population by STDs, and it ranks 7th supporting data shows that from 2010 to 2019, the rates of chlamydia in Florida rose an astonishing 313%. This condition is easily curable, but the shame people must get treated for STDs is the main cause of the high increase rates in of the disease.
It has been noted that this STD is particularly on the rise among young people aged 15-29. This population has been known for having unprotected and rampant sexual engagements. According to the most recent state data available, the illness affected 105,058 people overall in 2018. Florida reported 85,278 chlamydia infections among those between the ages of 15 and 29, which is a treatable bacterial STD. The number of cases the department reported in 2016 grew to 94,719 in 2017, reaching 100,002. Groups with the highest risk of developing an STD were identified by the health department as being young adults (15–24), gay and bisexual men, and those who have had several sex partners. According to the health department, 3 out of 4 STD carriers in Florida are between the ages of 15 and 29.
PICOT Question
For asymptomatic ureteral and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection, would periodically screening sex workers be beneficial to reduce incidence and prevalence rates at the community level when compared to communities without intervention in six months?
Vulnerable Population
Sex workers are exposed to many health hazards including STDs such as Chlamydia, AIDs, gonorrhea, and syphilis. The most rampant of them all among sex workers and normal people in the population is chlamydia. The disease is bad if left unchecked but easily cured when it is detected and treated early. It affects the reproductive system to an extent it may cause ectopic pregnancy or even destruction of the uterus. Sex workers are highly subjected to this disease as they are mostly dealing with the most sexually active age group which carries the largest infection rate. The number of cases the department reported in 2016 grew to 94,719 in 2017, reaching 100,002. Groups with the highest risk of developing an STD were identified by the health department as being young adults (15–24), gay and bisexual men, and those who have had several sex partners. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in females can cause pelvic.
This document summarizes sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Canada. It discusses the most common STIs like chlamydia, HPV, and herpes. It notes that chlamydia rates are highest among young people aged 15-24. While reported chlamydia rates have increased, the actual prevalence has likely remained stable. Consistent condom use can significantly reduce STI transmission rates. However, barriers like serial monogamy relationships and lack of negotiation skills hinder condom use among Canadian youth.
Cancer Biomarkers Research, HPV and Cancer, HPV VaccineJames Lyons-Weiler
The document discusses HPV (human papillomavirus) and cancer biomarkers. It notes that HPV vaccines target certain high-risk HPV types linked to cancers like cervical cancer. Some studies have found evidence of "type replacement" where non-vaccine HPV types increase in prevalence after vaccination, potentially limiting vaccine effectiveness. However, other studies have not found clear evidence of type replacement or have dismissed observed increases in non-vaccine types. There is ongoing debate about the ability of HPV vaccines to prevent cancer and their long-term safety profile based on limitations in clinical trials.
This study aimed to identify risk factors for death in children under 15 years old admitted for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in northeast Brazil. The researchers reviewed records of 546 patients and found that 57 died, giving a case fatality rate of 10%. Multivariate analysis identified several independent risk factors for death: presence of mucosal bleeding increased the risk 4 times, jaundice 4 times, dyspnea (fast breathing) 3 times, suspected bacterial infections 3 times, and very low neutrophil and platelet counts 3 times and 12 times, respectively. Based on these factors, the researchers created a prognostic score that classified patients as high or low risk, with 88% sensitivity and 79% specificity.
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
The document summarizes key findings from several studies on interventions to increase HPV vaccination rates. The studies commonly used educational interventions such as presentations and text messages to increase knowledge about HPV and the vaccine. While many interventions were not theory-based, one study found that a text message intervention grounded in the Transtheoretical Model successfully increased vaccination intent and rates. Overall, the reviewed studies found that educational awareness interventions generally improved knowledge and attitudes toward the HPV vaccine.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
This study analyzed data from the Utah Statewide Immunization Information System to identify missed opportunities for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among females ages 11-26 between 2008-2012. Of 47,665 eligible clinical visits, there were 20,911 missed opportunities (43.87%) where another adolescent vaccine was given but not the HPV vaccine. Younger age, non-Hispanic ethnicity, and residence in a rural area were associated with higher rates of missed opportunities. Interventions targeted at providers serving groups with the most missed opportunities could help improve HPV vaccination coverage.
UNVEILING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNEY OFHIVPOSITIVEINDIVIDUALSAMIDSTTHECOVID-19AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This phenomenological study investigates the challenges and coping strategiesof people living
with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside deriving significantinsights into their experiences.
Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research involved ten HIV-positive individuals in Davao City, all of whom
have been living with HIV for at least two years. These participants were selected through purposive sampling
under the supervisionof the Reproductive Health & Wellness Center Davao (RHWC) of the Davao City
HealthOffice.Data were gatheredand analyzedusing thematic analysistodraw meaningfulconclusions. The
findings reveal challenges faced by HIV-positive individuals during thepandemic. These include deepened
commitment to self-care, actively sought social supportand extensive use of health services. In response to
these adversities, participants employedvarious coping strategies. These strategies encompassed a strengthened
commitment toself-care, active pursuit of social support, and extensive utilization of health services.
Theseexperiences, marked by both challenges and resilience, provide valuable insights into theunique
psychological needs and fortitudes of this group. They underline the importance ofcrafting targeted
interventions aimed at enhancing the mental health and overall well-being of HIV-positive individuals,
particularly in the context of global health crises such asCOVID-19.
KEYWORDS: challenges, coping strategies, covid-19, HIV-positive individuals, mental
health,psychologicaljourney
Evidence Based Guide of Screening for Prevention of Cervical Cancer Lifecare Centre
This document discusses cervical cancer prevention in India. It notes that India accounts for about 23-25% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide despite having only about 16% of the world's female population. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially types 16 and 18, is responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. The document recommends primary prevention through HPV vaccination and secondary prevention via cervical cancer screening to detect and treat precancerous lesions. However, it notes that current cervical cancer screening coverage in India is very low at only about 2.6% of the female population, highlighting the need to scale up screening efforts.
The survey of 371 female university students found significant gaps in their knowledge about HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, and prevention methods. While most were aware of the HPV vaccine, only 6% understood how HPV spreads and is prevented. The main barriers to vaccination identified were cost (62%), concerns over adverse effects (43%), and lack of knowledge (36%). Many students wanted more information on HPV infection, vaccine safety, and other questions. Providing free vaccination may increase uptake, but educational programs are still needed to address knowledge deficits.
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of residents in Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 200 subjects aged 0-17 years old and tested for malaria parasites. The main findings were:
1) The overall malaria prevalence was 53%, with higher rates among females, young children aged 0-6 years, and individuals from lower socioeconomic classes.
2) Subjects not using mosquito nets or using untreated nets had higher infection rates compared to those using treated nets.
3) Most individuals had non-formal education and sought treatment from patent drug sellers rather than hospitals. Treatment-seeking behaviors differed based on education levels.
Attitudes, knowledge, and practices in relation to cervicalTariq Mohammed
This document summarizes a study that assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to cervical cancer screening among women in Saudi Arabia. 500 women completed questionnaires. The study found:
1) 67.6% of women were aware of Pap smear screening but only 16.8% had ever had the test, with the main reason being lack of awareness.
2) Knowledge of HPV as a cause of cervical cancer was reported by 14.4% of women and awareness of the HPV vaccine was 9.8%.
3) After receiving an educational pamphlet, 58.4% of women expressed willingness to get screened and 76.2% supported introducing the HPV vaccine, indicating awareness needs to be improved.
The document discusses HIV epidemiology in Saskatchewan, highlighting that the province has seen a rapid increase in new HIV cases and now has the highest rates in Canada. It summarizes Saskatchewan's 2010-2013 HIV Strategy, which aims to reduce new infections and improve quality of life for those living with HIV through improved surveillance, clinical management, prevention, and harm reduction programs. The strategy goals include earlier detection of cases, decreasing new infections and sexually transmitted infections, and increasing access to testing, care, and prevention services.
A Study on Mood Disorders in Acne among Patients Attending Skin Opdiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The Effect Race and Income on HIV AIDS infection in African-Americans - Sunil...Sunil Nair
Race and Income has a significant influence on susceptibility to HIV/AIDS infections; Afro-Americans (Blacks) are 1.33 times more likely to be infected than whites. A significant finding is that the income level didn't change race's effect on HIV infections. Race has a significant effect on HIV infections or is an important predictor of incidence of HIV infections independent of the income. In other words, irrespective of the income level being black and poor increases the changes of being infected with HIV/AIDS.
Similar to Level of knowledge of the human papilloma virus in women of a primary care unit in tijuana b.c. (20)
Nanoparticles are small molecules with size ranging between 1-100nm. Basis of their classification is their properties shapes and size. These find usage in wide range of industries from agricultural, biomedical, environmental and food. There are numerous ways of producing these nanoparticles using chemicals and biological means. Use of various micro-organisms (biological process) is highly effective in producing high quality, toxin free and cost effective nanoparticles.
Nutrition, Sports, and Covid-19 Lockdown Impact on Young Competitive Artistic...Austin Publishing Group
Young artistic swimmers require a variety of athletic abilities for their sport and have high energy needs. The COVID-19 lockdown disrupted their training and highlighted issues with their nutrition. A study of 25 young female artistic swimmers found that during the lockdown, their macronutrient intake ratios were inverted from recommendations, with lower energy intake versus needs. Young athletes, families, and coaches need better nutrition guidelines and education to support healthy food choices that meet athletes' growth and performance needs.
Austin Publishing Group- Case report of external compression in stevens johns...Austin Publishing Group
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) form a spectrum of severe mucocutaneous reactions, characterized by epidermal detachment and necrosis. Though disease mortality and morbidity are high, treatment remains mostly of supportive measures with varying efficacy.
Austin publishing group - Oral kefir grains supplementation improves metaboli...Austin Publishing Group
This study has a novel approach to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of kefir grains on metabolic improvement and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) of the liver in malnourished mice.
Primary hypotensive reaction is a rare type of transfusion reaction caused by excess bradykinin in the blood product, which is typically not screened for during packed red blood cell preparation. Here, we describe a patient who experienced hypotension during blood transfusion that could not be attributed to other life-threatening reactions such as acute hemolytic reaction, anaphylaxis, transfusion-related acute lung injury, or sepsis.
Nalbuphine hydrochloride (5a,6a)-17-(Cyclobutylmethyl)-4,5- epoxymorphinan-3,6,14-triol hydrochloride, is narcotic analgesic drug which is a morphine- like drug with agonist activity at the k- opioid receptor and antagonist activity at the μ-opioid receptor. Nalbuphine is recommended for use in moderate to serve pain and its indications include pain after myocardial infraction.
As an uncommon malignant tumor, hypopharyngeal cancer accounts for 3–5% of head and neck tumors [1]. Most pathological types of hypopharyngeal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma. Due to the occult anatomical location of hypopharyngeal cancer and poor surgical effect, local recurrence or distant metastasis often occurs in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer following surgery.
Perspectives on Transitional Care for Vulnerable Older Patients A Qualitative...Austin Publishing Group
Transitional care for vulnerable older patients is optimal if, on top of the organization of transitional care, these patients and their informal caregivers have trust in the professionals involved. Regarding the challenge of organizing increasingly complex transitional care for vulnerable older patients, the focus should shift towards optimizing trust.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Case Reports, Short Communications, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images
Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Transplantation Sciences is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Transplantation Sciences.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Transplantation Sciences. Austin Transplantation Sciences accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Transplantation Sciences.
Austin Transplantation Sciences strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Hematology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Hematology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Hematology. Austin Hematology accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of hematology.
Austin Hematology strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Gastroenterology deals with disorders of the digestive system including oral, esophageal, gastric, intestinal and accessory gland diseases. Gastroparesis causes symptoms like heartburn, nausea, vomiting and erratic blood sugar levels due to slow stomach emptying which can be caused by stomach surgery, diabetes, eating disorders or nervous system disorders. Treatment involves eating small, low-fiber and low-fat meals frequently and chewing food well.
Journal of Endocrine Disorders is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of several problems associated with in the endocrine system that can result in numerous disorders, including diabetes, obesity, thyroid disorders, osteoporosis and hormone malfunction. The Journal focuses upon all the endocrine disorders and the new advancements in the related treatments.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Journal of Endocrine Disorders accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all related aspects of diseases associated with endocrine system.
Austin Journal of Drug Abuse and Addiction is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of drug abuse and addiction treatment.
The renowned team of guest editors ensures a balanced, expert assessment of the articles published, with an aim to provide a forum for physicians, researchers and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of addiction treatment.
Austin Journal of Drug Abuse and Addiction accepts original research articles, review articles and short communication on all the aspects of drug abuse and addiction treatment for review and possible publication.
Austin Digestive System is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Digestive System.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Digestive System. Austin Digestive System accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Digestive System.
Austin Digestive System strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
Austin Diabetes Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Diabetes.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Diabetes. Austin Diabetes Research accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Diabetes.
Austin Diabetes Research strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Dermatology is the branch of medicine concerned with the skin, hair, nails, and their disorders. It includes areas like cosmetic dermatology, pediatric dermatology, dermatopathology, Mohs surgery, laser therapy, hair transplantation, and treatments like radiation therapy, cryosurgery, phototherapy, and photodynamic therapy. Common dermatological disorders mentioned include psoriasis, skin cancer, eczema, alopecia, acne, and rashes. Causes of skin disorders include heavy sun exposure, vitamin deficiency, improper diet, environmental factors like pollution, and unhygienic conditions or habits. Prevention involves using sunscreen, keeping clean, eating hygienic
Austin Journal of Dentistry is an open access, peer review journal publishing original research & review articles in all the fields of Dentistry.
The Journal aims to provide a forum for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & also find recent advances in the area of Dentistry. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. Austin Journal of Dentistry accepts high quality articles of various types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Dentistry supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Dentistry research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Cardiology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Cardiology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Cardiology. Austin Cardiology accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of cardiology.
Austin Cardiology strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
2. J Fam Med 7(7): id1219 (2020) - Page - 02
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Material and Methods
Study Design and Population
An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between
August-October 2019 at FMU 27 of the Instituto Mexicano del
Seguro Social (IMSS). Women between 25-45 years old who agreed to
participate in the study by informed consent were included. Patients
with some mental disability or psychiatric illness were excluded from
the study; patients with incomplete information were eliminated. A
structured interview was conducted on a data collection form, which
allowed obtaining personal, sociodemographic and clinical data.
Variables
The collection of variables was done with a standardized data
form; the variables collected were age, marital status, education and
occupation, which were asked directly; the knowledge about HPV was
measured through the questionnaire “The Human Papilloma Virus
and its health”, which has 16 questions, validated in Spanish with
a Kuder-Richardson reliability coefficient of 0.76; this instrument
classifies knowledge as low (0-5 points), medium (6-10 points) and
high (11-16 points) [14]; finally, the socioeconomic level was obtained
using the Graffar-Mendez Castellanos scale, a validated instrument
in Spanish (Cronbach's alpha 0.75), it measures four dimensions
and classifies the family into 5 categories, upper class (4-6 points),
high average (7-9 points), low average (10-12 points), worker (13-16
points) and marginal (17-20 points) [15,16].
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics were performed; qualitative variables
were expressed in frequencies and percentages; mean and standard
deviation were used for quantitative variables. Chi-square was
used for the bivariate analysis. The results were evaluated in a 95%
confidence interval, a p <0.05 was considered significant. For data
analysis, the IBM SPSS program, version 21 was used.
Ethics
The study was approved by the Local Committee of Ethics and
Health Research number 204; with registration number R-2019-204-
022. The research was conducted under the General Health Law on
Health Research, the Helsinki declaration and Bioethical principles.
The participants signed the informed consent.
Results
194 women were analyzed, with a mean age of 33.98 ± 6.07 years.
Accordingtotheirmaritalstatus,41%wereinfreeunion,37%married,
16% single, 5% divorced and 1% widowed. In schooling, 47.9% had
secondary school, 21.6% primary, 19.6% high school, 8.8% university
and 2.1% lacked studies. The majority were employed (69.1%), 24.7%
dedicated to the home, 5.6% merchants, and 0.5% pensioners; 55.2%
had a lower middle socioeconomic level, 33% working class, 10.3%
middle class, and only 1.5% marginal stratum. The level of knowledge
of the human papillomavirus was high in 71.1%, 25.8% medium level
and 3.1% low level (graphic 1). The sociodemographic characteristics
are described in Table 1.
When making an association between the level of knowledge
and the variables analyzed, the following results were found: age,
p 0.36; marital status, p 0.62; schooling, p0.003; occupation, p0.19;
socioeconomic level, p 0.003. Only two variables showed statistically
significant differences when compared with a high level of knowledge
(Table 2).
Discussion and Conclusion
The most important finding of our research was a high level
of knowledge among the study participants, a result much higher
than the study by Medina-Fernandez et al., [13] who demonstrated
a good level of knowledge in 22%, 20% regular, 18% deficient and
40% very deficient. Regarding the sociodemographic characteristics,
similarities were found between the frequency of secondary schooling
and that married women have greater knowledge of HPV. On the
other hand, Hernandez-Marquez et al., [17] in Cuernavaca Mexico,Graphic 1: Level of knowledge about HPV.
Variables n %
Marital status
Single 31 16
Married 72 37
Free union 80 41
Widow 2 1
Divorced 9 5
Socioeconomic level
High 0 0
Medium-High 20 10
Medium-Low 107 55
Worker 64 33
Marginal 3 2
Occupation
Employee 134 69
Merchant 11 6
Housewife 48 25
Retired 1 1
Schooling
No education 4 2
Primary 42 22
Secondary 93 48
High school 38 20
University 17 9
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of the population.
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identified that 57% of women showed a medium level of knowledge,
23% low and 20% high, of which 45% had a medium socioeconomic
level, and 63% basic schooling; percentages below what was identified
in our study with a low average socioeconomic level of 55% and 48%
with basic education, these results indicate cultural, social and health
differences between the regions of our country, for this reason we can
demonstrate that the level of knowledge about HPV increases with
schooling.
In the same study it was detected that a higher level of knowledge
is related to the acceptance of the cervical cytology sample [17],
for this reason it is essential to disseminate prevention strategies
in a population with limited economic resources, and to establish
mechanisms that help greater source of information on the prevention
and detection of this disease through cervical cytology, because in
Mexico we have a detection rates of 50% [18], much lower than the
international indicator for screening (80%). In conclusion, our study
shows a high level of knowledge about the human papillomavirus in
women of FMU 27. Education is the key element for the prevention,
Level of knowledge
Variables Low Medium High p value
Age
25-30 3 (4.4) 14 (20.9) 50 (74.7)
31-35 2 (4.2) 14 (29.1) 32 (66.7) 0.36
36-40 0 (0) 10 (24.3) 31 (75.7)
41-45 1 (2.6) 12 (31.6) 25 (65.8)
Marital status
Single 1 (3.2) 7 (22.6) 23(74.2)
Married 1 (1.4) 14(19.4) 57(79.2) 0.62
Free union 4 (5) 25(31.3) 51(63.8)
Widowed 0 (0) 1 (50) 1 (50)
Divorced 6 (3.1) 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7)
Schooling
Primary 4 (9.5) 16 (38.1) 22(52.4)
Secondary 1 (1.1) 19 (20.4) 73 (78.5) 0.003
High school 0 (0) 9 (23.7) 29 (76.3)
University 0 (0) 4 (23.5) 13 (76.5)
No education 1 (25) 2 (50) 1 (25)
Occupation
Employee 5 (3.7) 39 (29.1) 90 (67.2)
Merchant 0 (0) 5 (45.5) 6 (54.5) 0.19
Housewife 1 (2.1) 6 (12.5) 41 (85.4)
Retired 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (100)
Socioeconomic level
High 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Medium-High 0 (0) 2 (10) 18 (90)
Medium-Low 1 (0.9) 26 (24.3) 80 (74.8) 0.003
Worker 5 (7.8) 19 (29.7) 40 (65.2)
Marginal 0 (0) 3 (100) 0 (0)
Table 2: Variables associated with the level of knowledge of HPV. detection and diagnosis of HPV infection [19]; we recommend
carrying out and reinforcing dynamic educational programs that
are easily adjusted to the needs of health institutions, aimed at the
different age groups affected by this sexually transmitted infection.
Therefore, it is necessary to carry out multicenter studies to compare
the knowledge in different populations of the state of Baja California
and Mexico.
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