Understand how radioactive isotopes are used in dating fossilsSo.pdf

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Understand how radioactive isotopes are used in dating fossils Solution The remains or impreression of a prehostorical plnt or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form is fossil. Dating a fossil mean determinate the aporoximate age of fossil . to determinate the age of fossil radioactive datind of igneous rocks found near the fossil is done. Radioactive dating cannot be used directly on fossils since they don\'t contain the unstable radioactive used in dating process To determine a fosil age igneous rock layer beneath the fossil and above it are dated . foe example when lava cool it has no lead content but it does contain some radioactive uranium . Over time the unstable radioactive uranium decays into Lead 207 at a constant know rate its half life . by comparing the amount of uranium235 and lead 207 the age of ignious rock cn be determined .Potassium 40 is also used to date fossils .He half life of cabon 14 is 5568 years . that means the half of carbon 14 decays into nitrigen 14 in 5568 years C14 dating is usefulfor dating items up to about 50000 to 60000 years ago ..

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Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotopes using the special graph paper supplied by the teacher. The y-axis has a log scale and begins at 100% of the parent radioisotope present; the next point is 100/ 2, or 50% parent radioisotope present; the next point is 50/2, or 25%; and so on.). For example, if the ratio of C-14 to C-13 is 1:3 than the fossil is how old? 5600 +5600. Correct? For each of the radioisotopes listed above, make a radiometric graph going to 3 half-lives. Be sure to make one graph using uranium-lead and potassium-argon dating to one half life. This will become useful later. Why? Uranium-Lead dating method Very careful measurements in laboratories, made on VERY LARGE numbers of U-235 atoms, have shown that each of the atoms has a 50:50 chance of decaying during about 704,000,000 years. In other words, during 704 million years, half the U-235 atoms that existed at the beginning of that time will decay to Pb-207. This is known as the half life of U- 235. Many elements have some isotopes that are unstable, essentially because they have too many neutrons to be balanced by the number of protons in the nucleus. Each of these unstable isotopes has its own characteristic half life. Some half lives are several billion years long, and others are as short as a ten-thousandth of a second. The uranium-lead radiometric dating scheme has been refined to the point that the error margin in dates of rocks can be as low as less than two million years in two-and-a-half billion years. An error margin of 2–5% has been achieved on younger Mesozoic rocks. One of its great advantages is that any sample provides two clocks, one based on uranium-235\'s decay to lead-207 with a half-life of about 700 million years, and one based on uranium-238\'s decay to lead-206 with a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, providing a built-in crosscheck that allows accurate determination of the age of the sample even if some of the lead has been lost. Potassium-argon dating method This involves electron capture or positron decay of potassium-40 to argon-40. Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years, and so this method is applicable to the oldest rocks. Radioactive potassium-40 is common in micas, feldspars, and hornblendes, though the closure temperature is fairly low in these materials, about 125°C (mica) to 450°C (hornblende). #1-23 meters deep from top of hill (limestone) #2-18 meters deep from top of hill (limestone/volcanic ash) #3-34 meters deep from base of hill (sandstone) #4-39 meters deep from top of hill (sandstone) #5- 50 meters deep from bottom of hill (slate) #6-26 meters deep (limestone) #7-10 meters into hill (basalt) #8-50 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite) #9- 3 meters deep into hill (erosion surface of limestone) #10-52 meters deep from top of hill (pegmatite) #11- on bank of stream (in shale) #12- from base of hill 63 meters deep (in granite) #13-47 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite) #14- 2 meters de.

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will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich. help you answer the following questions. 1. Aboat how many half-lives of the uranism-235 to Jead-207 decay pair kusie elipged it the ziscoc erynals? 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based con is ziceac ery taks? Explnis bow you antived at your answer. 3. What ean you say aboat the age of the rock layers above the lava fine? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layen beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probobly formed at the same time as all of the oher rocily materials in our solar system, including the oldest meteorites. The oldest meteorites ever found on Earth contain nearly equal amounts of both uranium-238 and lead-206. Based on Fig. 8.14, what is Earth's approximate age? Explais your reasoning. C The fadioactive iso4ope casbon-14 ( C 14 ) is continuously replenished in organisms while they are alive. When an organism dies, it is no longer able to take in new C-14, and so the amount of C 14 decreases as is decays to its stable daughter product: nitrogen-14 ( N 14 ) . 1. The carbon in a baried peat bed has aboat 6% of the C 14 of modern shells. When we plants that now form the buried peat were alive, they absorted C 14 and probably had about the sume anount of C 14 as modem shells, so about 945 of the peat's original C 14 has decayed. What is a reasonable initial estimute of the age of the peat bed? Explain. 2. In sampling the peat bed, you must be careful to avoid any young plant roos ot old limectone. Why? D Zircon ( ZrSiO 4 ) forns in magma as it cooks into igneous rock. It is alwo wefal for numencal dating (Fig. 8.14). 1. If you walk on a modern New Jersey beach, then you will walk on some ziroon sand grins, Yet if you determine the numerical age of the zircons, it does not indicate a modern age (zero years) for the beach. Why? 2. Suggest a rule that geologists should follow when they dute rocks based on the radionetnic ages of mineral grains inside the rocks. E REFLECT \& DISCUSS An "authentic dinosaur bone" is being offered for sale on the Internet. The seller claims that he had it analyzed by scientists who confirned that it is a dinossur bone and used carbon dating to determine that it is 400 million years old. Discuss the seller's claims with a parther or in a small group. Should you be suspicious of this bone's authenticity? Explain. (See Figs. 8.13 and 8.14.) help you answer the following questions: P = 71/160 = 0.71 n = 10910.71 = 0.4941 1. About how many half-ives of the uranium-235 to lead- 207 decay pair have elapsed in the zircon crystals? 0.4941 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based on its zircon erystals? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 3. What can you say about the age of the rock layers above the lava flow? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layers beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probably formed at the same time as all of the other rocky materials in our s.

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During spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, the position of a developing spermatogonia can be correlated with its maturity. Discuss how the structure of the seminiferous tubule is related to its function is sperm production. Can a similar relationship be established for a structure in the ovary? Solution Seminiferous tubules are observed in testes which are the male reproductive organs. Testes contains the tough, white fibrous connective tissue that is tunica albuginea that surrounds the testes and it extends inward to form septa that makes the organ into lobules. Each lobule contains the 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules and all these converge to form a single straight tubule and that leads to the rete testis. Each seminiefrous tubules contain the interstitial cells or leydig cells that produce the male sex hormones, these are exit from testis through efferent ducts. From the efferent ducts, they enter into epididymis, ducts of deferens, ejaculatory duct and reaches the urethra and ejected out through penis. During this process, accessory glands like seminal vesicles and prostate glands provides energy and enhance the motility of the sperms by producing fructose and thin milky coloured viscous fluid respectively. Seminiferous tubules contain the cells and between these large cells are present called sertoli cells that support and nourish the other cells. Sperms are produced by the process spermatogenesis. So, the structure of the seminiferous tubules is related to its function is sperm production. Ovaries are the female reproductive organs and ova or egg released from one of the ovaries at random menstrual cycles. The process of production of ova from ovaries is called ovulation. Female reproductive system contains the fallopian tubes, two ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina. Ovaries releases the ova and these are carried to fallopian tubes and these are carried to the uterus. Uterus is attached to the cervix and then to vagina. Ovulation process occurs by the hormones follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and after the formation of the follicles and ova get releases which is stimulated by the estrogen hormone. So the structure of the seminiferous tubules is related to its function is sperm production and the same relation is established with structure of ovary.

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